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Zhao X, Yuan W, Yang L, Yan F, Cui D. Ginsenoside Rh2 suppresses ferroptosis in ulcerative colitis by targeting specific protein 1 by upregulating microRNA-125a-5p. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:450. [PMID: 39223620 PMCID: PMC11370063 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-02025-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, ulcerative colitis (UC) is becoming increasingly fast growing. Ginsenoside Rh2 has been reported to alleviate UC. However, the latent biological mechanism of Rh2 in the treatment of UC remains uncertain. In this study, the goal was to determine the therapeutic effect of Rh2 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC. METHODS A DSS-induced UC mouse model was established and divided into 7 groups for Rh2 gavage and/or miR-125a-5p lentivirus injection (n = 10 per group). Colonic specimens were collected for phenotypic and pathological analysis. miR-125a-5p and specific protein 1 (SP1) expression, inflammation-related factors IL-6 and IL-10, and apoptosis were detected in mice. Human normal colon epithelial cell line NCM460 was treated with H2O2 and ferric chloride hexahydrate to construct an in vitro cell model of colitis and induce ferroptosis. Independent sample t-test was used to compare cell proliferation, cell entry, apoptosis, and oxidative stress between the two groups. One way analysis of variance combined with the least significant difference t test was used for comparison between groups. Multiple time points were compared by repeated measurement analysis of variance. RESULTS DSS-induced UC mice had significantly decreased body weight, increased disease activity index, decreased colon length, and decreased miR-125a-5p expression (all P < 0.05). In the DSS-induced mouse model, the expression of miR-125a-5p rebounded and ferroptosis was inhibited after Rh2 treatment (all P < 0.05). Inhibition of miR-125a-5p or upregulation of SP1 expression counteracted the protective effects of Rh2 on UC mice and ferroptosis cell models (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Rh2 mitigated DSS-induced colitis in mice and restrained ferroptosis by targeting miR-125a-5p. Downregulating miR-125a-5p or elevating SP1 could counteract the protective impacts of Rh2 on ferroptotic cells. The findings convey that Rh2 has a latent application value in the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Medical College of Guizhou University, No. 83, East Zhongshan Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - WenQiang Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Medical College of Guizhou University, No. 83, East Zhongshan Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - LiuChan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Medical College of Guizhou University, No. 83, East Zhongshan Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Medical College of Guizhou University, No. 83, East Zhongshan Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - DeJun Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Medical College of Guizhou University, No. 83, East Zhongshan Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China.
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Peng C, Li J, Zhao A, Yu S, Zheng L, Deng ZY. Non-oxidized and oxidized flaxseed orbitides differently induce HepG2 cell apoptosis: involvement of cellular uptake and membrane death receptor DR4. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4296-4308. [PMID: 38433335 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed orbitides have health-promoting properties, particularly potent anti-cancer activity. However, flaxseed orbitides containing a methionine structure, such as [1-9-NαC]-linusorb B2 (CLB), are easily oxidized to sulfoxide ([1-9-NαC],[1-Rs,Ss-MetO]-linusorb-B2 (CLC)) and sulfone ([1-9-NαC], [1-MetO]-linusorb B2 (CLK)), with CLC having less anti-cancer ability than CLB. It is unclear why oxidized flaxseed orbitides are less effective against cancer than non-oxidized flaxseed orbitide. RESULTS Non-oxidized ([1-9-NαC]-linusorb-B3 (CLA) and CLB) and oxidized (CLC and CLK) flaxseed orbitides were found to significantly upregulate the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, including Bax/Bcl-2, CytoC, caspase-3, and caspase-8, in a dose-dependent manner, with non-oxidized flaxseed orbitides being more effective than oxidized flaxseed orbitides. Mechanically, the cellular absorption of non-oxidized flaxseed orbitides was higher than that of oxidized flaxseed orbitides. Moreover, the significant fluorescence quenching of DR4 protein by flaxseed orbitides (especially non-oxidized orbitides) indicated the formation of a DR4-orbitide complex. Molecular docking demonstrated that non-oxidized orbitides could easily dock into the active cavity of DR4 protein. Further blocking DR4 significantly reduced the ability of non-oxidized flaxseed orbitides to stimulate caspase-3 expression, whereas oxidized flaxseed orbitides retained this ability. CONCLUSION Non-oxidized flaxseed orbitides are more effective against cancer than oxidized flaxseed orbitides due to higher cellular uptake and activation of the DR4-mediated death receptor signaling pathway. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Aixiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Shaoqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Liufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
