1
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Nndwammbi AAT, Dongola TH, Shonhai A, Mokoena F, Pooe OJ, Simelane MBC. Ursolic acid acetate and iso-mukaadial acetate bind to Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90, abrogating its chaperone function in vitro. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:5179-5192. [PMID: 38252299 PMCID: PMC11166764 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the most lethal malaria parasite. Increasing incidences of drug resistance of P. falciparum have prompted the need for discovering new and effective antimalarial compounds with an alternative mode of action. Heat shock protein 90 (PfHsp90) facilitates protein folding and is a promising antimalarial drug target. We have previously reported that iso-mukaadial acetate (IMA) and ursolic acid acetate (UAA) exhibit antimalarial activity. We investigated the abilities of IMA and UAA to bind PfHsp90 by molecular docking and dynamics simulations. The in silico predictions were validated by biochemical assays conducted on recombinant PfHsp90. The interaction between the ligands and PfHsp90 was evaluated using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. The results obtained by docking calculations and MD dynamics simulation predicted that UAA and IMA preferentially bound to PfHsp90 via the N-terminal domain, with UAA binding more stable than IMA. UV-vis-based data suggest that PfHsp90 harbors buried aromatic amino acids, which were exposed in the presence of either IMA or UAA. In addition, data obtained using FTIR suggested that IMA and UAA destabilized the secondary structure of PfHsp90. Of the two compounds, UAA bound to PfHsp90 within the micromolar range based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based binding assay. Furthermore, both compounds disrupted the holdase chaperone function of PfHsp90 as the chaperone failed to suppress heat-induced aggregation of the model proteins, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), luciferase, and citrate synthase in vitro. In addition, both compounds lowered the ATPase activity of PfHsp90. The molecular dynamics simulation analysis indicated that the docked complexes were mostly stable for 100 ns, validating the data obtained through the biochemical assays. Altogether, this study expands the repository of antiplasmodial compounds that have PfHsp90 among their possible targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andani A T Nndwammbi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | | | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Fortunate Mokoena
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Ofentse J Pooe
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Westville, 4000, South Africa
| | - Mthokozisi B C Simelane
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
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2
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Ahmad T, Alhammadi BA, Almaazmi SY, Arafa S, Blatch GL, Dutta T, Gestwicki JE, Keyzers RA, Shonhai A, Singh H. Plasmodium falciparum heat shock proteins as antimalarial drug targets: An update. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:326-337. [PMID: 38518861 PMCID: PMC10990865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Global efforts to eradicate malaria are threatened by multiple factors, particularly the emergence of antimalarial drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly P. falciparum HSPs (PfHSPs), represent promising drug targets due to their essential roles in parasite survival and virulence across the various life cycle stages. Despite structural similarities between human and malarial HSPs posing challenges, there is substantial evidence for subtle differences that could be exploited for selective drug targeting. This review provides an update on the potential of targeting various PfHSP families (particularly PfHSP40, PfHSP70, and PfHSP90) and their interactions within PfHSP complexes as a strategy to develop new antimalarial drugs. In addition, the need for a deeper understanding of the role of HSP complexes at the host-parasite interface is highlighted, especially heterologous partnerships between human and malarial HSPs, as this opens novel opportunities for targeting protein-protein interactions crucial for malaria parasite survival and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ahmad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bushra A Alhammadi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shaikha Y Almaazmi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sahar Arafa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
| | - Tanima Dutta
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Pathwest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery & School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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3
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Avalos-Padilla Y, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Nanotherapeutics against malaria: A decade of advancements in experimental models. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1943. [PMID: 38426407 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by different species of protists of the genus Plasmodium, remains among the most common causes of death due to parasitic diseases worldwide, mainly for children aged under 5. One of the main obstacles to malaria eradication is the speed with which the pathogen evolves resistance to the drug schemes developed against it. For this reason, it remains urgent to find innovative therapeutic strategies offering sufficient specificity against the parasite to minimize resistance evolution and drug side effects. In this context, nanotechnology-based approaches are now being explored for their use as antimalarial drug delivery platforms due to the wide range of advantages and tuneable properties that they offer. However, major challenges remain to be addressed to provide a cost-efficient and targeted therapeutic strategy contributing to malaria eradication. The present work contains a systematic review of nanotechnology-based antimalarial drug delivery systems generated during the last 10 years. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunuen Avalos-Padilla
