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Jágr M, Hofinger-Horvath A, Ergang P, Čepková PH, Schönlechner R, Pichler EC, D Amico S, Grausgruber H, Vagnerová K, Dvořáček V. Comprehensive study of the effect of oat grain germination on the content of avenanthramides. Food Chem 2024; 437:137807. [PMID: 37871428 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The chemical profile and the levels of AVNs in oat varieties after germination have been examinated. In the present study, 12 distinct oat varieties were germinated for 0-192 h and a total of 28 AVNs and 3 AVN-hexosides were determined in these samples. Among them, three novel AVNs were synthesized (AVN 1a, AVN 2a, and AVN 2ad), characterized using NMR techniques (1D- and 2D-NMR), and assessed in real samples for the first time. The most abundant AVNs in the samples were AVN 2c, AVN 2p, AVN 2f, and their long-chained analogues AVN 2 cd, AVN 2pd, AVN 2fd, together representing 75-85 % of the total AVNs content. The highest total AVN level was observed on average after 48-72 h of germination time and it reached a value 1-1.2 mg/g. Out of 12 investigated oat varieties, CDC Boyer, Diadem, and Rozmar have proved to be the most suitable genotypes for germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Jágr
- Quality of Plant Products, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic.
| | - Andreas Hofinger-Horvath
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academic of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hlásná Čepková
- Gene Bank, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - Regine Schönlechner
- Institute of Food Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleonora Charlotte Pichler
- Institute of Food Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefano D Amico
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH, Spargelfeldstr. 192, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Grausgruber
- Institute of Plant Breeding, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academic of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Dvořáček
- Quality of Plant Products, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic
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2
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Allario T, Fourquez A, Magnin-Robert M, Siah A, Maia-Grondard A, Gaucher M, Brisset MN, Hugueney P, Reignault P, Baltenweck R, Randoux B. Analysis of Defense-Related Gene Expression and Leaf Metabolome in Wheat During the Early Infection Stages of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1537-1547. [PMID: 37147741 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0364-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is an obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen responsible for powdery mildew in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Upon Bgt infection, the wheat plant activates basal defense mechanisms, namely PAMP-triggered immunity, in the leaves during the first few days. Understanding this early stage of quantitative resistance is crucial for developing new breeding tools and evaluating plant resistance inducers for sustainable agricultural practices. In this sense, we used a combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to analyze the early steps of the interaction between Bgt and the moderately susceptible wheat cultivar Pakito. Bgt infection resulted in an increasing expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (PR1, PR4, PR5, and PR8) known to target the pathogen, during the first 48 h postinoculation. Moreover, RT-qPCR and metabolomic analyses pointed out the importance of the phenylpropanoid pathway in quantitative resistance against Bgt. Among metabolites linked to this pathway, hydroxycinnamic acid amides containing agmatine and putrescine as amine components accumulated from the second to the fourth day after inoculation. This suggests their involvement in quantitative resistance via cross-linking processes in cell walls for reinforcement, which is supported by the up-regulation of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), PR15 (oxalate oxidase) and POX (peroxidase) after inoculation. Finally, pipecolic acid, which is considered a signal involved in systemic acquired resistance, accumulated after inoculation. These new insights lead to a better understanding of basal defense in wheat leaves after Bgt infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Allario
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais cedex, France
| | - Alice Fourquez
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais cedex, France
| | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais cedex, France
| | - Ali Siah
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Univ. Lille, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ULCO, Univ. Artois, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, F-59014, Lille, France
| | | | - Matthieu Gaucher
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49071, F-49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Brisset
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49071, F-49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Philippe Hugueney
- Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Philippe Reignault
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais cedex, France
| | | | - Béatrice Randoux
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais cedex, France
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3