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Zhang J, Niu P, Li M, Wang Y, Ma Y, Wang P. Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activities of Pericarps and Seeds Reveal the Controversy on "Enucleation" or "Nucleus-Retaining" of Cornus officinalis Fruits. Molecules 2024; 29:1473. [PMID: 38611753 PMCID: PMC11012811 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The fruits of Cornus officinalis are used not only as a popular health food to tonify the liver and kidney, but also as staple materials to treat dementia and other age-related diseases. The pharmacological function of C. officinalis fruits with or without seeds is controversial for treating some symptoms in a few herbal prescriptions. However, the related metabolite and pharmacological information between its pericarps and seeds are largely deficient. Here, comparative metabolomics analysis between C. officinalis pericarps and seeds were conducted using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, and therapeutic effects were also evaluated using several in vitro bioactivity arrays (antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase and cholinesterase inhibitory activities, and cell inhibitory properties). A total of 499 secondary metabolites were identified. Thereinto, 77 metabolites were determined as key differential metabolites between C. officinalis pericarps and seeds, and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was identified as the most significantly different pathway. Further, 47 metabolites were determined as potential bioactive constituents. In summary, C. officinalis seeds, which demonstrated higher contents in total phenolics, stronger in vitro antioxidant activities, better α-glucosidase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, and stronger anticancer activities, exhibited considerable potential for food and health fields. This work provided insight into the metabolites and bioactivities of C. officinalis pericarps and seeds, contributing to their precise development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China;
| | - Po Niu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China;
| | - Mingjie Li
- Biological Laboratory, HBN Research Institute, Shenzhen Hujia Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Yuan Wang
- Biological Laboratory, HBN Research Institute, Shenzhen Hujia Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Yao Ma
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Henan Funiu Mountain Biological and Ecological Environment Observatory, Nanyang 474550, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Machinery Science, Chengdu 610066, China;
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Hu QR, Huang QX, Hong H, Pan Y, Luo T, Li J, Deng ZY, Chen F. Ginsenoside Rh2 and its octyl ester derivative inhibited invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via the c-Jun/COX2/PGE2 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 121:155131. [PMID: 37806155 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer is a topical global health issue. The treatment of liver cancer meets significant challenges in the high recurrence rate and invasive incidence. Therefore, the treatment strategies that target epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)/ prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway have become epidemic. Ginsenoside Rh2 has been proved to inhibit the EMT. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, the octyl ester derivative of Rh2 (Rh2-O) exhibited superior anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory effects than Rh2 in our previous researches, which indicated that Rh2-O might also exert inhibitory effects on invasion and metastasis. PURPOSE The aim of current study is to explore the inhibitory effects of Rh2 and Rh2-O on invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and to investigate whether these effects are dependent on the c-Jun/COX2/PGE2 pathway. STUDY DESIGN The Huh-7 liver cancer cells and the H22 tumor-bearing mice were treated with Rh2 and Rh2-O. METHOD In this paper, the inhibitory effects of Rh2 and Rh2-O on invasion and metastasis were tested by wound healing, trans-well assay and tumor-bearing mice, and the involvement of c-Jun/COX2/PGE2 pathway were verified by exogenous PGE2, activation of COX2 and overexpression of c-Jun. RESULTS The results showed that Rh2 and Rh2-O could efficiently inhibit the invasion and metastasis in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). And the Rh2-O showed stronger effects than Rh2. Moreover, the exogenous PGE2, activation of COX2 by exogenous LPS and the overexpression of c-Jun by transfection all reversed the inhibitory effects of Rh2 and Rh2-O on metastasis or EMT (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Rh2 and Rh2-O could inhibit the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via restraining the EMT, which was mediated by c-Jun/COX2/PGE2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Rui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Qing-Xin Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Huan Hong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Yao Pan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China.
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Xie L, Huang J, Xiong T, Ma Y. Secondary Metabolomic Analysis and In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation of Stems Provide a Comprehensive Comparison between Dendrobium chrysotoxum and Dendrobium thyrsiflorum. Molecules 2023; 28:6039. [PMID: 37630293 PMCID: PMC10458425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The stems of Dendrobium chrysotoxum (DC) are commonly used as health-promoting foods due to their excellent biological activities. However, the stems of D. thyrsiflorum (DT) are often used to meet the scarcity of DC in production because of their highly similar morphology. However, the related metabolomic and bioactive information on the stems of DC and DT are largely deficient. Here, secondary metabolites of DC and DT stems were identified using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, and their health-promoting functions were evaluated using several in vitro arrays. A total of 490 metabolites were identified in two stems, and 274 were significantly different. We screened out 10 key metabolites to discriminate the two species, and 36 metabolites were determined as health-promoting constituents. In summary, DT stems with higher extract yield, higher total phenolics and flavonoids, and stronger in vitro antioxidant activities demonstrated considerable potential in food and health fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihang Xie
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (L.X.); (T.X.)