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Mafethe O, Ntseane T, Dongola TH, Shonhai A, Gumede NJ, Mokoena F. Pharmacophore Model-Based Virtual Screening Workflow for Discovery of Inhibitors Targeting Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38220-38232. [PMID: 37867657 PMCID: PMC10586269 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most lethal and widespread form of malaria. Eradication of malaria remains a priority due to the increasing number of cases of drug resistance. The heat shock protein 90 of P. falciparum (PfHsp90) is a validated drug target essential for parasite survival. Most PfHsp90 inhibitors bind at the ATP binding pocket found in its N-terminal domain, abolishing the chaperone's activities, which leads to parasite death. The challenge is that the NTD of PfHsp90 is highly conserved, and its disruption requires selective inhibitors that can act without causing off-target human Hsp90 activities. We endeavored to discover selective inhibitors of PfHsp90 using pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening protocols, induced fit docking (IFD), and cell-based and biochemical assays. The pharmacophore model (DHHRR), composed of one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrophobic groups, and two aromatic rings, was used to mine commercial databases for initial hits, which were rescored to 20 potential hits using IFD. Eight of these compounds displayed moderate to high activity toward P. falciparum NF54 (i.e., IC50s ranging from 6.0 to 0.14 μM) and averaged >10 in terms of selectivity indices toward CHO and HepG2 cells. Additionally, four compounds inhibited PfHsp90 with greater selectivity than a known inhibitor, harmine, and bound to PfHsp90 with weak to moderate affinity. Our findings support the use of a pharmacophore model to discover diverse chemical scaffolds such as FM2, FM6, F10, and F11 exhibiting anti-Plasmodium activities and serving as valuable new PfHsp90 inhibitors. Optimization of these hits may enable their development into potent leads for future antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofentse Mafethe
- Department
of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Tlhalefo Ntseane
- Department
of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | | | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Njabulo Joyfull Gumede
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University (WSU), Private Bag X01, Umthatha, Eastern Cape 4099, South Africa
| | - Fortunate Mokoena
- Department
of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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5
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Mandal A, Kushwaha R, Mandal AA, Bajpai S, Yadav AK, Banerjee S. Transition Metal Complexes as Antimalarial Agents: A Review. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300326. [PMID: 37436090 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In antimalarial drug development research, overcoming drug resistance has been a major challenge for researchers. Nowadays, several drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, sulfadoxine, and artemisinin are used to treat malaria. But increment in drug resistance has pushed researchers to find novel drugs to tackle drug resistance problems. The idea of using transition metal complexes with pharmacophores as ligands/ligand pendants to show enhanced antimalarial activity with a novel mechanism of action has gained significant attention recently. The advantages of metal complexes include tunable chemical/physical properties, redox activity, avoiding resistance factors, etc. Several recent reports have successfully demonstrated that the metal complexation of known organic antimalarial drugs can overcome drug resistance by showing enhanced activities than the parent drugs. This review has discussed the fruitful research works done in the past few years falling into this criterion. Based on transition metal series (3d, 4d, or 5d), the antimalarial metal complexes have been divided into three broad categories (3d, 4d, or 5d metal-based), and their activities have been compared with the similar control complexes as well as the parent drugs. Furthermore, we have also commented on the potential issues and their possible solution for translating these metal-based antimalarial complexes into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit Bajpai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
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6
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Udonsom R, Reamtong O, Adisakwattana P, Popruk S, Jirapattharasate C, Nishikawa Y, Inpankaew T, Toompong J, Kotepui M, Mahittikorn A. Immunoproteomics to identify species-specific antigens in Neospora caninum recognised by infected bovine sera. Parasite 2022; 29:60. [PMID: 36562441 PMCID: PMC9879140 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine neosporosis is a disease of concern due to its global distribution and significant economic impact through massive losses in the dairy and meat industries. To date, there is no effective chemotherapeutic drug or vaccine to prevent neosporosis. Control of this disease is therefore dependent on efficient detection tests that may affect treatment management strategies. This study was conducted to identify the specific immunoreactive proteins of Neospora caninum tachyzoites recognised by sera from cattle infected with N. caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum, Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, and by sera from uninfected cattle using two-DE dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with immunoblot and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among 70 protein spots that reacted with all infected sera, 20 specific antigenic spots corresponding to 14 different antigenic proteins were recognised by N. caninum-positive sera. Of these immunoreactive antigens, proteins involved in cell proliferation and invasion process were highly immunogenic, including HSP90-like protein, putative microneme 4 (MIC4), actin, elongation factor 1-alpha and armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeat-containing protein. Interestingly, we discovered an unnamed protein product, rhoptry protein (ROP1), possessing strong immunoreactivity against N. caninum but with no data on function available. Moreover, we identified cross-reactive antigens among these apicomplexan parasites, especially N. caninum, T. gondii and C. parvum. Neospora caninum-specific immunodominant proteins were identified for immunodiagnosis and vaccine development. The cross-reactive antigens could be evaluated as potential common vaccine candidates or drug targets to control the diseases caused by these apicomplexan protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruenruetai Udonsom
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Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
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Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
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Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Supaluk Popruk
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Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Charoonluk Jirapattharasate
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Department of Pre-clinic and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University Salaya Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