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Saied DB, Farag MA. How does maturity stage affect seeds metabolome via UPLC/MS based molecular networking and chemometrics and in relation to antioxidant effect? A case study in 4 major cereals and legumes. Food Chem 2023; 426:136491. [PMID: 37307742 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Legumes and cereals as staple food are typically consumed at mature stage, though also consumed at earlier stages. UPLC/MS based molecular networking and chemometrics were employed for the first time to address metabolome composition heterogeneity amongst seeds in the context of their maturity stages. The study included 4 major cereal and leguminous seeds of different species, and cultivars i.e., Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Vicia faba and Cicer arietinum. 146 Metabolites from various classes were identified of which several are first time to be reported. Supervised OPLS model of all datasets revealed that sugars and oxylipids were dominant in mature and immature seeds, respectively. DPPH and FRAP assays were assessed for differential secondary metabolites' correlation. Results were attributed to flavonoids, oxylipids, and amino acids/peptides. Mature barley seeds possessed the strongest antioxidant activity among examined seeds. This study provides novel insights on seeds' maturation process in context to holistic metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa B Saied
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
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4
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Zhang T, Noll SE, Peng JT, Klair A, Tripka A, Stutzman N, Cheng C, Zare RN, Dickinson AJ. Chemical imaging reveals diverse functions of tricarboxylic acid metabolites in root growth and development. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2567. [PMID: 37142569 PMCID: PMC10160030 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how plants grow is critical for agriculture and fundamental for illuminating principles of multicellular development. Here, we apply desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) to the chemical mapping of the developing maize root. This technique reveals a range of small molecule distribution patterns across the gradient of stem cell differentiation in the root. To understand the developmental logic of these patterns, we examine tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites. In both Arabidopsis and maize, we find evidence that elements of the TCA cycle are enriched in developmentally opposing regions. We find that these metabolites, particularly succinate, aconitate, citrate, and α-ketoglutarate, control root development in diverse and distinct ways. Critically, the developmental effects of certain TCA metabolites on stem cell behavior do not correlate with changes in ATP production. These results present insights into development and suggest practical means for controlling plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sarah E Noll
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Jesus T Peng
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Amman Klair
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Abigail Tripka
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nathan Stutzman
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Casey Cheng
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Alexandra J Dickinson
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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5
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Platel R, Lucau-Danila A, Baltenweck R, Maia-Grondard A, Trapet P, Magnin-Robert M, Randoux B, Duret M, Halama P, Hilbert JL, Coutte F, Jacques P, Hugueney P, Reignault P, Siah A. Deciphering immune responses primed by a bacterial lipopeptide in wheat towards Zymoseptoria tritici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1074447. [PMID: 36777540 PMCID: PMC9909289 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1074447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity induction with natural biocontrol compounds is a valuable and promising ecofriendly tool that fits with sustainable agriculture and healthy food. Despite the agroeconomic significance of wheat, the mechanisms underlying its induced defense responses remain obscure. We reveal here, using combined transcriptomic, metabolomic and cytologic approach, that the lipopeptide mycosubtilin from the beneficial bacterium Bacillus subtilis, protects wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici through a dual mode of action (direct and indirect) and that the indirect one relies mainly on the priming rather than on the elicitation of plant defense-related mechanisms. Indeed, the molecule primes the expression of 80 genes associated with sixteen functional groups during the early stages of infection, as well as the accumulation of several flavonoids during the period preceding the fungal switch to the necrotrophic phase. Moreover, genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and ABA-associated signaling pathways are regulated, suggesting a role of this phytohormone in the indirect activity of mycosubtilin. The priming-based bioactivity of mycosubtilin against a biotic stress could result from an interaction of the molecule with leaf cell plasma membranes that may mimic an abiotic stress stimulus in wheat leaves. This study provides new insights into induced immunity in wheat and opens new perspectives for the use of mycosubtilin as a biocontrol compound against Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Platel
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Anca Lucau-Danila
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Pauline Trapet
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Randoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais Cedex, France