| | - Jinyong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Henan Funiu Mountain Biological and Ecological Environment Observatory, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Tingjian Xiong
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (L.X.); (T.X.)
| | - Yao Ma
- Henan Funiu Mountain Biological and Ecological Environment Observatory, Nanyang 473000, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Liang J, Tang X, Wan S, Guo J, Zhao P, Lu L. Structure Modification of Ginsenoside Rh 2 and Cytostatic Activity on Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17245-17253. [PMID: 37214689 PMCID: PMC10193561 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is one of the most effective anticancer components extracted from red ginseng, but the poor solubility limits its clinical application. In this paper, ginsenoside Rh2 was modified with maleimidocaproic acid or maleimidoundecanoic acid with functional groups at both ends. The structures of derivatives were determined by analysis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Antiproliferative cell experiments showed that Rh2 modified with maleimidocaproic acid (C-Rh2) displayed higher cytostatic activity against different tumor cells compared with Rh2, while Rh2 modified with maleimidoundecanoic acid (U-Rh2) did not exhibit obvious cytotoxicity. The results suggest that the length of the spacer arm may play an important role in the cytostatic activity of the Rh2 derivatives.
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7
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The ways for ginsenoside Rh2 to fight against cancer: the molecular evidences in vitro and in vivo. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:173-182. [PMID: 36926617 PMCID: PMC10014223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global public health issue that becomes the second primary cause of death globally. Considering the side effects of radio- or chemo-therapy, natural phytochemicals are promising alternatives for therapeutic interventions to alleviate the side effects and complications. Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is the main phytochemical extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer with anticancer activity. GRh2 could induce apoptosis and autophagy of cancer cells and inhibit proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In addition, GRh2 could be used as an adjuvant to chemotherapeutics to enhance the anticancer effect and reverse the adverse effects. Here we summarized the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of GRh2 and proposed future directions to promote the development and application of GRh2.
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Role of ginsenoside Rh2 in tumor therapy and tumor microenvironment immunomodulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Potential of ginsenoside Rh 2and its derivatives as anti-cancer agents. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:881-901. [PMID: 36549803 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a steroid skeleton-based saponin, ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) is one of the major bioactive ginsenosides from the plants of genus Panax L. Many studies have reported the notable pharmacological activities of G-Rh2 such as anticancer, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antiallergic, antidiabetic, and anti-Alzheimer's activities. Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated the great potential of G-Rh2 in the treatment of a wide range of carcinomatous diseases in vitro and in vivo. G-Rh2 is able to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, retard metastasis, promote differentiation, enhance chemotherapy and reverse multi-drug resistance against multiple tumor cells. The present review mainly summarizes the anticancer effects and related mechanisms of G-Rh2 in various models as well as the recent advances in G-Rh2 delivery systems and structural modification to ameliorate its anticancer activity and pharmacokinetics characteristics.
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Hovenia acerba Lindl. peduncles and seeds extracts ameliorate alcoholic liver injury by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway in LO2 cells and mice. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Comprehensive analysis of antibacterial and anti-hepatoma activity of metabolites from jujube fruit. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tong Y, Song X, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Liu Q. Insight on structural modification, biological activity, structure-activity relationship of PPD-type ginsenoside derivatives. Fitoterapia 2022; 158:105135. [PMID: 35101587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, characterized by triterpenoid, are one of the active components of ginseng. Among them, PPD-type ginsenosides have potent and diverse pharmacological activities, while the effective applications and clinical studies are limited by the poor stability, water solubility and oral bioavailability. In this review, we have attempted to demonstrate the structural-activity relationship of chemical modifications on the dammarane-type skeleton and the C-17 side chain, noting that certain structurally modified derivatives exhibit satisfactory pharmacological activity. This review will provide ideas for the design and synthesis of novel PPD derivatives, and valuable help for the further study of PPD derivatives to make it realize clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangliu Tong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qingchao Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
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He XL, Xu XH, Shi JJ, Huang M, Wang Y, Chen X, Lu JJ. Anticancer Effects of Ginsenoside Rh2: A Systematic Review. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:179-189. [PMID: 33687905 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210309115105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the effective pharmacological constituents of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) exerts a remarkable anticancer effect on various cancer cell lines in vitro and strongly inhibits tumor growth in vivo without severe toxicity. OBJECTIVE This article reviewed existing evidence supporting the anticancer effects of Rh2 to classify and conclude previous and current knowledge on the mechanisms and therapeutic effects of Rh2, as well as to promote the clinical application of this natural product. CONCLUSION This article reviewed the anticancer efficacies and mechanisms of Rh2, including the induction of cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death, repression of metastasis, alleviation of drug resistance, and regulation of the immune system. Finally, this paper discussed the research and application prospects of Rh2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ling He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
| | - Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
| | - Jia-Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
| | - Mingqing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122. China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao. China