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National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Obihiro Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Tawin Inpankaew
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Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Jitbanjong Toompong
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Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Manas Kotepui
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Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University Tha Sala Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
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Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
,Corresponding author:
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7
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Tassone G, Mazzorana M, Pozzi C. Structural Basis of Parasitic HSP90 ATPase Inhibition by Small Molecules. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1341. [PMID: 36355513 PMCID: PMC9692773 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites are responsible for several harmful and widespread human diseases that cause high morbidity and mortality. Currently available treatments have serious limitations due to poor efficiency, strong adverse effects, and high cost. Hence, the identification of new targets and the development of specific drug therapies against parasitic diseases are urgent needs. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that plays a key role in parasite survival during the various differentiation stages, spread over the vector insect and the human host, which they undergo during their life cycle. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of HSP90, containing the main determinants for ATPase activity, represents the most druggable domain for inhibitor targeting. The molecules investigated on parasite HSP90 are mainly developed from known inhibitors of the human counterpart, and they have strong limitations due to selectivity issues, accounting for the high conservation of the ATP-binding site between the parasite and human proteins. The current review highlights the recent structural progress made to support the rational design of new molecules able to effectively block the chaperone activity of parasite HSP90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Tassone
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzorana
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Cecilia Pozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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8
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Poje G, Pessanha de Carvalho L, Held J, Moita D, Prudêncio M, Perković I, Tandarić T, Vianello R, Rajić Z. Design and synthesis of harmiquins, harmine and chloroquine hybrids as potent antiplasmodial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Stofberg ML, Caillet C, de Villiers M, Zininga T. Inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90 towards Selective Antimalarial Drug Design: The Past, Present and Future. Cells 2021; 10:2849. [PMID: 34831072 PMCID: PMC8616389 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is still one of the major killer parasitic diseases in tropical settings, posing a public health threat. The development of antimalarial drug resistance is reversing the gains made in attempts to control the disease. The parasite leads a complex life cycle that has adapted to outwit almost all known antimalarial drugs to date, including the first line of treatment, artesunate. There is a high unmet need to develop new strategies and identify novel therapeutics to reverse antimalarial drug resistance development. Among the strategies, here we focus and discuss the merits of the development of antimalarials targeting the Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) due to the central role it plays in protein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (M.L.S.); (C.C.); (M.d.V.)
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10
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Daniyan MO. Heat Shock Proteins as Targets for Novel Antimalarial Drug Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1340:205-236. [PMID: 34569027 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the parasitic agent that is responsible for a severe and dangerous form of human malaria, has a history of long years of cohabitation with human beings with attendant negative consequences. While there have been some gains in the fight against malaria through the application of various control measures and the use of chemotherapeutic agents, and despite the global decline in malaria cases and associated deaths, the continual search for new and effective therapeutic agents is key to achieving sustainable development goals. An important parasite survival strategy, which is also of serious concern to the scientific community, is the rate at which the parasites continually develop resistance to drugs. Among the key players in the parasite's ability to develop resistance, maintain cellular integrity, and survives within an unusual environment of the red blood cells are the molecular chaperones of the heat shock proteins (HSP) family. HSPs constitute a novel avenue for antimalarial drug discovery and by exploring their ubiquitous nature and multifunctional activities, they may be suitable targets for the discovery of multi-targets antimalarial drugs, needed to fight incessant drug resistance. In this chapter, features of selected families of plasmodial HSPs that can be exploited in drug discovery are presented. Also, known applications of HSPs in small molecule screening, their potential usefulness in high throughput drug screening, as well as possible challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oluwatoyin Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
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11
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Marinović M, Poje G, Perković I, Fontinha D, Prudêncio M, Held J, Pessanha de Carvalho L, Tandarić T, Vianello R, Rajić Z. Further investigation of harmicines as novel antiplasmodial agents: Synthesis, structure-activity relationship and insight into the mechanism of action. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113687. [PMID: 34274829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The rise of the resistance of the malaria parasite to the currently approved therapy urges the discovery and development of new efficient agents. Previously we have demonstrated that harmicines, hybrid compounds composed from β-carboline alkaloid harmine and cinnamic acid derivatives, linked via either triazole or amide bond, exert significant antiplasmodial activity. In this paper, we report synthesis, antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of expanded series of novel triazole- and amide-type harmicines. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that amide-type harmicines 27, prepared at N-9 of the β-carboline core, exhibit superior potency against both erythrocytic stage of P. falciparum and hepatic stages of P. berghei. Notably, harmicine 27a, m-(trifluoromethyl)cinnamic acid derivative, exhibited the most favourable selectivity index (SI = 1105). Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the ATP binding site of P. falciparum heat shock protein 90 as a druggable binding location, confirmed the usefulness of the harmine's N-9 substitution and identified favourable N-H … π interactions involving Lys45 and the aromatic phenyl unit in the attached cinnamic acid fragment as crucial for the enhanced biological activity. Thus, those compounds were identified as promising and valuable leads for further derivatization in the search of novel, more efficient antiplasmodial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marinović