| | - Morgane Duret
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Patrice Halama
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hilbert
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - François Coutte
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Jacques
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, MiPI, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe Reignault
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais Cedex, France
| | - Ali Siah
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
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6
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Baranzelli J, Somacal S, Monteiro CS, Mello RDO, Rodrigues E, Prestes OD, López-Ruiz R, Garrido Frenich A, Romero-González R, de Miranda MZ, Emanuelli T. Grain Germination Changes the Profile of Phenolic Compounds and Benzoxazinoids in Wheat: A Study on Hard and Soft Cultivars. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020721. [PMID: 36677783 PMCID: PMC9864386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-harvest sprouting is a frequent problem for wheat culture that can be simulated by laboratory-based germination. Despite reducing baking properties, wheat sprouting has been shown to increase the bioavailability of some nutrients. It was investigated whether wheat cultivars bearing distinct grain texture characteristics (BRS Guaraim, soft vs. BRS Marcante, hard texture) would have different behavior in terms of the changes in phytochemical compounds during germination. Using LC-Q-TOF-MS, higher contents of benzoxazinoids and flavonoids were found in the hard cultivar than in the soft one. Free phytochemicals, mainly benzoxazinoids, increased during germination in both cultivars. Before germination, soft and hard cultivars had a similar profile of matrix-bound phytochemicals, but during germination, these compounds have been shown to decrease only in the hard-texture cultivar, due to decreased levels of phenolic acids (trans-ferulic acid) and flavonoids (apigenin) that were bound to the cell wall through ester-type bonds. These findings confirm the hypothesis that hard and soft wheat cultivars have distinct behavior during germination concerning the changes in phytochemical compounds, namely the matrix-bound compounds. In addition, germination has been shown to remarkably increase the content of benzoxazinoids and the antioxidant capacity, which could bring a health-beneficial appeal for pre-harvested sprouted grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baranzelli
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Somacal
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Sant’Anna Monteiro
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renius de Oliveira Mello
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Rodrigues
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Osmar Damian Prestes
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Research Group ‘Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants’, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Center for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group ‘Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants’, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Center for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group ‘Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants’, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Center for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Martha Zavariz de Miranda
- Grain Quality Laboratory, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo 99050-970, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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7
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Platel R, Lucau-Danila A, Baltenweck R, Maia-Grondard A, Chaveriat L, Magnin-Robert M, Randoux B, Trapet P, Halama P, Martin P, Hilbert JL, Höfte M, Hugueney P, Reignault P, Siah A. Bioinspired Rhamnolipid Protects Wheat Against Zymoseptoria tritici Through Mainly Direct Antifungal Activity and Without Major Impact on Leaf Physiology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:878272. [PMID: 35720601 PMCID: PMC9204090 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.878272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids (RLs), glycolipids biosynthesized by the Pseudomonas and Burkholderia genera, are known to display various activities against a wide range of pathogens. Most previous studies on RLs focused on their direct antimicrobial activity, while only a few reports described the mechanisms by which RLs induce resistance against phytopathogens and the related fitness cost on plant physiology. Here, we combined transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to unravel the mechanisms underlying RL-induced resistance in wheat against the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, a major pathogen of this crop. Investigations were carried out by treating wheat plants with a bioinspired synthetic mono-RL with a 12-carbon fatty acid tail, dodecanoyl α/β-L-rhamnopyranoside (Rh-Est-C12), under both infectious and non-infectious conditions to examine its potential wheat defense-eliciting and priming bioactivities. Whereas, Rh-Est-C12 conferred to wheat a significant protection against Z. tritici (41% disease severity reduction), only a slight effect of this RL on wheat leaf gene expression and metabolite accumulation was observed. A subset of 24 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 11 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) was scored in elicitation modalities 2, 5, and 15 days post-treatment (dpt), and 25 DEGs and 17 DAMs were recorded in priming modalities 5 and 15 dpt. Most changes were down-regulations, and only a few DEGs and DAMs associated with resistance to pathogens were identified. Nevertheless, a transient early regulation in gene expression was highlighted at 2 dpt (e.g., genes involved in signaling, transcription, translation, cell-wall structure, and function), suggesting a perception of the RL by the plant upon treatment. Further in vitro and in planta bioassays showed that Rh-Est-C12 displays a significant direct antimicrobial activity toward Z. tritici. Taken together, our results suggest that Rh-Est-C12 confers protection to wheat against Z. tritici through direct antifungal activity and, to a lesser extent, by induction of plant defenses without causing major alterations in plant metabolism. This study provides new insights into the modes of action of RLs on the wheat-Z. tritici pathosystem and highlights the potential interest in Rh-Est-C12, a low-fitness cost molecule, to control this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Platel
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Univ. Lille, Univ. Liège, UPJV, Univ. Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Anca Lucau-Danila
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Univ. Lille, Univ. Liège, UPJV, Univ. Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Ludovic Chaveriat
- Univ. Artois, UniLasalle, ULR 7519–Unité Transformations and Agroressources, Béthune, France
| | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Calais, France
| | - Béatrice Randoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Calais, France
| | - Pauline Trapet
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Univ. Lille, Univ. Liège, UPJV, Univ. Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Patrice Halama
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Univ. Lille, Univ. Liège, UPJV, Univ. Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Univ. Artois, UniLasalle, ULR 7519–Unité Transformations and Agroressources, Béthune, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hilbert
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Univ. Lille, Univ. Liège, UPJV, Univ. Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe Reignault
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Calais, France
| | - Ali Siah
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Univ. Lille, Univ. Liège, UPJV, Univ. Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
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8
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de Borba MC, Velho AC, de Freitas MB, Holvoet M, Maia-Grondard A, Baltenweck R, Magnin-Robert M, Randoux B, Hilbert JL, Reignault P, Hugueney P, Siah A, Stadnik MJ. A Laminarin-Based Formulation Protects Wheat Against Zymoseptoria tritici via Direct Antifungal Activity and Elicitation of Host Defense-Related Genes. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1408-1418. [PMID: 34978870 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1675-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of the laminarin-based formulation Vacciplant to protect and induce resistance in wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici, a major pathogen on this crop. Under greenhouse conditions, a single foliar spraying of the product 2 days before inoculation with Z. tritici reduced disease severity and pycnidium density by 42 and 45%, respectively. Vacciplant exhibited a direct antifungal activity on Z. tritici conidial germination both in vitro and in planta. Moreover, it reduced in planta substomatal colonization as well as pycnidium formation on treated leaves. Molecular investigations revealed that Vacciplant elicits but did not prime the expression of several wheat genes related to defense pathways, including phenylpropanoids (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase), octadecanoids (lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase), and pathogenesis-related proteins (β-1,3-endoglucanase and chitinase). By contrast, it did not modulate the expression of oxalate oxidase gene involved in the reactive oxygen species metabolism. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated limited changes in leaf metabolome after product application in both noninoculated and inoculated conditions, suggesting a low metabolic cost associated with induction of plant resistance. This study provides evidence that the laminarin-based formulation confers protection to wheat against Z. tritici through direct antifungal activity and elicitation of plant defense-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon C de Borba
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-001 Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
- Joint Research Unit Number 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, Université d'Artois, ULCO, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, BP 41290, F-59014 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Aline C Velho
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-001 Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), CS 80699, F-62228 Calais Cedex, France
| | - Mateus B de Freitas
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-001 Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
- Joint Research Unit Number 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, Université d'Artois, ULCO, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, BP 41290, F-59014 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Maxime Holvoet
