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Grigaliūnaitė I, Ruiz-Méndez MV. Cleaner lipid processing: Supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) and short path distillation. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023. [PMID: 37516465 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Today, regulations and consumer awareness demand production technologies with minimum impact on the environment and maximum utilization of available resources. In the field of lipids, two well-known technologies for avoiding the use of organic solvents and chemicals stand out: supercritical (Sc) fluids and short path distillation (SPD). To date, both technologies involve high operating costs that have limited their application to selected high value-added products which are high temperature sensitive. However, improvements in process control and materials make further implementation of these techniques possible. In this chapter, an integrative review has been carried out with the aim of compiling the literature on the application of these technologies to lipid extraction, micronization and fractionation of liquid mixtures. Special attention has been paid to the separation of compounds by both technologies: deacidification, partial purification of acylglycerol compounds, isolation of unsaponifiable compounds and separation of toxic and polluting compounds.
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Kourimsky T, Hrbek V, Steidl M, Hajšlová J. Analysis of MCPD and Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters in Refined Plant Oils by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography– High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. LCGC EUROPE 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.eu.bl7965l5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2- and 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (2- and 3-MCPD) and their fatty acid esters (2- and 3-MCPDEs) together with glycidyl fatty acids esters (GEs) belong to a group of process-induced contaminants. They are formed in high temperature environments and most commonly occur in refined vegetable oils. Since 2021, maximum limits for GEs and 3-MCPDEs have been enforceable in the EU, and the requirement for adequate analytical methods is constantly increasing. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient method to enable a rapid determination of nine 3-MCPDEs and seven GEs in vegetable oils within a single run employing supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (SFC–HRMS/MS). Contrary to a routine gas chromatography mass spectrometry method aimed at determination of the total MCPD pool, the sample throughput when using SFC–HRMS/MS was greatly increased, as the “dilute-and shoot” approach did not require any hydrolysis and derivatization. Additionally, the pattern of natural MCPDEs was characterized. The performance characteristics of this new method met the criteria required by Commision Regulation 2019/2093 for all target analytes.
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Toribio L, Bernal J, Martín MT, Ares AM. Supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: A valuable tool in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhang Z, Yang P, Gao B, Huang G, Liu M, Yu LL. Synthesis of 2-Monochloropanol Fatty Acid Esters and Their Acute Oral Toxicities in Swiss Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3789-3795. [PMID: 30874433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel synthetic route was designed, developed, and utilized to synthesize six high-purity 2-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters (2-MCPD esters), a group of potential processing-induced food contaminants. A chlorine atom was introduced to C-2 of a diethyl malonate molecule, which was reduced by NaBH4 and followed by esterification using fatty acids. The reaction products were isolated and purified using silica gel columns to obtain three 2-MCPD monoesters and three diesters at about 50-54% and 56-59% yields, respectively. In addition, 2-MCPD monopalmitate and dipalmitate were examined for their acute oral toxicities in Swiss mice. The LD50 values of 2-MCPD mono- and dipalmitate were greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW), along with detectable nephrotoxicity and testicular toxicity. The results of this study may promote future investigation of MCPD ester toxicology and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfei Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Puyu Yang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Boyan Gao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048 , China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , 0112 Skinner Building , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Guoren Huang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Man Liu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture & Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- College of Life Science , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou 221116 , China