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Poje
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Perković
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jana Held
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Tana Tandarić
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Vianello
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Rajić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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12
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Cai XL, Wang W, Lai DH, Zhang X, Yao J, Yu Y, Li S, Hide G, Bai H, Duan L, Lun ZR. Identification of an orally active carbazole aminoalcohol derivative with broad-spectrum anti-animal trypanosomiasis activity. Acta Trop 2021; 219:105919. [PMID: 33861972 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Animal trypanosomiasis, caused by the members of subgenus Trypanozoon (Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. evansi and T. equiperdum), has reduced animal productivity leading to significant negative economic impacts in endemic regions. Due to limited drug discovery and the emergence of drug-resistance over many recent decades, novel and effective compounds against animal trypanosomiasis are urgently required. This study was conducted to evaluate the antitrypanosomal potential of a batch of carbazole aminoalcohol derivatives. Among them, we found that the most effective compound was H1402, which exhibited potent trypanocidal efficacy against the bloodstream-form of T. b. brucei (EC50 = 0.73 ± 0.05 µM) and presented low cytotoxicity against two mammalian cell lines with CC50 > 30 µM. Using a murine model of acute infection, oral administration with H1402 demonstrated a complete clearance of T. b. brucei and all the infected mice were cured when they were treated twice daily for 5 days at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Furthermore, parasites were not detected in mice infected with T. evansi and T. equiperdum (the causative agents of surra and dourine, respectively, in animals) within 30 days following the same regimen with H1402. In addition, H1402 caused severe morphological and ultrastructural destruction to trypanosomes, as well as causing phosphatidylserine externalization, which are suggested to be the most likely cause of cell death. Overall, the present data demonstrated that H1402 could be promising as a rapid, safe and orally active lead compound for the development of new chemotherapeutics for animal trypanosomiasis.
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13
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Quantitative Proteomics Reveals that Hsp90 Inhibition Dynamically Regulates Global Protein Synthesis in Leishmania mexicana. mSystems 2021; 6:6/3/e00089-21. [PMID: 33975965 PMCID: PMC8125071 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00089-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a conserved molecular chaperone responsible for the folding and maturation of nascent proteins. Hsp90 is regarded as a master regulator of protein homeostasis in the cell, and its inhibition affects the functions of a large array of client proteins. The classical Hsp90 inhibitor tanespimycin has shown potent antileishmanial activity. Despite the increasing importance of Hsp90 inhibition in the development of antileishmanial agents, the global effects of these inhibitors on the parasite proteome remain unknown. By combining tanespimycin treatment with bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) metabolic labeling and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic mass spectrometry, for the first time, we robustly profiled the relative changes in the synthesis of hundreds of parasite proteins as functions of dose and duration of the inhibitor treatment. We showed that Hsp90 inhibition dynamically regulates nascent protein synthesis in Leishmania mexicana, with many chaperones and virulence factors showing inhibitor concentration- and treatment duration-dependent changes in relative expression. Many ribosomal proteins showed a downregulation upon severe Hsp90 inhibition, providing the first protein-level evidence that Hsp90 inhibition affects the protein synthesis capacity of the ribosome in this organism. We also provide an unbiased target validation of tanespimycin in L. mexicana using live parasite photoaffinity labeling with a novel chemical probe and quantitative proteomic mass spectrometry. We showed that the classical Hsp90 inhibitor not only engages with its presumed target, Hsp83-1, in L. mexicana promastigotes but also affects multiple proteins involved in protein synthesis and quality control in the parasite. This study defines the Leishmania parasites' response to Hsp90 inhibition at the level of nascent global protein synthesis and provides a rich resource for future studies on Leishmania spp. biology and antileishmanial drug development.IMPORTANCE Leishmania spp. are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a poverty-related disease, which is endemic in >90 countries worldwide, affecting approximately 12 million people, with an estimated 700,000 to 1 million new cases and around 70,000 deaths annually. Inhibitors of the chaperone protein Hsp90 have shown promising antileishmanial activity. However, further development of the Hsp90 inhibitors as antileishmanials is hampered by a lack of direct information of their downstream effects on the parasite proteome. Using a combination of mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics and chemical and metabolic labeling, we provide the first protein-level evidence that Hsp90 inhibition affects global protein synthesis in Leishmania We also provide the precise relative quantitative changes in the expressions of hundreds of affected proteins as functions of both the concentration and duration of the inhibitor treatment. We find that Leishmania regulates its ribosomal proteins under Hsp90 inhibition while a set of virulence factors and chaperones are preferentially synthesized.