- Joint Research Unit Number 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, Université d'Artois, ULCO, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, BP 41290, F-59014 Lille Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), CS 80699, F-62228 Calais Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Randoux
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), CS 80699, F-62228 Calais Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hilbert
- Joint Research Unit Number 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, Université d'Artois, ULCO, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, BP 41290, F-59014 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Reignault
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), CS 80699, F-62228 Calais Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Hugueney
- Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Ali Siah
- Joint Research Unit Number 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, Université d'Artois, ULCO, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, BP 41290, F-59014 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Marciel J Stadnik
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-001 Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
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9
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Impacts of Constitutive and Induced Benzoxazinoids Levels on Wheat Resistance to the Grain Aphid ( Sitobion avenae). Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110783. [PMID: 34822441 PMCID: PMC8620460 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids are important secondary metabolites in gramineae plants and have inhibitory and toxic effects against a wide range of herbivore pests. However, the relationship between benzoxazinoid level and plant resistance to aphids remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the relationship between benzoxazinoids composition and concentration in wheat leaves and the resistance to the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. Overall, six benzoxazinoids were detected and identified by mass spectrometry based metabolites profiling, including three lactams, two hydroxamic acids, and one methyl derivative. The constitutive levels of these benzoxazinoids were significantly different among the wheat varieties/lines. However, none of these benzoxazinoids exhibited considerable correlation with aphid resistance. S. avenae feeding elevated the level of 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4,7-dimethoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (HDMBOA-Glc) and reduced the level of 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-7-(2H)-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA-Glc) in some of the wheat varieties/lines. Moreover, aphid-induced level of DIMBOA-Glc was positively related with callose deposition, which was closely associated with aphid resistance. Wheat leaves infiltrated with DIMBOA-Glc caused a noticeable increase of callose deposition and the effect was in a dose dependent manner. This study suggests that the constitutive level of benzoxazinoids has limited impact on S. avenae. Aphid feeding can affect the balance of benzoxazinoids metabolism and the dynamic level of benzoxazinoids can act as a signal of callose deposition for S. avenae resistance. This study will extend our understanding of aphid–wheat interaction and provides new insights in aphid-resistance wheat breeding.
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10
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Pieczonka SA, Paravicini S, Rychlik M, Schmitt-Kopplin P. On the Trail of the German Purity Law: Distinguishing the Metabolic Signatures of Wheat, Corn and Rice in Beer. Front Chem 2021; 9:715372. [PMID: 34354980 PMCID: PMC8329485 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.715372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a non-targeted analytical approach to investigate the influence of different starch sources on the metabolic signature in the final beer product. An extensive sample set of commercial beers brewed with barley, wheat, corn and/or rice were analyzed by both direct infusion Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (DI-FTICR MS, 400 samples) and UPLC-ToF-MS (100 samples). By its unrivaled mass resolution and accuracy, DI-FTICR-MS was able to uncover the compositional space of both polar and non-polar metabolites that can be traced back to the use of different starch sources. Reversed phase UPLC-ToF-MS was used to access information about molecular structures (MS2-fragmentation spectra) and isomeric separation, with a focus on less polar compounds. Both analytical approaches were able to achieve a clear statistical differentiation (OPLS-DA) of beer samples and reveal metabolic profiles according to the starch source. A mass difference network analysis, applied to the exact marker masses resolved by FTICR, showed a network of potential secondary metabolites specific to wheat, corn and rice. By MS2-similarity networks, database and literature search, we were able to identify metabolites and compound classes significant for the use of the different starch sources. Those were also found in the corresponding brewing raw materials, confirming the potential of our approach for quality control and monitoring. Our results also include the identification of the aspartic acid-conjugate of N-β-D-glucopyranosyl-indole-3-acetic acid as a potential marker for the use of rice in the brewing industry regarding quality control and food inspection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Pieczonka
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sophia Paravicini
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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11
