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Zhou J, Chen Y, Liu Y, Huang T, Xing J, Ge R, Yu DG. Electrospun medicated gelatin/polycaprolactone Janus fibers for photothermal-chem combined therapy of liver cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132113. [PMID: 38719010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Liver cancer is a common cancer in the world, and core-shell nanoparticles as a commonly used combination therapy for local tumor ablation, have many shortcomings. In this study, photothermal Janus nanofibers were prepared using a electrospinning technology for tumor treatment, and the products were characterized and in vitro photothermal performance investigated. The micromorphology analysis showed that the photothermic agent CuS and electrospun fibers (loaded with CuS and anticancer drug dihydromyricetin) were successfully prepared, with diameters of 11.58 ± 0.27 μm and 1.19 ± 0.01 μm, respectively. Water contact angle and tensile test indicated that the fiber membranes has a certain hydrophilic adhesion and excellent mechanical strength. The fiber membranes has 808 nm near-infrared laser photothermal heating performance and photothermal stability, and it also has a strong response to the laser that penetrates biological tissue. In addition, in vitro cell culture and in vivo implantation study showed that the fiber membranes could kill HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells combined with photothermal-chem and could be enriched in the implantation area, respectively. Hence, the Janus membranes may be a potential cancer treatment material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yaoning Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery IV, Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tianyue Huang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ruiliang Ge
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery IV, Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Deng-Guang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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Goel RK, Kim N, Lukong KE. Seeking a better understanding of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, SRMS. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16421. [PMID: 37251450 PMCID: PMC10220380 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
SRMS (Src-Related kinase lacking C-terminal regulatory tyrosine and N-terminal Myristoylation Sites) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase first reported in a 1994 screen for genes regulating murine neural precursor cells. SRMS, pronounced "Shrims", lacks the C-terminal regulatory tyrosine critical for the regulation of the enzymatic activity of Src-family kinases (SFKs). Another remarkable characteristic of SRMS is its localization into distinct SRMS cytoplasmic punctae (SCPs) or GREL (Goel Raghuveera-Erique Lukong) bodies, a pattern not observed in the SFKs. This unique subcellular localization of SRMS could dictate its cellular targets, proteome, and potentially, substrates. However, the function of SRMS is still relatively unknown. Further, how is its activity regulated and by what cellular targets? Studies have emerged highlighting the potential role of SRMS in autophagy and in regulating the activation of BRK/PTK6. Potential novel cellular substrates have also been identified, including DOK1, vimentin, Sam68, FBKP51, and OTUB1. Recent studies have also demonstrated the potential role of the kinase in various cancers, including gastric and colorectal cancers and platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. This review discusses the advancements made in SRMS-related biology to date and the path to understanding the cellular and physiological significance of the kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuveera Kumar Goel
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, 107 Wiggins Road, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kiven Erique Lukong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, 107 Wiggins Road, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Peng S, Fu Y. FYN: emerging biological roles and potential therapeutic targets in cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:84. [PMID: 36740671 PMCID: PMC9901160 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Src family protein kinases (SFKs) play a key role in cell adhesion, invasion, proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and angiogenesis during tumor development. In humans, SFKs consists of eight family members with similar structure and function. There is a high level of overexpression or hyperactivity of SFKs in tumor, and they play an important role in multiple signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis. FYN is a member of the SFKs that regulate normal cellular processes. Additionally, FYN is highly expressed in many cancers and promotes cancer growth and metastasis through diverse biological functions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and motility migration, as well as the development of drug resistance in many tumors. Moreover, FYN is involved in the regulation of multiple cancer-related signaling pathways, including interactions with ERK, COX-2, STAT5, MET and AKT. FYN is therefore an attractive therapeutic target for various tumor types, and suppressing FYN can improve the prognosis and prolong the life of patients. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of FYN's structure, expression, upstream regulators, downstream substrate molecules, and biological functions in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- SanFei Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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Tuli HS, Sak K, Garg VK, Kumar A, Adhikary S, Kaur G, Parashar NC, Parashar G, Mukherjee TK, Sharma U, Jain A, Mohapatra RK, Dhama K, Kumar M, Singh T. Ampelopsin targets in cellular processes of cancer: Recent trends and advances. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1614-1623. [PMID: 36561961 PMCID: PMC9764188 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is being considered as a serious threat to human health globally due to limited availability and efficacy of therapeutics. In addition, existing chemotherapeutic drugs possess a diverse range of toxic side effects. Therefore, more research is welcomed to investigate the chemo-preventive action of plant-based metabolites. Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) is one among the biologically active plant-based chemicals with promising anti-cancer actions. It modulates the expression of various cellular molecules that are involved in cancer progressions. For instance, ampelopsin enhances the expression of apoptosis inducing proteins. It regulates the expression of angiogenic and metastatic proteins to inhibit tumor growth. Expression of inflammatory markers has also been found to be suppressed by ampelopsin in cancer cells. The present review article describes various anti-tumor cellular targets of ampelopsin at a single podium which will help the researchers to understand mechanistic insight of this phytochemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India,Corresponding author.