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Tavella TA, da Silva NSM, Spillman N, Kayano ACAV, Cassiano GC, Vasconcelos AA, Camargo AP, da Silva DCB, Fontinha D, Salazar Alvarez LC, Ferreira LT, Peralis Tomaz KC, Neves BJ, Almeida LD, Bargieri DY, Lacerda MVGD, Lemos Cravo PV, Sunnerhagen P, Prudêncio M, Andrade CH, Pinto Lopes SC, Carazzolle MF, Tilley L, Bilsland E, Borges JC, Maranhão Costa FT. Violacein-Induced Chaperone System Collapse Underlies Multistage Antiplasmodial Activity. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:759-776. [PMID: 33689276 PMCID: PMC8042658 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimalarial drugs with novel modes of action and wide therapeutic potential are needed to pave the way for malaria eradication. Violacein is a natural compound known for its biological activity against cancer cells and several pathogens, including the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Herein, using chemical genomic profiling (CGP), we found that violacein affects protein homeostasis. Mechanistically, violacein binds Pf chaperones, PfHsp90 and PfHsp70-1, compromising the latter's ATPase and chaperone activities. Additionally, violacein-treated parasites exhibited increased protein unfolding and proteasomal degradation. The uncoupling of the parasite stress response reflects the multistage growth inhibitory effect promoted by violacein. Despite evidence of proteotoxic stress, violacein did not inhibit global protein synthesis via UPR activation-a process that is highly dependent on chaperones, in agreement with the notion of a violacein-induced proteostasis collapse. Our data highlight the importance of a functioning chaperone-proteasome system for parasite development and differentiation. Thus, a violacein-like small molecule might provide a good scaffold for development of a novel probe for examining the molecular chaperone network and/or antiplasmodial drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Almeida Tavella
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Noeli Soares Melo da Silva
- Biochemistry and Biophysics of Proteins Group−São Carlos Institute of Chemistry−IQSC, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, BQ1, S27, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Natalie Spillman
- Department of Biochemistry, Bio 21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Melbourne,VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ana Carolina Andrade Vitor Kayano
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Capatti Cassiano
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adrielle Ayumi Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Antônio Pedro Camargo
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Djane Clarys Baia da Silva
- Leônidas & Maria Deane Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz−FIOCRUZ, Manaus , AM 69057070, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical−Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Carlos Salazar Alvarez
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Letícia Tiburcio Ferreira
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Kaira Cristina Peralis Tomaz
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Bruno Junior Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, LabMol, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
- LabChem−Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Centro Universitário de Anápolis−UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, GO 75083-515, Brazil
| | - Ludimila Dias Almeida
- Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Daniel Youssef Bargieri
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária “Armando Salles Oliveira”, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Vitor Lemos Cravo
- LabChem−Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Centro Universitário de Anápolis−UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, GO 75083-515, Brazil
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Per Sunnerhagen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, LabMol, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Costa Pinto Lopes
- Leônidas & Maria Deane Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz−FIOCRUZ, Manaus , AM 69057070, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical−Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry, Bio 21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Melbourne,VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Bilsland
- Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Júlio César Borges
- Biochemistry and Biophysics of Proteins Group−São Carlos Institute of Chemistry−IQSC, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, BQ1, S27, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases−Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas−UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Jaromin A, Parapini S, Basilico N, Zaremba-Czogalla M, Lewińska A, Zagórska A, Walczak M, Tyliszczak B, Grzeszczak A, Łukaszewicz M, Kaczmarek Ł, Gubernator J. Azacarbazole n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ethyl esters nanoemulsion with enhanced efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1163-1174. [PMID: 33134609 PMCID: PMC7588843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative therapies are necessary for the treatment of malaria due to emerging drug resistance. However, many promising antimalarial compounds have poor water solubility and suffer from the lack of suitable delivery systems, which seriously limits their activity. To address this problem, we synthesized a series of azacarbazoles that were evaluated for antimalarial activity against D10 (chloroquine-sensitive) and W2 (chloroquine-resistant) strains of P. falciparum. The most active compound, 9H-3-azacarbazole (3), was encapsulated in a novel o/w nanoemulsion consisting of ethyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 and n-6 obtained from flax oil as the oil phase, Smix (Tween 80 and Transcutol HP) and water. This formulation was further analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and in vitro and in vivo studies. It was shown that droplets of the 3-loaded nanosystem were spherical, with satisfactory stability, without cytotoxicity towards fibroblasts and intestinal cell lines at concentrations corresponding to twice the IC50 for P. falciparum. Moreover, the nanoemulsion with this type of oil phase was internalized by Caco-2 cells. Additionally, pharmacokinetics demonstrated rapid absorption of compound 3 (tmax = 5.0 min) after intragastric administration of 3-encapsulated nanoemulsion at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg in mice, with penetration of compound 3 to deep compartments. The 3-encapsulated nanoemulsion was found to be 2.8 and 4.2 times more effective in inhibiting the D10 and W2 strains of the parasite, respectively, compared to non-encapsulated 3. Our findings support a role for novel o/w nanoemulsions as delivery vehicles for antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cracow, Poland