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Bhattarai B, Steffensen SK, Gregersen PL, Kristensen HL, Fomsgaard IS. Stepwise mass spectrometry-based approach for confirming the presence of benzoxazinoids in herbs and vegetables. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:283-297. [PMID: 32688439 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are plant phytochemicals that have both defensive properties in plants and therapeutic effects in humans. The presence of BXs has been largely studied in the Poaceae family (monocots). To study the presence or absence of BXs in dicotyledons and monocotyledons outside the Poaceae family, parts of 24 plant species at several growth stages were selected for analysis, some of which were already known to contain BXs. OBJECTIVES To devise a stepwise mass spectrometry-based approach for confirming the presence of BXs in plant samples, and to use the method to explore the status of BXs in selected plant species. EXPERIMENTAL Plant samples were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction and analysed using triple-quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The use of different columns, double mass transitions, and ion ratios proved to be a robust tool for confirming the presence of BXs in different plant species. By this method, the presence of BXs was confirmed in three of the 24 species. Double-hexose forms of BXs, which have not been reported before in dicotyledons, were confirmed to be present in the dicotyledon plants Acanthus mollis and Lamium galeobdolon, and the presence of BXs in the seeds of Consolida orientalis is reported for the first time here. High concentrations of BXs were found in the aerial parts of Acanthus mollis and Lamium galeobdolon, at 20 and 32 μmol/g plant dry weight, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The stepwise approach described in this work confirmed the presence of BXs in new samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Bhattarai
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | - Per L Gregersen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
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12
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Gaikar N, Raval M, Patel S, Patel P, Hingorani L. Isolation, characterization and estimation of benzoxazinoid glycoside from seeds of
Blepharis persica
(Burm.f) O. Kuntze. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Gaikar
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT) Gujarat India
| | - Manan Raval
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT) Gujarat India
| | - Samir Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT) Gujarat India
| | - Preksha Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT) Gujarat India
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13
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Tais L, Schulz H, Böttcher C. Comprehensive profiling of semi-polar phytochemicals in whole wheat grains (Triticum aestivum) using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Metabolomics 2021; 17:18. [PMID: 33502591 PMCID: PMC7840630 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wheat (Triticum aestivum) it is one of the most important staple food crops worldwide and represents an important resource for human nutrition. Besides starch, proteins and micronutrients wheat grains accumulate a highly diverse set of phytochemicals. OBJECTIVES This work aimed at the development and validation of an analytical workflow for comprehensive profiling of semi-polar phytochemicals in whole wheat grains. METHOD Reversed-phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI-QTOFMS) was used as analytical platform. For annotation of metabolites accurate mass collision-induced dissociation mass spectra were acquired and interpreted in conjunction with literature data, database queries and analyses of reference compounds. RESULTS Based on reversed-phase UHPLC/ESI-QTOFMS an analytical workflow for comprehensive profiling of semi-polar phytochemicals in whole wheat grains was developed. For method development the extraction procedure and the chromatographic separation were optimized. Using whole grains of eight wheat cultivars a total of 248 metabolites were annotated and characterized by chromatographic and tandem mass spectral data. Annotated metabolites comprise hydroquinones, hydroxycinnamic acid amides, flavonoids, benzoxazinoids, lignans and other phenolics as well as numerous primary metabolites such as nucleosides, amino acids and derivatives, organic acids, saccharides and B vitamin derivatives. For method validation, recovery rates and matrix effects were determined for ten exogenous model compounds. Repeatability and linearity were assessed for 39 representative endogenous metabolites. In addition, the accuracy of relative quantification was evaluated for six exogenous model compounds. CONCLUSIONS In conjunction with non-targeted and targeted data analysis strategies the developed analytical workflow was successfully applied to discern differences in the profiles of semi-polar phytochemicals accumulating in whole grains of eight wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Tais
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn-Institute, Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schulz
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn-Institute, Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Consulting & Project Management for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Waltraudstrasse 4, 14532 Stahnsdorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn-Institute, Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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14