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Li X, Chu S, Lin M, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yang S, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Wang H, Chen N. Anticancer property of ginsenoside Rh2 from ginseng. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112627. [PMID: 32702586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has been used as a well-known traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. Ginsenosides as its main active constituents possess a broad scope of pharmacological properties including stimulating immune function, enhancing cardiovascular health, increasing resistance to stress, improving memory and learning, developing social functioning and mental health in normal persons, and chemotherapy. Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is one of the major bioactive ginsenosides from Panax ginseng. When applied to cancer treatment, Rh2 not only exhibits the anti-proliferation, anti-invasion, anti-metastasis, induction of cell cycle arrest, promotion of differentiation, and reversal of multi-drug resistance activities against multiple tumor cells, but also alleviates the side effects after chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In the past decades, nearly 200 studies on Rh2 in the treatment of cancer have been published, however no specific reviews have been conducted by now. So the purpose of this review is to provide a systematic summary and analysis of the anticancer effects and the potential mechanisms of Rh2 extracted from Ginseng then give a future prospects about it. In the end of this paper the metabolism and derivatives of Rh2 also have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China; Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, PR China; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Meiyu Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Yingjiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Songwei Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China
| | - Yaomei Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Naihong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China; Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, PR China; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China.
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Zhang L, Virgous C, Si H. How Does Ginsenoside Rh2 Mitigate Adipogenesis in Cultured Cells and Obese Mice? Molecules 2020; 25:E2412. [PMID: 32455850 PMCID: PMC7287807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2, an intermediate metabolite of ginseng, but not naturally occurring, has recently drawn attention because of its anticancer effect. However, it is not clear if and how Rh2 inhibits preadipocytes differentiation. In the present study, we hypothesized that ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates adipogenesis through regulating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) pathway both in cells and obese mice. Different concentrations of Rh2 were applied both in 3T3-L1 cells and human primary preadipocytes to determine if Rh2 inhibits cell differentiation. Dietary Rh2 was administered to obese mice to determine if Rh2 prevents obesity in vivo. The mRNA and protein expression of PPAR-γ pathway molecules in cells and tissues were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Our results show that Rh2 dose-dependently (30-60 μM) inhibited cell differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells (44.5% ± 7.8% of control at 60 μM). This inhibitory effect is accompanied by the attenuation of the protein and/or mRNA expression of adipogenic markers including PPAR-γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, fatty acid synthase, fatty acid binding protein 4, and perilipin significantly (p < 0.05). Moreover, Rh2 significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited differentiation in human primary preadipocytes at much lower concentrations (5-15 μM). Furthermore, dietary intake of Rh2 (0.1 g Rh2/kg diet, w/w for eight weeks) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced protein PPAR-γ expression in liver and hepatic glutathione reductase and lowered fasting blood glucose. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rh2 dose-dependently inhibits adipogenesis through down-regulating the PPAR-γ pathway, and Rh2 may be a potential agent in preventing obesity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyun Zhang
- Department of Human Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Carlos Virgous
- Animal Care Facility, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
| | - Hongwei Si
- Department of Human Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
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16
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Zhang J, Li W, Yuan Q, Zhou J, Zhang J, Cao Y, Fu G, Hu W. Transcriptome Analyses of the Anti-Proliferative Effects of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 on HepG2 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1331. [PMID: 31780945 PMCID: PMC6855211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), a well-known protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside from Panax ginseng has especially gained attention for its anticancer activities on various types of human cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism through which Rh2 promotes apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HePG2) cells is not known at the transcriptome level. Rh2 can specifically inhibit the proliferation of HePG2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, Rh2 can significantly increase the apoptosis which was related with an increase in protein expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-6, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Comparison of RNA-seq transcriptome profiles from control group and Rh2-treated group yielded a list of 2116 genes whose expression was significantly affected, which includes 971 up-regulated genes and 1145 down-regulated genes. The differentially expressed genes in p53 signaling pathway and DNA replication may have closely relationships to the cells apoptosis caused by Rh2 treatment. The results of qPCR validation showed that dynamic changes in mRNA, such as CDKN1A, CCND2, PMAIP1, GTSE1, and TP73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Weibo Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Qiaoyun Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jianmei Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Yufeng Cao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Guangbo Fu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
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Yan H, Jin H, Fu Y, Yin Z, Yin C. Production of Rare Ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 by Endophytic Bacteria from Panax ginseng. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8493-8499. [PMID: 31310523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ginsenosides Rh2 and Rg3 induce tumor cell apoptosis, inhibit tumor cell proliferation, and restrain tumor invasion and metastasis. Despite Rh2 and Rg3 having versatile pharmacological activities, contents of them in natural ginseng are extremely low. To produce ginsenosides Rh2 and Rg3, the saponin-producing capacity of endophytic bacteria isolated from Panax ginseng was investigated. In this work, 81 endophytic bacteria isolates were taken from ginseng roots by tissue separation methods. Among them, strain PDA-2 showed the highest capacity to produce the rare ginsenosides; the concentrations of rare ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 reached 62.20 and 18.60 mg/L, respectively. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, it was found that strain PDA-2 belongs to the genus Agrobacterium and was very close to Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Yan