| | - Bożena Tyliszczak
- Instytute of Materials Science, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grzeszczak
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Łukaszewicz
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Gubernator
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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16
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Novel Harmicines with Improved Potency against Plasmodium. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194376. [PMID: 32977642 PMCID: PMC7583898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmicines represent hybrid compounds composed of β-carboline alkaloid harmine and cinnamic acid derivatives (CADs). In this paper we report the synthesis of amide-type harmicines and the evaluation of their biological activity. N-harmicines 5a–f and O-harmicines 6a–h were prepared by a straightforward synthetic procedure, from harmine-based amines and CADs using standard coupling conditions, 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo [4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate (HATU) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA). Amide-type harmicines exerted remarkable activity against the erythrocytic stage of P. falciparum, in low submicromolar concentrations, which was significantly more pronounced compared to their antiplasmodial activity against the hepatic stages of P. berghei. Furthermore, a cytotoxicity assay against the human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) revealed favorable selectivity indices of the most active harmicines. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the binding of ligands within the ATP binding site of PfHsp90, while the calculated binding free energies confirmed higher activity of N-harmicines 5 over their O-substituted analogues 6. Amino acids predominantly affecting the binding were identified, which provided guidelines for the further derivatization of the harmine framework towards more efficient agents.
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17
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Zininga T, Shonhai A. Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Heat Shock Protein System of Human Obligate Protozoan Parasites. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5930. [PMID: 31775392 PMCID: PMC6929125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obligate protozoan parasites of the kinetoplastids and apicomplexa infect human cells to complete their life cycles. Some of the members of these groups of parasites develop in at least two systems, the human host and the insect vector. Survival under the varied physiological conditions associated with the human host and in the arthropod vectors requires the parasites to modulate their metabolic complement in order to meet the prevailing conditions. One of the key features of these parasites essential for their survival and host infectivity is timely expression of various proteins. Even more importantly is the need to keep their proteome functional by maintaining its functional capabilities in the wake of physiological changes and host immune responses. For this reason, molecular chaperones (also called heat shock proteins)-whose role is to facilitate proteostasis-play an important role in the survival of these parasites. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and Hsp70 are prominent molecular chaperones that are generally induced in response to physiological stress. Both Hsp90 and Hsp70 members are functionally regulated by nucleotides. In addition, Hsp70 and Hsp90 cooperate to facilitate folding of some key proteins implicated in cellular development. In addition, Hsp90 and Hsp70 individually interact with other accessory proteins (co-chaperones) that regulate their functions. The dependency of these proteins on nucleotide for their chaperone function presents an Achille's heel, as inhibitors that mimic ATP are amongst potential therapeutic agents targeting their function in obligate intracellular human parasites. Most of the promising small molecule inhibitors of parasitic heat shock proteins are either antibiotics or anticancer agents, whose repurposing against parasitic infections holds prospects. Both cancer cells and obligate human parasites depend upon a robust protein quality control system to ensure their survival, and hence, both employ a competent heat shock machinery to this end. Furthermore, some inhibitors that target chaperone and co-chaperone networks also offer promising prospects as antiparasitic agents. The current review highlights the progress made so far in design and application of small molecule inhibitors against obligate intracellular human parasites of the kinetoplastida and apicomplexan kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
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18
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Plasmodium falciparum R2TP complex: driver of parasite Hsp90 function. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:1007-1015. [PMID: 31734827 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is essential for the development of the main malaria agent, Plasmodium falciparum. Inhibitors that target Hsp90 function are known to not only kill the parasite, but also reverse resistance of the parasite to traditional antimalarials such as chloroquine. For this reason, Hsp90 has been tagged as a promising antimalarial drug target. As a molecular chaperone, Hsp90 facilitates folding of proteins such as steroid hormone receptors and kinases implicated in cell cycle and development. Central to Hsp90 function is its regulation by several co-chaperones. Various co-chaperones interact with Hsp90 to modulate its co-operation with other molecular chaperones such as Hsp70 and to regulate its interaction with substrates. The role of Hsp90 in the development of malaria parasites continues to receive research attention, and several Hsp90 co-chaperones have been mapped out. Recently, focus has shifted to P. falciparum R2TP proteins, which are thought to couple Hsp90 to a diverse set of client proteins. R2TP proteins are generally known to form a complex with Hsp90, and this complex drives multiple cellular processes central to signal transduction and cell division. Given the central role that the R2TP complex may play, the current review highlights the structure-function features of Hsp90 relative to R2TPs of P. falciparum.