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , 0112 Skinner Building , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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Gao B, Li Y, Huang G, Yu L. Fatty Acid Esters of 3-Monochloropropanediol: A Review. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:259-284. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD esters) are a new group of processing-induced chemical toxicants with possible nephrotoxicity and testicular toxicity. 3-MCPD esters have been detected in many food categories, including refined edible oils, bread, coffee, and infant formula. 3-MCPD esters have also been detected in human breast milk, indicating their possible absorption and distribution in human organs and tissues. 3-MCPD esters have become a food safety concern, and in 2013 the European Food Safety Authority estimated a tolerable daily value (TDI) of 2 μg/kg body weight (BW) for the amount of free 3-MCPD. This review summarizes the available information on 3-MCPD ester research, including the analytical methods, exposure biomarkers, absorption and metabolism, toxicities, formation mechanisms, and mitigation strategies as well as the occurrence of 3-MCPD esters in human foods. This review may serve as a scientific foundation for advancing our understanding of 3-MCPD esters and their food safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Guoren Huang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Pilařová V, Plachká K, Khalikova MA, Svec F, Nováková L. Recent developments in supercritical fluid chromatography – mass spectrometry: Is it a viable option for analysis of complex samples? Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Rapid analysis of tristyrylphenol ethoxylates in cucumber-field system using supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2018; 266:119-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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N-Propyl-N'-2-pyridylurea-modified silica as mixed-mode stationary phase with moderate weak anion exchange capacity and pH-dependent surface charge reversal. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1560:45-54. [PMID: 29789171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel silica-based stationary phase modified with N-propyl-N'-2-pyridylurea selector. Due to the weakly basic properties of the pyridine selector and the presence of residual silanols after selector immobilization, a zwitterionic surface with a pI observed at approximately pH 5.5 was measured by electrophoretic light scattering in pH-dependent ζ-potential determinations. The capability of the new N-propyl-N'-2-pyridylurea-modified silica to serve as mixed-mode stationary phase was investigated. For this purpose, it was characterized under RP and HILIC conditions using test mixtures. Subsequent classification of this stationary phase in comparison to in-house and commercial benchmarks was carried by principal component analysis of resultant retention factors from chromatographic tests. The results show a relatively unique mixed-mode character amongst the tested stationary phases. The chromatographic retention characteristics of acidic compounds matched well the ζ-potential determinations. The application of anion-exchange at low pH values (e.g. pH 5) and ion exclusion chromatography at pH 7 for the separation of uridine 5'-mono-, di- and triphosphate demonstrated a pH-dependent umpolung of the stationary phase surface. The combination of these separation principles in a pH gradient from 5 to 7 gave rise to weak anion-exchange selectivity with a charge-inducted elution due to repulsive interactions at higher pH and resulted in a significant faster separation with improved peak shape under mild elution conditions.
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Al Hamimi S, Sandahl M, Armeni M, Turner C, Spégel P. Screening of stationary phase selectivities for global lipid profiling by ultrahigh performance supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1548:76-82. [PMID: 29567363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The performance of seven sub-2-μm particle packed columns (2-picolylamine, 2-PIC; charged surface hybrid fluoro-phenyl, CSH-FP; high strength silica C18 SB, HSS-C18; diethylamine, DEA; 1-aminoanthracene, 1-AA; high density diol and ethylene bridged hybrid; BEH) was examined for lipid separation in ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC) coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Based on the results of the column screening a method for profiling of multiple lipid species from the major lipid classes was developed. Stationary phases containing β-hydroxy amines, i.e. 1-AA, DEA and 2-PIC, yielded strong retention and poor peak shapes of zwitterionic lipids with primary amine groups, such as phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylethanolamines and its lyso forms. The BEH and HSS-C18 columns showed strong retention of polar and nonpolar lipids, respectively. The Diol column retained the majority of major lipid classes and also produced symmetric peaks. In addition, this column also produced the highest resolution within and between major lipid classes. An injection solvent composed of methanol:chloroform (1:2, v:v) and the addition of 20 mM ammonium formate in the mobile phase improved chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry detection in comparison to ammonium acetate or absence of additive. Finally, chromatographic and mass spectrometric parameters were optimized for the Diol column using a design of experiments approach. The separation mechanism on the Diol column depended on the lipid functionality and the length and degree of unsaturation of the acyl groups. The developed method could resolve 18 lipid classes and multiple lipids within each class, from blood serum and brain tissue in 11 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Al Hamimi
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marina Armeni
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Spégel
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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