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Zhu S, Huang S, Lin X, Wan X, Zhang Q, Peng J, Luo D, Zhang Y, Dong X. The Relationships between Waxes and Storage Quality Indexes of Fruits of Three Plum Cultivars. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081717. [PMID: 37107512 PMCID: PMC10137498 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the cuticular wax morphology, composition and the relationship with storage quality in three plum cultivars of Prunus salicina 'Kongxin' (KXL), Prunus salicina 'Fengtang' (FTL) and Prunus salicina 'Cuihong' (CHL) were investigated during storage at room temperature of 25 ± 1 °C. The results illustrated that the highest cuticular wax concentration was discovered in KXL, followed by FTL and the lowest in CHL. The fruit wax composition of the three plum cultivars was similar and principally composed of alkanes, alcohols, fatty acids, ketones, aldehydes, esters, triterpenes and olefins. Alcohols, alkanes and triterpenes were the dominant fruit wax compounds of the three plum cultivars. After storage for 20 d at room temperature, the variation of cuticular wax crystal structure and composition showed significant cultivar-associated differences. The total wax content decreased for FTL and CHL and increased for KXL, and the wax crystal degraded and melted together over time. The higher contents of the main components in the three plum cultivars were nonacosane, 1-triacontanol, 1-heneicosanol, nonacosan-10-one, octacosanal, ursolic aldehyde and oleic acid. Alcohols, triterpenes, fatty acids and aldehydes were most dramatically correlated with the softening of fruit and storage quality, and alkanes, esters and olefins were most significantly correlated with the water loss. Nonacosane and ursolic aldehyde can enhance the water retention of fruit. Overall, this study will provide a theoretical reference for the further precise development of edible plum fruit wax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouliang Zhu
- Guizhou Workstation for Fruit and Vegetables, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shian Huang
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guiyang Agricultural Reclamation Investment Development Group Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xuan Wan
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Junsen Peng
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dengcan Luo
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dong
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Fatty acid alkyl ester and wax compositions of olive oils as varietal authentication indicators. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Romero P, Lafuente MT. The Combination of Abscisic Acid (ABA) and Water Stress Regulates the Epicuticular Wax Metabolism and Cuticle Properties of Detached Citrus Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910242. [PMID: 34638581 PMCID: PMC8549707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a major regulator of fruit response to water stress, and may influence cuticle properties and wax layer composition during fruit ripening. This study investigates the effects of ABA on epicuticular wax metabolism regulation in a citrus fruit cultivar with low ABA levels, called Pinalate (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), and how this relationship is influenced by water stress after detachment. Harvested ABA-treated fruit were exposed to water stress by storing them at low (30-35%) relative humidity. The total epicuticular wax load rose after fruit detachment, which ABA application decreased earlier and more markedly during fruit-dehydrating storage. ABA treatment changed the abundance of the separated wax fractions and the contents of most individual components, which reveals dependence on the exposure to postharvest water stress and different trends depending on storage duration. A correlation analysis supported these responses, which mostly fitted the expression patterns of the key genes involved in wax biosynthesis and transport. A cluster analysis indicated that storage duration is an important factor for the exogenous ABA influence and the postharvest environment on epicuticular wax composition, cuticle properties and fruit physiology. Dynamic ABA-mediated reconfiguration of wax metabolism is influenced by fruit exposure to water stress conditions.