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de Borba MC, Velho AC, Maia-Grondard A, Baltenweck R, Magnin-Robert M, Randoux B, Holvoet M, Hilbert JL, Flahaut C, Reignault P, Hugueney P, Stadnik MJ, Siah A. The Algal Polysaccharide Ulvan Induces Resistance in Wheat Against Zymoseptoria tritici Without Major Alteration of Leaf Metabolome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:703712. [PMID: 34552606 PMCID: PMC8450535 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.703712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the ability of ulvan, a water-soluble polysaccharide from the green seaweed Ulva fasciata, to provide protection and induce resistance in wheat against the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis indicated that ulvan is mainly composed of unsaturated monosaccharides (rhamnose, rhamnose-3-sulfate, and xylose) and numerous uronic acid residues. In the greenhouse, foliar application of ulvan at 10 mg.ml-1 2 days before fungal inoculation reduced disease severity and pycnidium density by 45 and 50%, respectively. Ulvan did not exhibit any direct antifungal activity toward Z. tritici, neither in vitro nor in planta. However, ulvan treatment significantly reduced substomatal colonization and pycnidium formation within the mesophyll of treated leaves. Molecular assays revealed that ulvan spraying elicits, but does not prime, the expression of genes involved in several wheat defense pathways, including pathogenesis-related proteins (β-1,3-endoglucanase and chitinase), reactive oxygen species metabolism (oxalate oxidase), and the octadecanoid pathway (lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase), while no upregulation was recorded for gene markers of the phenylpropanoid pathway (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase). Interestingly, the quantification of 83 metabolites from major chemical families using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) in both non-infectious and infectious conditions showed no substantial changes in wheat metabolome upon ulvan treatment, suggesting a low metabolic cost associated with ulvan-induced resistance. Our findings provide evidence that ulvan confers protection and triggers defense mechanisms in wheat against Z. tritici without major modification of the plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon C. de Borba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Joint Research Unit N° 1158 BioEcoAgro, ULCO, INRAE, University of Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, Lille, France
| | - Aline C. Velho
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais, France
| | | | | | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais, France
| | - Béatrice Randoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais, France
| | - Maxime Holvoet
- Joint Research Unit N° 1158 BioEcoAgro, ULCO, INRAE, University of Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hilbert
- Joint Research Unit N° 1158 BioEcoAgro, ULCO, INRAE, University of Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Flahaut
- Joint Research Unit N° 1158 BioEcoAgro, ULCO, INRAE, University of Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Reignault
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais, France
| | | | - Marciel J. Stadnik
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Marciel J. Stadnik,
| | - Ali Siah
- Joint Research Unit N° 1158 BioEcoAgro, ULCO, INRAE, University of Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Ali Siah,
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15
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Li Q, Xu K, Wang S, Li M, Jiang Y, Liang X, Niu J, Wang C. Enzymatic Browning in Wheat Kernels Produces Symptom of Black Point Caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:526266. [PMID: 33362724 PMCID: PMC7756095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.526266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the blackening mechanism in black point diseased kernels, ultraviolet–visible light (UV–Vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) absorbance spectra of extracts made from the blackening parts of black point-affected (BP) kernels and the analogous part of black point-free (BPF) kernels were measured using susceptible wheat genotypes “PZSCL6” inoculated with Bipolaris sorokiniana (the dominant pathogen causing this disease). In addition, metabolite differences between BP and BPF kernels were identified by a method that combines gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Successively, symptoms of black point were produced in vitro. The results showed (i) the spectroscopic properties of the extracts from BP and BPF kernels were very similar, with an absorption peak at 235 nm and a small shoulder at 280–300 nm in both UV–Vis spectra and shared vibrations at 3400–3300, 2925 and 2852, 1512 and 1463, 1709, 1220, 600–860 cm–1 in FT-IR spectra that are consistent with similar bonding characteristics. In contrast, spectroscopic properties of extracts from wheat kernels were different from those of synthetic melanin and extracellular and intracellular melanin produced by B. sorokiniana. (ii) Levels of 156 metabolites in BP kernels were different from those in BPF kernels. Among those 156 metabolites, levels of phenolic acids (ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid), 11 phenolamides compounds, and four benzoxazinone derivatives were significantly higher in BP kernels than in BPF kernels. (iii) Symptom of black point could be produced in vitro in wheat kernels with supplement of phenol substrate (catechol) and H2O2. This result proved that blackening substance causing symptom of black point was produced by enzymatic browning in wheat kernels instead of by B. sorokiniana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Li