- Department of Chemistry , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huding Jin
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742 , South Korea
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Chemistry , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science , Anshan Normal University , Anshan , Liaoning 114007 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxing Yin
- Department of Chemistry , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chengri Yin
- Department of Chemistry , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , People's Republic of China
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Qian Y, Huang R, Li S, Xie R, Qian B, Zhang Z, Li L, Wang B, Tian C, Yang J, Xiang M. Ginsenoside Rh2 reverses cyclophosphamide‐induced immune deficiency by regulating fatty acid metabolism. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1089-1100. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0419-117r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Senlin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Bei Qian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Baotian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Cheng Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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Li KK, Yan XM, Li ZN, Yan Q, Gong XJ. Synthesis and antitumor activity of three novel ginsenoside M1 derivatives with 3'-ester modifications. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103061. [PMID: 31216505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside M1 (M1) was considered to be the main antitumor component of ginsenoside metabolites in the body. In order to enhance its potency on antitumor effect, three novel M1 3'-ester derivatives (1c, 2c, 3c) were synthesized and evaluated. The yield of these derivatives was between 41% and 69%. Compared with M1, 2c and 3c can improve the efficacy of the inhibition on breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, especially for MCF-7 (fold: 0.7-4.2, p < 0.0001). Further study suggested that 2c and 3c may cause cell autophagy and promote apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. The results indicated the 3'-ester modified M1 derivatives 2c and 3c possess higher abilities of inhibition growth towards triple-positive breast cancer and provided a new source for synthesis of potential anti-breast cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ke Li
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yan
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zheng-Ning Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Qiu Yan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Xiao-Jie Gong
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China.
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Zhao N, Cheng M, Huang S, Liu D, Zhao Q, Bai Y, Zhang X. Various Multicharged Anions of Ginsenosides in Negative Electrospray Ionization with QTOF High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:403-418. [PMID: 30644055 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When characterizing components from ginseng, we found a vast number of multicharged anions presented in the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) chromatograms. The source of these anions is unclear yet, while ginsenosides, the major components of ginseng, are the main suspected type of molecules because of their sugar moiety. Our investigation using 14 pure ginsenosides affirmed that the multicharged anions were formed by ginsenosides rather than other types of ingredients in ginseng. Various anions could be observed for each ginsenoside. These anions contain ions ([M-2H]2-, [M+Adduct]2-), as well as those formed by polymerization of at least two ginsenosides, such as [nM-2H]2-, [nM-H+Adduct]2-, and [nM-3H]3-. The presence of so different types of ions from a ginsenoside explains the reason for the large number of anions in the LC-MS analysis of ginseng. We further found that formation of [nM-2H]2- ions was influenced by the number of sugar chains: ginsenosides containing two sugar chains produced all [nM-2H]2- ion types, whereas ginsenosides containing one sugar chain did not produce [2M-2H]2-. Thus, [2M-2H]2- and [3M-2H]2- can be utilized to rapidly identify monodesmosidic and/or bidesmosidic ginsenosides as joint diagnostic anions. The position of the glycosyl radical might be the key factor affecting the formation of multicharged multimer ions from monodesmosidic ginsenosides. Consequently, three groups of ginsenoside isomers were differentiated by characteristic [nM-2H]2- anions. Using concentration-dependent characteristics and collision-induced dissociation (CID), we confirmed that [nM-2H]2- ions are non-covalently bound multimers whose aggregation has marked distinction between monodesmosidic and bidesmosidic ginsenosides, accounting for the differentiated formation of [nM-2H]2- between them. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengchun Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, 116023, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Zhou J, Wu J, Wu CY, Long F, Shen H, Zhang W, Li SL. Herb-drug interaction: A case study of effects and involved mechanisms of cisplatin on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 in tumor-bearing mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:95-104. [PMID: 30466007 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is often prescribed together with cisplatin for treatment of cancer, but the interaction between ginseng and cisplatin is still unknown. This study employed ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), one of the major components in ginseng, to explore the effects and involved mechanisms of cisplatin on the pharmacokinetics of ginseng. The effects of cisplatin on the pharmacokinetics of Rb1 and its bioactive metabolites Rd, Rg3, and F2 were investigated by using A549-bearing mice with and without cisplatin intervention. Our data showed that cisplatin could significantly decrease the AUC(0-t) and Cmax of Rd, Rg3, and F2, except Rb1. To evaluate the involved mechanisms, feces and intestinal mucosa were collected to explore the effects of cisplatin on the gut metabolism of Rb1 in vitro; meanwhile, Caco-2 cell model and small intestine histological characters were examined to evaluate the effects of cisplatin on the gut absorptive areas and permeability. The mechanisms involved may be mainly related to the comprehensive contributions of inhibited intestinal bacteria and mucosa metabolisms, narrowed intestinal absorptive area, increased efflux ratio of intestinal absorption and enhanced intestinal permeability. All these findings suggested that the dosage of ginseng traditionally used for health protection should be adjusted when it was prescribed together with cisplatin in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210028, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng-Ying Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Fang Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210028, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210028, PR China.