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Wang P, Wang J, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhao L, Huang T, Qing K. Chemical Composition, Crystal Morphology, and Key Gene Expression of the Cuticular Waxes of Goji ( Lycium barbarum L.) Berries. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7874-7883. [PMID: 34251203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cuticular wax of fruit is closely related to quality, storability, and pathogen susceptibility after harvest. However, little is known about the cuticular wax of goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) cultivars. In the present study, the chemical composition, crystal structures, and expression levels of associated genes of the cuticular wax of six goji cultivars were investigated. We detected 70 epicuticular wax compounds in six goji cultivars. Among them, fatty acids, alkanes, and primary alcohols were the major components of the cuticular wax of goji berries, which were related to the formation of irregular lamellar crystal structures. The terpenoid compounds in the cuticular wax of goji berries were highly resistant to Alternaria rot. Moreover, the CER1, CER6, LACS1, MAH1, LTP4, ABC11, MYB96, and WIN1 genes in goji berries might be closely related to wax synthesis. These results provide valuable information for breeding and screening goji cultivars suitable for postharvest storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lunaike Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ting Huang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Ken Qing
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
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Rebora M, Salerno G, Piersanti S, Gorb E, Gorb S. Role of Fruit Epicuticular Waxes in Preventing Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) Attachment in Different Cultivars of Olea europaea. INSECTS 2020; 11:E189. [PMID: 32192070 PMCID: PMC7142657 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the major pest of cultivated olives (Olea europaea L.), and a serious threat in all of the Mediterranean Region. In the present investigation, we demonstrated with traction force experiments that B. oleae female adhesion is reduced by epicuticular waxes (EWs) fruit surface, and that the olive fruit fly shows a different ability to attach to the ripe olive surface of different cultivars of O. europaea (Arbequina, Carolea, Dolce Agogia, Frantoio, Kalamata, Leccino, Manzanilla, Picholine, Nostrale di Rigali, Pendolino and San Felice) in terms of friction force and adhesion, in relation with different mean values of olive surface wettability. Cryo-scanning morphological investigation revealed that the EW present on the olive surface of the different analyzed cultivars are represented by irregular platelets varying in the orientation, thus contributing to affect the surface microroughness and wettability in the different cultivars, and consequently the olive fruit fly attachment. Further investigations to elucidate the role of EW in olive varietal resistance to the olive fruit fly in relation to the olive developmental stage and environmental conditions could be relevant to develop control methods alternative to the use of harmful pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rebora
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvana Piersanti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Elena Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098 Kiel, Germany; (E.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098 Kiel, Germany; (E.G.); (S.G.)
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Diarte C, Lai PH, Huang H, Romero A, Casero T, Gatius F, Graell J, Medina V, East A, Riederer M, Lara I. Insights Into Olive Fruit Surface Functions: A Comparison of Cuticular Composition, Water Permeability, and Surface Topography in Nine Cultivars During Maturation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1484. [PMID: 31798618 PMCID: PMC6878217 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L.) growing has outstanding economic relevance in Spain, the main olive oil producer and exporter in the world. Fruit skin properties are very relevant for fruit and oil quality, water loss, and susceptibility to mechanical damage, rots, and infestations, but limited research focus has been placed on the cuticle of intact olive fruit. In this work, fruit samples from nine olive cultivars ("Arbequina," "Argudell," "Empeltre," "Farga," "Manzanilla," "Marfil," "Morrut," "Picual," and "Sevillenca") were harvested from an experimental orchard at three different ripening stages (green, turning, and ripe), and cuticular membranes were enzymatically isolated from fruit skin. The total contents of cuticular wax and cutin significantly differed among cultivars both in absolute and in relative terms. The wax to cutin ratio generally decreased along fruit maturation, with the exception of "Marfil" and "Picual." In contrast, increased water permeance values in ripe fruit were observed uniquely for "Argudell," "Morrut," and "Marfil" fruit. The toluidine blue test revealed surface discontinuities on green samples of "Argudell," "Empeltre," "Manzanilla," "Marfil," and "Sevillenca" fruit, but not on "Arbequina," "Farga," "Morrut," or "Picual." No apparent relationship was found between water permeability and total wax coverage or the results of the toluidine blue test. The composition of cuticular waxes and cutin monomers was analyzed in detail, and sections of fruit pericarp were stained in Sudan IV for microscopy observations. Skin surface topography was also studied by means of fringe projection, showing large differences in surface roughness among the cultivars, "Farga" and "Morrut" fruits displaying the most irregular surfaces. Cultivar-related differences in cuticle and surface features of fruit are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Diarte
- Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Postharvest Unit-XaRTA, AGROTÈCNIO, Lleida, Spain
| | - Po-Han Lai
- Massey Agrifood Technology Partnership, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hua Huang