| | | | - Vivek Kumar Garg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Adhikary
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Mumbai 40056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Mumbai 40056, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Gaurav Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Uttam Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Village-Ghudda, 151401 Punjab, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Village-Ghudda, 151401 Punjab, India
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar 758002, Odisha, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur-Ambala 134007, Haryana, India
| | - Tejveer Singh
- School of life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Present Status, Challenges, and Prospects of Dihydromyricetin in the Battle against Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143487. [PMID: 35884547 PMCID: PMC9317349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a natural flavonoid compound extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata that has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. DHM has attracted intensive attention due to its numerous beneficial activities, such as hepatoprotection, cardioprotection, antioxidant, and anti-inflammation. In addition, DHM inhibits the progression of cancers such as lung cancer, hepatocellular cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, and malignant reproductive systems through multiple mechanisms, including antiangiogenesis, antiproliferation, apoptosis, and inhibition of invasion and migration. Notably, DHM also activates autophagy at different levels, exerting a dual-regulatory effect on cancers. Mechanistically, DHM can effectively regulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), noncoding RNA-mediated signaling, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p53, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress)-driven signaling in different types of cancers. DHM has also been shown to have inhibitory effects on various regulators that trigger epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, DHM exhibits a remarkable anticancer reversal ability when used in combination with drugs such as adriamycin, nedaplatin, and other drugs. However, the low bioavailability of DHM limits its potential applications, which are improved through structural modification and the exploration of novel dosage forms. Therefore, DHM may become a promising candidate for treating malignancies alone or combined with conventional anticancer strategies used in clinical practice.
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Lipovka Y, Alday E, Hernandez J, Velazquez C. Molecular Mechanisms of Biologically Active Compounds from Propolis in Breast Cancer: State of the Art and Future Directions. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2003380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Lipovka
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Efrain Alday
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Javier Hernandez
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
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AXL as a Target in Breast Cancer Therapy. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:5291952. [PMID: 32148495 PMCID: PMC7042526 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5291952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AXL is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that has been implicated in diverse tumor-promoting processes such as proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, and apoptosis. AXL therefore plays a role in cancer progression, and AXL has been implicated in a wide variety of malignancies from solid tumors to hematopoietic cancers where it is often associated with poor prognosis. In cancer, AXL has been shown to promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis formation, drug resistance, and a role for AXL in modulation of the tumor microenvironment and immune response has been identified. In light of these activities multiple AXL inhibitors have been developed, and several of these have entered clinical trials in the U.S. In breast cancer, high levels of AXL expression have been observed. The role of AXL in cancer with a focus on therapeutic implications for breast cancer is discussed.
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Xue F, Jia Y, Zhao J. Overexpression of FYN suppresses the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through down-regulating PI3K/AKT pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. Surg Oncol 2020; 33:108-117. [PMID: 32561075 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn (FYN) plays a crucial role in Src family, which participates in the signal transduction of brain nerves and the development and activation of T lymphocytes in physiological conditions. We probed into the roles and mechanisms of FYN in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). METHODS Cell activity, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were detected by CCK-8, FCM, transwell, and wound-healing assays, respectively. The angiogenesis capacity was evaluated by in vitro angiogenesis test. Relative mRNA and protein expressions were determined by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry assays, respectively. Insulin-like growth factors-I (IGF-I) was used as an agonist of PI3K/AKT pathway. RESULTS We demonstrated that FYN expression correlated with LUAD prognosis and was down-regulated in LUAD tissues and LUAD cells. Overexpression of FYN suppressed the cell viability, together with invasion and migration abilities of A549 cells. FYN overexpression accelerated the cell apoptosis and reduced the angiogenesis capacity of A549 cells. Overexpression of FYN suppressed E-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, and PI3K/AKT expressions in A549 cells. High expression level of FYN reduced the migration and invasion capacities of A549 cells via down-regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings reveal that overexpression of FYN inhibits the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through down-regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xue
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, No.215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, No.35, West Weiyang Road, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712000, China
| | - Yong Jia
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No.2 West Weiyang Road, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712000, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xi'an Chest Hospital, The Eastern Section of Aerospace Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710100, China.