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210028, PR China.
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22
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Molecular mechanism and inhibitory targets of dioscin in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:143-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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iCellular uptake of [1–9-NαC]-linusorb B2 and [1–9-NαC]-linusorb B3 isolated from flaxseed, and their antitumor activities in human gastric SGC-7901 cells. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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24
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Pan Y, Li H, Zheng S, Zhang B, Deng ZY. Implication of the Significance of Dietary Compatibility: Based on the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Interactions with Different Ratios of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Antioxidants among Four Daily Agricultural Crops. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7461-7474. [PMID: 29920091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophilic extracts of eggplant peel (HEEP) and purple sweet potato (HEPP) and lipophilic extracts of tomato (LET) and carrot (LEC) were mixed in different ratios to assess the significance of the compatibility of aliments, based on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory interactions in H9c2 cells. The results indicated that groups of some combinational extracts (HEPP-HEEP F1/10, LEC-HEEP F3/10, LEC-HEPP F3/10) showed stronger synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects than individual groups. For example, the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity of the LEC-HEEP (F3/10) group (86.71 ± 1.88) was higher than that in the HEEP (79.97 ± 1.68) and LEC (77.31 ± 1.85) groups. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was 30.37 ± 0.25 in the LEC-HEEP (F3/10) group while the levels were 34.34 ± 0.36 and 46.23 ± 0.51 in the HEEP and LEC groups, respectively. And the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was 1.82 ± 0.24 in the LEC-HEEP (F3/10) group while the levels were 2.48 ± 0.13 and 3.01 ± 0.24 in the HEEP and LEC groups, respectively. The expressions of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) showed similar tendencies. However, some groups (LET-LEC F5/10, LET-LEC F9/10, LET-HEPP F7/10) showed antagonistic effects based on these indicators. The principal component analysis showed that samples could be defined by two principal components: PC1, the main phenolic acids and flavonoids; PC2, carotenoids. Moreover, phenolics and anthoyanins were in the majority in synergistic groups, and carotenoids were in the majority in antagonistic groups. These results indicated that there exist synergistic or antagonistic interactions of aliments on antioxidation and anti-inflammation, which implied the significance of food compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , University of Nanchang , Nanchang 330047 , Jiangxi , China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , University of Nanchang , Nanchang 330047 , Jiangxi , China
| | - Shilian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , University of Nanchang , Nanchang 330047 , Jiangxi , China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , University of Nanchang , Nanchang 330047 , Jiangxi , China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , University of Nanchang , Nanchang 330047 , Jiangxi , China
- Institute for Advanced Study , University of Nanchang , Nanchang 330031 , Jiangxi , China
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25
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Li J, Hu SB, He YM, Zhuo CF, Zhou RL, Chen F, Li HY, Deng ZY. 9c11tCLA modulates 11t18:1 and 9t18:1 induced inflammations differently in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1535. [PMID: 29367652 PMCID: PMC5784167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial inflammation is recognized as the initial stage of a multistep process leading to coronary heart disease (CHD). Recently, the different effects of industrial trans fatty acids (elaidic acid, 9t18:1) and ruminant trans fatty acids (vaccenic acid, 11t18:1) on CHD have been reported in epidemiological and animal studies, however, the mechanism was not fully studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the underlying mechanism by which 9t18:1 and 11t18:1 affect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) inflammation. We found that 9c11t-CLA modulated the inflammation of HUVECs induced by 9t18:1 and 11t18:1. Fatty acid composition, pro-inflammatory factors, phosphorylation of MAPKs, and the TLR4 level in HUVECs altered by 11t18:1 induction, collectively suggest that the bio-conversion of 11t18:1 to 9c11tCLA might be the cause why 11t18:1 and 9t18:1 have distinct influences on endothelial injuries. It was concluded that it is biosynthesis of 9c11t CLA from11t18:1, and the modulation of TLR4-MAPK pathway by 9c11t CLA, which at least partially account for the slight effect of 11t18:1 on endothelial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Sheng-Ben Hu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Yue-Ming He
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Cheng-Fei Zhuo
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Ruo-Lin Zhou
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China. .,Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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26
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The gastrointestinal behavior of saponins and its significance for their bioavailability and bioactivities. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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27