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19
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Daniyan MO, Przyborski JM, Shonhai A. Partners in Mischief: Functional Networks of Heat Shock Proteins of Plasmodium falciparum and Their Influence on Parasite Virulence. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E295. [PMID: 31340488 PMCID: PMC6681276 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum under the physiologically distinct environments associated with their development in the cold-blooded invertebrate mosquito vectors and the warm-blooded vertebrate human host requires a genome that caters to adaptability. To this end, a robust stress response system coupled to an efficient protein quality control system are essential features of the parasite. Heat shock proteins constitute the main molecular chaperone system of the cell, accounting for approximately two percent of the malaria genome. Some heat shock proteins of parasites constitute a large part (5%) of the 'exportome' (parasite proteins that are exported to the infected host erythrocyte) that modify the host cell, promoting its cyto-adherence. In light of their importance in protein folding and refolding, and thus the survival of the parasite, heat shock proteins of P. falciparum have been a major subject of study. Emerging evidence points to their role not only being cyto-protection of the parasite, as they are also implicated in regulating parasite virulence. In undertaking their roles, heat shock proteins operate in networks that involve not only partners of parasite origin, but also potentially functionally associate with human proteins to facilitate parasite survival and pathogenicity. This review seeks to highlight these interplays and their roles in parasite pathogenicity. We further discuss the prospects of targeting the parasite heat shock protein network towards the developments of alternative antimalarial chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State 220005, Nigeria.
| | - Jude M Przyborski
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, University of Heidelberg Medical School, INF324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, University of Venda, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
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20
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Georgiadis MO, Kourbeli V, Ioannidou V, Karakitsios E, Papanastasiou I, Tsotinis A, Komiotis D, Vocat A, Cole ST, Taylor MC, Kelly JM. Synthesis of diphenoxyadamantane alkylamines with pharmacological interest. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1278-1281. [PMID: 30981579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the synthesis and the pharmacological evaluation of diphenoxyadamantane alkylamines Ia-f and IIa-f is described. The new diphenoxy-substituted adamantanes share structural features present in trypanocidal and antitubercular agents. 1-Methylpiperazine derivative Ia is the most potent against T. brucei compound, whilst its hexylamine congener IIf exhibits a significant antimycobacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos-Orestis Georgiadis
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 84 Athens, Greece
| | - Violeta Kourbeli
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 84 Athens, Greece
| | - Vaya Ioannidou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 84 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Karakitsios
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 84 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papanastasiou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 84 Athens, Greece.
| | - Andrew Tsotinis
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 84 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitri Komiotis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Thessaly, 41221 Larissa, Greece
| | - Anthony Vocat
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stewart T Cole
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1 E7HT, UK
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1 E7HT, UK
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21
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Engel JA, Norris EL, Gilson P, Przyborski J, Shonhai A, Blatch GL, Skinner-Adams TS, Gorman J, Headlam M, Andrews KT. Proteomic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum histone deacetylase 1 complex proteins. Exp Parasitol 2019; 198:7-16. [PMID: 30682336 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum histone deacetylases (PfHDACs) are an important class of epigenetic regulators that alter protein lysine acetylation, contributing to regulation of gene expression and normal parasite growth and development. PfHDACs are therefore under investigation as drug targets for malaria. Despite this, our understanding of the biological roles of these enzymes is only just beginning to emerge. In higher eukaryotes, HDACs function as part of multi-protein complexes and act on both histone and non-histone substrates. Here, we present a proteomics analysis of PfHDAC1 immunoprecipitates, identifying 26 putative P. falciparum complex proteins in trophozoite-stage asexual intraerythrocytic parasites. The co-migration of two of these (P. falciparum heat shock proteins 70-1 and 90) with PfHDAC1 was validated using Blue Native PAGE combined with Western blot. These data provide a snapshot of possible PfHDAC1 interactions and a starting point for future studies focused on elucidating the broader function of PfHDACs in Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Engel
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma L Norris
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jude Przyborski
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Biochemistry Department, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- The Vice Chancellery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Tina S Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Gorman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Katherine T Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
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Mbaba M, de la Mare JA, Sterrenberg JN, Kajewole D, Maharaj S, Edkins AL, Isaacs M, Hoppe HC, Khanye SD. Novobiocin-ferrocene conjugates possessing anticancer and antiplasmodial activity independent of HSP90 inhibition. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 24:139-149. [PMID: 30542925 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of tailored novobiocin-ferrocene conjugates was prepared in moderate yields and investigated for in vitro anticancer and antiplasmodial activity against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer line and Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain, respectively. While the target compounds displayed moderate anticancer activity against the breast cancer cell line with IC50 values in the mid-micromolar range, compounds 10a-c displayed promising antiplasmodial activity as low as 0.889 µM. Furthermore, the most promising compounds were tested for inhibitory effects against a postulated target, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). A selection of tailored novobiocin derivatives bearing the organometallic ferrocene unit were synthesized and characterized by common spectroscopic techniques. The target compounds were investigated for in vitro anticancer and antimalarial activity against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line and Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