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Wu H, Chen L, Zhu F, Han X, Sun L, Chen K. The Cytotoxicity Effect of Resveratrol: Cell Cycle Arrest and Induced Apoptosis of Breast Cancer 4T1 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120731. [PMID: 31847250 PMCID: PMC6950385 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural polyterpenoid, can scavenge reactive oxygen species in vivo to carry out the functions of antioxidation and antiaging. Resveratrol’s anti-cancer capability has attracted widespread attention, but its molecular mechanism has not been systematically explained. In this study, by comparing the activity of normal cell lines and cancer cell lines after treating with resveratrol, it was found that resveratrol has more significant cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. Resveratrol could play a toxic role through inducing apoptosis of the cancer cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. A total of 330 significantly differential genes were identified through large-scale transcriptome sequencing, among which 103 genes were upregulated and 227 genes were downregulated. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR data proved that a large number of genes related to cell cycle were differentially expressed after the treatment of resveratrol. The changes of cell cycle phases at different time points after treating with resveratrol were further detected, and it was found that the cells were arrested in the S phase because of the percentage of cells in S phase increased and cells in G1/G0 phase decreased. In conclusion, resveratrol can inhibit the proliferation of 4T1 cancer cells by inhibiting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Keping Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-511-88791923
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Sun ZG, Liu JH, Zhang JM, Qian Y. Research Progress of Axl Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1338-1349. [PMID: 31218961 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190620155613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Axl, a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) belonging to the TAM (Axl, Mer, Tyro3) family, participates in many signal transduction cascades after mostly being stimulated by Growth arrestspecific 6(Gas6). Axl is widely expressed in many organs, such as macrophages, endothelial cells, heart, liver and skeletal muscle. Over-expression and activation of Axl are associated with promoting chemotherapy resistance, cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis in many human cancers, such as breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. Therefore, the research and development of Axl inhibitors is of great significance to strengthen the means of cancer treatment, especially to solve the problem of drug resistance. Axl inhibitors have attracted more and more researchers' attention in recent years. This review discusses the research progress of Axl inhibitors in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Sun
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No.163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China
| | - Jin-Mai Zhang
- Room 205, BIO-X white house, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No.163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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Alekhya Sita GJ, Gowthami M, Srikanth G, Krishna MM, Rama Sireesha K, Sajjarao M, Nagarjuna K, Nagarjuna M, Chinnaboina GK, Mishra A, SreeHarsha N. Protective role of luteolin against bisphenol A-induced renal toxicity through suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and upregulating Nrf2/ARE/ HO-1 pathway. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1041-1047. [PMID: 31091348 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For the development of renal diseases, oxidative stress (OS) is reasoned to be one of the risk factors. For the treatment or prevention of the renal disease, the use of antioxidants could be a hopeful therapeutic mediation as they retard or block the oxidative reaction along with the inflammatory process. Luteolin (Lut) is a plant flavonoid, a pharmacologically active component normally found in glycosylated forms in basic perilla leaf, green pepper, celery, seed, honeysuckle bloom, and chamomile blossom; it exhibits antioxidant activity. In this investigation, we explored the nephroprotective activity of Lut on bisphenol A (BPA)-induced nephron toxicity in rats. Orally administering Lut (100 and 200 mg/kg) diminished BPA-induced anomalies in the kidney, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and serum uric acid levels. Lut therapy reduced the BPA-influenced generation of inflammatory mediators, inclusive of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1 beta. This was coupled with significant improvement in kidney histopathologic features. Lut enhanced the nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression, which showed protection against OS induced by BPA. The current outcomes of the study showed that Lut has a strong reactive oxygen species scavenging property and potentially decreases the lipid peroxidation as well as inhibits DNA damage in renal toxicity induced by BPA. In conclusion, the potential antioxidant effect of Lut may be because of its modulatory effect on the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE)/HO-1 pathway, which means it protects the kidney from BPA-induced oxidative injury. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Motati Gowthami
- AM Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, Narasaraopet, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gadiparthi Srikanth
- AM Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, Narasaraopet, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Murali Krishna
- AM Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, Narasaraopet, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Mounika Sajjarao
- AM Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, Narasaraopet, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kandru Nagarjuna
- AM Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, Narasaraopet, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mukkamulla Nagarjuna
- AM Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, Narasaraopet, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Anurag Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nagaraja SreeHarsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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