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Apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells induced by the phenolics of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum leaves and their antitumor effects in H22 tumor-bearing mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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28
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Role of ginsenosides in reactive oxygen species-mediated anticancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 9:2931-2950. [PMID: 29416826 PMCID: PMC5788694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still a global public health problem, which is the leading cause of death in most countries. Ginseng has been used for centuries all over the world as a panacea that promotes longevity. As the king of herb plants, ginseng holds great promise as a new treatment option which is used either by itself or in combination with other medicinal ingredients that is widely accepted as complementary and alternative medicine in cancer therapy. Ginsenosides, the major pharmacologically active ingredients of ginseng, have been shown to have multiple medicinal effects including prominent anticancer activity. The purpose of this review is to give our perspective about the roles of ginsenosides in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated anticancer therapy. Additionally, to provide new sheds light for further improvement and carry out pre-clinical and clinical trials to develop it successfully into a potential anticancer agent. Panax herbs and their derivate/metabolites ginsenosides exert beneficial effects for treating various types of cancers. The mechanism of ROS-mediated anticancer activities of ginsenosides varies depending on the specific type of cancer cells involved. Ginsenosides may suppress cancer cell proliferation through anti-oxidation on tumor initiation and induce apoptosis, paraptosis or autophagy via generation of ROS on tumor progression, promotion, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis by various signaling pathways e.g., activation of AMPK, MEK, ASK-1/JNK, ESR2-NCF1-ROS, ER-dependent PI3K/Akt/Nrf2, P53-CHOP, ROS-JNK-autophagy, and/or inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. These multiple effects rather than a single may play a crucial role in emerging ginsenosides as a successful anticancer drug.
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Hou J, Xue J, Zhao X, Wang Z, Li W, Li X, Zheng Y. Octyl ester of ginsenoside compound K as novel anti-hepatoma compound: Synthesis and evaluation on murine H22 cells in vitro and in vivo. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:951-956. [PMID: 29193880 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (M1) is the active form of major ginsenosides deglycosylated by intestinal bacteria after oral administration. However, M1 was reported to selectively accumulate in liver and transform to fatty acid esters. Ester of M1 was not excreted by bile as M1 was, which means it was accumulated in the liver longer than M1. This study reported a synthetic method of M1-O, a mono-octyl ester of M1, and evaluated the anticancer property against murine H22 cell both in vitro and in vivo. As a result, both M1 and M1-O showed a dose-dependent manner in cytotoxicity assay in vitro. At lower dose of 12.5 μm, M1-O showed moderate detoxification. Instead, M1-O exhibited significantly higher inhibition in H22-bearing mice than M1. M1-O induced murine H22 tumor cellular apoptosis in caspase-dependent pathway given that pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, could reverse the cytotoxicity induced by M1-O. Additionally, pro- and anti-apoptosis proteins, Bcl-2 and Bax, altered and consequently induced increased expression of cleaved caspase-3. Interestingly, cyclophosphamide regimen significantly induced atrophy of spleen and thymus, main immune organs, while M1-O treatment greatly alleviated this atrophy. Collectively, we propose M1-O as a candidate for live cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Hou
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jianjie Xue
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xindian Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinan Zheng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Li KF, Kang CM, Yin XF, Li HX, Chen ZY, Li Y, Zhang Q, Qiu YR. Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits human A172 glioma cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest status via modulating Akt signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3062-3068. [PMID: 29207171 PMCID: PMC5783527 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2), the main bioactive component in American ginseng, is known to exert a wide variety of biological activities. Accumulating evidence suggests that G-Rh2 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of tumor cells. However, the possible mechanism through which G-Rh2 exerts its action on malignant glioma cells have not been completely elucidated. The findings of the present study demonstrated that G-Rh2 decreased the viability of glioma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and induced cell cycle arrest. G-Rh2-induced cell cycle arrest was accompanied by the downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and Cyclin E. In addition, G-Rh2 markedly reduced the expression of total- RAC-α serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt) and the levels of phosphorylated-Akt. These findings provide mechanistic details of how G-Rh2 acts on glioma cells and suggest that G-Rh2 may function as a potential anti-cancer drug for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Fei Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Min Kang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yin
