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Huo J, Feng L, Cheng Y, Miao YL, Liu W, Hou MM, Zhang HF, Yang CH, Li Y, Zhang MS, Fan YY. Delayed simvastatin treatment improves neurological recovery after cryogenic traumatic brain injury through downregulation of ELOVL1 by inhibiting mTOR signaling. Brain Res Bull 2024; 217:111072. [PMID: 39243948 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Statins are well-tolerated and widely available lipid-lowering medications with neuroprotective effects against traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, whether delayed statin therapy starting in the subacute phase promotes recovery after TBI is unknown. Elongation of the very long-chain fatty acid protein 1 (ELOVL1) is involved in astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity, but its role in TBI and the relationship between ELOVL1 and statins are unclear. We hypothesized that delayed simvastatin treatment promotes neurological functional recovery after TBI by regulating the ELOVL1-mediated production of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). ICR male mice received daily intragastric administration of 1, 2 or 5mg/kg simvastatin on Days 1-14, 3-14, 5-14, or 7-14 after cryogenic TBI (cTBI). The results showed that simvastatin promoted motor functional recovery in a dose-dependent manner, with a wide therapeutic window of at least 7 days postinjury. Meanwhile, simvastatin inhibited astrocyte and microglial overactivation and glial scar formation, and increased total dendritic length, neuronal complexity and spine density on day 14 after cTBI. The up-regulation of ELOVL1 expression and saturated VLCFAs concentrations in the cortex surrounding the lesion caused by cTBI was inhibited by simvastatin, which was related to the inhibition of the mTOR signaling. Overexpression of ELOVL1 in astrocytes surrounding the lesion using HBAAV2/9-GFAP-m-ELOVL1-3xFlag-EGFP partially attenuated the benefits of simvastatin. These results showed that delayed simvastatin treatment promoted functional recovery and brain tissue repair after TBI through the downregulation of ELOVL1 expression by inhibiting mTOR signaling. Astrocytic ELOVL1 may be a potential target for rehabilitation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu-Lu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Miao-Miao Hou
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Hui-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Cai-Hong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yan-Ying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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Siddiqui AJ, Jahan S, Chaturvedi S, Siddiqui MA, Alshahrani MM, Abdelgadir A, Hamadou WS, Saxena J, Sundararaj BK, Snoussi M, Badraoui R, Adnan M. Therapeutic Role of ELOVL in Neurological Diseases. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9764-9774. [PMID: 36969404 PMCID: PMC10034982 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids play an important role in controlling the energy balance of mammals. De novo lipogenesis also generates a significant amount of lipids that are endogenously produced in addition to their ingestion. Fatty acid elongation beyond 16 carbons (palmitic acid), which can lead to the production of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), can be caused by the rate-limiting condensation process. Seven elongases, ELOVL1-7, have been identified in mammals and each has a unique substrate specificity. Researchers have recently developed a keen interest in the elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 1 (ELOVL1) enzyme as a potential treatment for a variety of diseases. A number of neurological disorders directly or indirectly related to ELOVL1 involve the elongation of monounsaturated (C20:1 and C22:1) and saturated (C18:0-C26:0) acyl-CoAs. VLCFAs and ELOVL1 have a direct impact on the neurological disease. Other neurological symptoms such as ichthyotic keratoderma, spasticity, and hypomyelination have also been linked to the major enzyme (ELOVL1). Recently, ELOVL1 has also been heavily used to treat a number of diseases. The current review focuses on in-depth unique insights regarding the role of ELOVL1 as a therapeutic target and associated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular
Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department
of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Swati Chaturvedi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pre-Clinical North, Lab-106, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Maqsood Ahmed Siddiqui
- Department
of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medial Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelmushin Abdelgadir
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular
Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid Sabri Hamadou
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular
Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juhi Saxena
- Department
of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, NH-95, Chandigarh State Hwy, Ludhiana, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Bharath K. Sundararaj
- School
of Dental Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Medical Campus Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mejdi Snoussi
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular
Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riadh Badraoui
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular
Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular
Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
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Siddiqui AJ, Kumar V, Jahan S, Alshahrani MM, Al Awadh AA, Siddiqui MA, Hamadou WS, Abdelgadir A, Saxena J, Badraoui R, Snoussi M, Adnan M. Computational insight into structural basis of human ELOVL1 inhibition. Comput Biol Med 2023; 157:106786. [PMID: 36924735 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) play a direct role in the development of a neurological disorder, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). Since ELOVL1 catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the synthesis of VLCFAs, it has emerged as an attractive target for the treatment of X-ALD. Recently two potent inhibitors, compound 22 (C22) and compound 27 (C27) have been reported to specifically inhibit human ELOVL1 but their structural basis of inhibition has not been explored. In the present study, we have used a homology model of human ELOVL1 to deduce the binding site and binding modes of C22 and C27. We have employed computational approaches to characterize the binding of C22 and C27. Initially, binding of hexacosanoyl-CoA (C26:0-CoA) to ELOVL1 was modelled and further validated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. We observed that the fatty acid tail of C26: CoA protrudes from a unique opening located at the occluded end of ELOVL1. Structural comparison of ELOVL1 with the crystal structure of ELOVL7 revealed that the unique opening was not present in human ELOVL7. Combined blind and focused molecular docking approaches revealed that C22 and C27 exhibit favourable binding in the same unique opening. Further, MD simulations and free binding energy calculations confirmed that C22 and C27 maintain the favourable binding in the unique opening of ELOVL1. Overall, our findings suggest that selective human ELOVL1 inhibitors block the binding of long tails of VLCFAs near the occluded end of ELOVL1. Present study will be helpful in the discovery and design of novel, selective and potent inhibitors of human ELOVL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P O Box 2440, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Vikash Kumar
- JeevikaSilicoBio, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Maqsood Ahmed Siddiqui
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Walid Sabri Hamadou
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P O Box 2440, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdelmushin Abdelgadir
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P O Box 2440, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Juhi Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, NH- 95, Ludhiana - Chandigarh State Hwy, Punjab, 140413, India.