- Julius-von-Sachs Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agustí Romero
- Oliviculture, Oil Science and Nuts, IRTA-Mas de Bover, Constantí, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Graell
- Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Postharvest Unit-XaRTA, AGROTÈCNIO, Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Medina
- Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Applied Plant Biotechnology, AGROTÈCNIO, Lleida, Spain
| | - Andrew East
- Massey Agrifood Technology Partnership, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Markus Riederer
- Julius-von-Sachs Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Lara
- Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Postharvest Unit-XaRTA, AGROTÈCNIO, Lleida, Spain
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Wu X, Yin H, Shi Z, Chen Y, Qi K, Qiao X, Wang G, Cao P, Zhang S. Chemical Composition and Crystal Morphology of Epicuticular Wax in Mature Fruits of 35 Pear ( Pyrus spp.) Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:679. [PMID: 29875784 PMCID: PMC5974152 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An evaluation of fruit wax components will provide us with valuable information for pear breeding and enhancing fruit quality. Here, we dissected the epicuticular wax concentration, composition and structure of mature fruits from 35 pear cultivars belonging to five different species and hybrid interspecies. A total of 146 epicuticular wax compounds were detected, and the wax composition and concentration varied dramatically among species, with the highest level of 1.53 mg/cm2 in Pyrus communis and the lowest level of 0.62 mg/cm2 in Pyrus pyrifolia. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis showed amorphous structures of the epicuticular wax crystals of different pear cultivars. Cluster analysis revealed that the Pyrus bretschneideri cultivars were grouped much closer to Pyrus pyrifolia and Pyrus ussuriensis, and the Pyrus sinkiangensis cultivars were clustered into a distant group. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA), the cultivars could be divided into three groups and five groups according to seven main classes of epicuticular wax compounds and 146 wax compounds, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zebin Shi
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoming Wang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Chu W, Gao H, Chen H, Wu W, Fang X. Changes in Cuticular Wax Composition of Two Blueberry Cultivars during Fruit Ripening and Postharvest Cold Storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2870-2876. [PMID: 29489345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax plays an important role for the quality of blueberry fruits. In this study, the cuticular wax composition of two blueberry cultivars, 'Legacy' ( Vaccinium corymbosum) and 'Brightwell' ( Vaccinium ashei), was examined during fruit ripening and postharvest cold storage. The results showed that wax was gradually deposited on the epidermis of blueberry fruits and the content of major wax compounds, except that for diketones, increased significantly during fruit ripening. The total wax content was 2-fold greater in 'Brightwell' blueberries than that in 'Legacy' blueberries during fruit ripening. The total wax content of both cultivars decreased during 30 days of storage at 4 °C, and the variation of cuticular wax composition was cultivar-dependent. The content of diketones decreased significantly in 'Legacy' blueberries, while the content of triterpenoids and aliphatic compounds showed different fold changes in 'Brightwell' blueberries after 30 days of storage at 4 °C. Overall, our study provided a quantitative and qualitative overview of cuticular wax compounds of blueberry fruits during ripening and postharvest cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hangjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
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Huang H, Burghardt M, Schuster AC, Leide J, Lara I, Riederer M. Chemical Composition and Water Permeability of Fruit and Leaf Cuticles of Olea europaea L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8790-8797. [PMID: 28880084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle, protecting against uncontrolled water loss, covers olive (Olea europaea) fruits and leaves. The present study describes the organ-specific chemical composition of the cuticular waxes and the cutin and compares three developmental stages of fruits (green, turning, and black) with the leaf surface. Numerous organ-specific differences, such as the total coverage of cutin monomeric components (1034.4 μg cm-2 and 630.5 μg cm-2) and the cuticular waxes (201.6 μg cm-2 and 320.4 μg cm-2) among all three fruit stages and leaves, respectively, were detected. Water permeability as the main cuticular function was 5-fold lower in adaxial leaf cuticles (2.1 × 10-5 m s-1) in comparison to all three fruit stages (9.5 × 10-5 m s-1). The three fruit developmental stages have the same cuticular water permeability. It is hypothesized that a higher weighted average chain length of the acyclic cuticular components leads to a considerably lower permeability of the leaf as compared to the fruit cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences, University of Würzburg , Würzburg D-97082, Germany
| | - Markus Burghardt
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences, University of Würzburg , Würzburg D-97082, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Schuster
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences, University of Würzburg , Würzburg D-97082, Germany
| | - Jana Leide
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences, University of Würzburg , Würzburg D-97082, Germany
| | - Isabel Lara
- Department of Chemistry, Unitat de Postcollita-XaRTA, AGROTÈCNIO, Universitat de Lleida , E-25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Markus Riederer
- Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences, University of Würzburg , Würzburg D-97082, Germany
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