- National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaige Xu
- National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yumei Jiang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jishan Niu
- National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Abstract
The compositional space of a set of 120 diverse beer samples was profiled by rapid flow-injection analysis (FIA) Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). By the unrivaled mass resolution, it was possible to uncover and assign compositional information to thousands of yet unknown metabolites in the beer matrix. The application of several statistical models enabled the assignment of different molecular pattern to certain beer attributes such as the beer type, the way of adding hops and the grain used. The dedicated van Krevelen diagrams and mass difference networks displayed the structural connectivity of the annotated sum formulae. Thereby it was possible to provide a base of knowledge of the beer metabolome far above database-dependent annotations. Typical metabolic signatures for beer types, which reflect differences in ingredients and ways of brewing, could be extracted. Besides, the complexity of isomeric compounds, initially profiled as single mass values in fast FIA-FTICR-MS, was resolved by selective UHPLC-ToF-MS2 analysis. Thereby structural hypotheses based on FTICR’s sum formulae could be confirmed. Benzoxazinoid hexosides deriving from the wheat’s secondary metabolism were uncovered as suitable marker substances for the use of whole wheat grains, in contrast to merely wheat starch or barley. Furthermore, it was possible to describe Hydroxymethoxybenzoxazinone(HMBOA)-hexosesulfate as a hitherto unknown phytoanticipin derivative in wheat containing beers. These findings raise the potential of ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry for rapid quality control and inspection purposes as well as deep metabolic profiling, profound search for distinct hidden metabolites and classification of archeological beer samples.
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17
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de Bruijn WJC, van Dinteren S, Gruppen H, Vincken JP. Mass spectrometric characterisation of avenanthramides and enhancing their production by germination of oat (Avena sativa). Food Chem 2018; 277:682-690. [PMID: 30502203 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Avenanthramides are amides, with a phenylalkenoic acid (PA) and an anthranilic acid (AA) subunit, which are secondary metabolites of oat. Oat seeds were germinated, extracted, and the avenanthramides analysed by a combination of UHPLC with ion trap and high resolution ESI-MS. Typical fragmentation pathways with corresponding diagnostic fragments belonging to the PA and AA subunits were identified and summarised in a decision guideline. Based on these findings 28 unique avenanthramides were annotated in the oat seed(ling) extracts, including the new avenanthramide 6f (with a 4/5-methoxy AA subunit). Avenanthramide content increased by 25 times from seed to seedling. Avenanthramides 2p, 2c, and 2f, which are commonly described as the major avenanthramides, represented less than 20% of the total content in the seedlings. Future quantitative analyses should, therefore, include a wider range of avenanthramides to avoid underestimation of the total avenanthramide content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah van Dinteren
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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de Bruijn WJC, Gruppen H, Vincken JP. Structure and biosynthesis of benzoxazinoids: Plant defence metabolites with potential as antimicrobial scaffolds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 155:233-243. [PMID: 30218957 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids, comprising the classes of benzoxazinones and benzoxazolinones, are a set of specialised metabolites produced by the plant family Poaceae (formerly Gramineae), and some dicots. The family Poaceae in particular contains several important crops like maize and wheat. Benzoxazinoids play a role in allelopathy and as defence compounds against (micro)biological threats. The effectivity of benzoxazinones in these functionalities is largely imposed by the subclasses (determined by N substituent). In this review, we provide an overview of all currently known natural benzoxazinoids and a summary of the current state of knowledge of their biosynthesis. We also evaluated their antimicrobial activity based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values reported in literature. Monomeric natural benzoxazinoids seem to lack potency as antimicrobial agents. The 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one backbone, however, has been shown to be a potential scaffold for designing new antimicrobial compounds. This has been demonstrated by a number of studies that report potent activity of synthetic derivatives of 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, which possess MIC values down to 6.25 μg mL-1 against pathogenic fungi (e.g. C. albicans) and 16 μg mL-1 against bacteria (e.g. S. aureus and E. coli). Observations on the structural requirements for allelopathy, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activity suggest that they are not necessarily conferred by similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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