| | - Riadh Badraoui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P O Box 2440, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mejdi Snoussi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P O Box 2440, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, P O Box 2440, Saudi Arabia.
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Yu J, Chen T, Guo X, Zafar MI, Li H, Wang Z, Zheng J. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in X-Link Adrenoleukodystrophy. Front Nutr 2022; 9:864358. [PMID: 35463999 PMCID: PMC9024313 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.864358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited disease caused by a mutation in the ABCD1 gene encoding a peroxisomal transmembrane protein. It is characterized by the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in body fluids and tissues, leading to progressive demyelination and adrenal insufficiency. ALD has various phenotypes, among which the most common and severe is childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD). The pathophysiological mechanisms of ALD remain unclear, but some in vitro/in vivo research showed that VLCFA could induce oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to damage. In addition, the evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation are increased in patients with X-ALD also proves that it is a potential mechanism of brain and adrenal damage. Therefore, normalizing the redox balance becomes a critical therapeutic target. This study focuses on the possible predictors of the severity and progression of X-ALD, the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the promising targeted drugs involved in oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mohammad Ishraq Zafar
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Zheng,
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Boyd MJ, Collier PN, Clark MP, Deng H, Kesavan S, Ronkin SM, Waal N, Wang J, Cao J, Li P, Come J, Davies I, Duffy JP, Cochran JE, Court JJ, Chandupatla K, Jackson KL, Maltais F, O'Dowd H, Boucher C, Considine T, Taylor WP, Gao H, Chakilam A, Engtrakul J, Crawford D, Doyle E, Phillips J, Kemper R, Swett R, Empfield J, Bunnage ME, Charifson PS, Magavi SS. Discovery of Novel, Orally Bioavailable Pyrimidine Ether-Based Inhibitors of ELOVL1. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17777-17794. [PMID: 34871500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In our efforts to identify novel small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), we conducted a high-throughput radiometric screen for inhibitors of elongation of very long chain fatty acid 1 (ELOVL1) enzyme. We developed a series of highly potent, central nervous system (CNS)-penetrant pyrimidine ether-based compounds with favorable pharmacokinetics culminating in compound 22. Compound 22 is a selective inhibitor of ELOVL1, reducing C26:0 VLCFA synthesis in ALD patient fibroblasts and lymphocytes in vitro. Compound 22 reduced C26:0 lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC), a subtype of VLCFA, in the blood of ATP binding cassette transporter D1 (ABCD1) KO mice, a murine model of ALD to near wild-type levels. Compound 22 is a low-molecular-weight, potent ELOVL1 inhibitor that may serve as a useful tool for exploring therapeutic approaches to the treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Boyd
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Philip N Collier
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael P Clark
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hongbo Deng
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Sarathy Kesavan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Steven M Ronkin
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Nathan Waal
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jingrong Cao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Pan Li
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jon Come
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ioana Davies
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John P Duffy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John E Cochran
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John J Court
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kishan Chandupatla
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Katrina L Jackson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Francois Maltais
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hardwin O'Dowd
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christina Boucher
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tony Considine
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - William P Taylor
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hong Gao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ananthisrinivas Chakilam
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Juntyma Engtrakul
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dan Crawford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Elizabeth Doyle
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jonathan Phillips
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Raymond Kemper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rebecca Swett
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - James Empfield
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark E Bunnage
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Paul S Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Sanjay Shivayogi Magavi
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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