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Xia Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo-Yu Chen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yao Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Chen F, Sun Y, Zheng SL, Qin Y, Julian McClements D, Hu JN, Deng ZY. Antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of ginsenoside Rh2 and its octyl ester derivative in H22 tumor-bearing mice. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Xu XH, Li T, Fong CMV, Chen X, Chen XJ, Wang YT, Huang MQ, Lu JJ. Saponins from Chinese Medicines as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101326. [PMID: 27782048 PMCID: PMC6272920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are glycosides with triterpenoid or spirostane aglycones that demonstrate various pharmacological effects against mammalian diseases. To promote the research and development of anticancer agents from saponins, this review focuses on the anticancer properties of several typical naturally derived triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides and saikosaponins) and steroid saponins (dioscin, polyphyllin, and timosaponin) isolated from Chinese medicines. These saponins exhibit in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects, such as anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, anti-multidrug resistance, and autophagy regulation actions. In addition, related signaling pathways and target proteins involved in the anticancer effects of saponins are also summarized in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Chi Man Vivienne Fong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Ming-Qing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Chen F, Zheng SL, Hu JN, Sun Y, He YM, Peng H, Zhang B, McClements DJ, Deng ZY. Octyl Ester of Ginsenoside Rh2 Induces Apoptosis and G1 Cell Cycle Arrest in Human HepG2 Cells by Activating the Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway and Modulating the Akt/p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7520-7529. [PMID: 27671480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 is a potential active metabolite of ginseng that has antitumor activity against a variety of tumor cells. Previously, we reported that Rh2-O, an octyl ester derivative of ginsenoside Rh2, had a higher anticancer activity than Rh2 through activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In this study, we found that the extrinsic apoptotic pathway was also involved in Rh2-O-induced HepG2 cells apoptosis as evidenced by the up-regulation of Fas, FasL, TNFR1, and TNF-α as well as the cleavage of caspase 8. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that Rh2-O induced G1 cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cells. Rh2-O-induced G1 phase arrest was accompanied by the down-regulation of cyclin D3 and cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6 and the up-regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP1. In addition, Rh2-O down-regulated the phosphorylation of Akt, and its inhibitor LY294002 promoted Rh2-O-induced G1 phase arrest. Rh2-O treatment also activated p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK expression. Inhibitors of p38 MAPK (SB203580), but not those of JNK (SP600125) or ERK (PB98095), promoted Rh2-O-induced G1 phase arrest in HepG2 cells. These results indicated that the disruption of Akt and p38 MAPK cascades played a pivotal role in Rh2-O-induced G1 phase arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
- College of Food Science, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Shi-Lian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
- College of Food Science, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
- College of Food Science, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
- College of Food Science, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yue-Ming He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
- College of Food Science, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Han Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
- College of Food Science, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
- College of Food Science, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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The Octyl Ester of Ginsenoside Rh2 Induces Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization via Bax Translocation. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050244. [PMID: 27120618 PMCID: PMC4882657 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 is a potential pharmacologically active metabolite of ginseng. Previously, we have reported that an octyl ester derivative of ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2-O), has been confirmed to possess higher bioavailability and anticancer effect than Rh2 in vitro. In order to better assess the possibility that Rh2-O could be used as an anticancer compound, the underlying mechanism was investigated in this study. The present results revealed that lysosomal destabilization was involved in the early stage of cell apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by Rh2-O. Rh2-O could induce an early lysosomal membrane permeabilization with the release of lysosomal protease cathepsins to the cytosol in HepG2 cells. The Cat B inhibitor (leu) and Cat D inhibitor (pepA) inhibited Rh2-O-induced HepG2 apoptosis as well as tBid production and Δφm depolarization, indicating that lysosomal permeabilization occurred upstream of mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, Rh2-O induced a significant increase in the protein levels of DRAM1 and Bax (p < 0.05) in lysosomes of HepG2 cells. Knockdown of Bax partially inhibited Rh2-O-induced Cat D release from lysosomes. Thus it was concluded that Rh2-O induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells through activation of the lysosomal-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway involving the translocation of Bax to the lysosome.
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