| | - Jo-Anne de la Mare
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Jason N Sterrenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Deborah Kajewole
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Shantal Maharaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Adrienne L Edkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa. .,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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23
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Wu W, Hou H, Wang B. Mechanistic insight into the Rh(III)-catalyzed cascade annulation of ο-ethynylanilines with diazo compounds towards Benzo[a]carbazoles. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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24
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Chen Z, Yang T, Wang W, Yao J, Han S, Tao Y, Wang R, Duan L. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Carbazole Aminoalcohols as Antitumor Agents. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Weisi Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; Shanghai 200025 China
| | - Junmin Yao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; Shanghai 200025 China
| | - Shaomin Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yi Tao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; Shanghai 200025 China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Liping Duan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; Shanghai 200025 China
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research; Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi 830054 China
- Qinghai Provincial People s Hospital; Xining 810007 China
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25
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Quiliano M, Pabón A, Moles E, Bonilla-Ramirez L, Fabing I, Fong KY, Nieto-Aco DA, Wright DW, Pizarro JC, Vettorazzi A, López de Cerain A, Deharo E, Fernández-Busquets X, Garavito G, Aldana I, Galiano S. Structure-activity relationship of new antimalarial 1-aryl-3-susbtituted propanol derivatives: Synthesis, preliminary toxicity profiling, parasite life cycle stage studies, target exploration, and targeted delivery. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:489-514. [PMID: 29754074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Design, synthesis, structure-activity relationship, cytotoxicity studies, in silico drug-likeness, genotoxicity screening, and in vivo studies of new 1-aryl-3-substituted propanol derivatives led to the identification of nine compounds with promising in vitro (55, 56, 61, 64, 66, and 70-73) and in vivo (66 and 72) antimalarial profiles against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei. Compounds 55, 56, 61, 64, 66 and 70-73 exhibited potent antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant strain FCR-3 (IC50s < 0.28 μM), and compounds 55, 56, 64, 70, 71, and 72 showed potent biological activity in chloroquine-sensitive and multidrug-resistant strains (IC50s < 0.7 μM for 3D7, D6, FCR-3 and C235). All of these compounds share appropriate drug-likeness profiles and adequate selectivity indexes (77 < SI < 184) as well as lack genotoxicity. In vivo efficacy tests in a mouse model showed compounds 66 and 72 to be promising candidates as they exhibited significant parasitemia reductions of 96.4% and 80.4%, respectively. Additional studies such as liver stage and sporogony inhibition, target exploration of heat shock protein 90 of P. falciparum, targeted delivery by immunoliposomes, and enantiomer characterization were performed and strongly reinforce the hypothesis of 1-aryl-3-substituted propanol derivatives as promising antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Quiliano
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adriana Pabón
- Grupo Malaria, Universidad de Antioquía, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ernest Moles
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Isabelle Fabing
- Laboratoire de Synthese et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intéret Biologique SPCMIB-UMR5068, CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Kim Y Fong
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Diego A Nieto-Aco
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - David W Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Juan C Pizarro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University USA; Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tulane University USA
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eric Deharo
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Université Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Fernández-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanny Garavito
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia (DFUNC), Grupo de investigación FaMeTra (Farmacología de la Medicina tradicional y popular), Carrera 30 45-03, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Ignacio Aldana
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Galiano
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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26
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Abla N, Bashyam S, Charman SA, Greco B, Hewitt P, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Katneni K, Kubas H, Picard D, Sambandan Y, Sanz L, Smith D, Wang T, Willis P, Wittlin S, Spangenberg T. Long-Lasting and Fast-Acting in Vivo Efficacious Antiplasmodial Azepanylcarbazole Amino Alcohol. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1304-1308. [PMID: 29259752 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With ∼429,000 deaths in 2016, malaria remains a major infectious disease where the need to treat the fever symptoms, but also to provide relevant post-treatment prophylaxis, is of major importance. An azepanylcarbazole amino alcohol is disclosed with a long- and fast-acting in vivo antiplasmodial efficacy and meets numerous attributes of a desired post-treatment chemoprophylactic antimalarial agent. The synthesis, the parasitological characterization, and the animal pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of this compound are presented along with a proposed target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Abla
- Merck Global Health Institute, Ares Trading S.A., a subsidiary
of Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), Coinsins 1267, Switzerland
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Béatrice Greco
- Merck Global Health Institute, Ares Trading S.A., a subsidiary
of Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), Coinsins 1267, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Didier Picard
- Département
de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Sciences
III, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Tai Wang
- Département
de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Sciences
III, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Paul Willis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss TPH, Basel 4051, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Spangenberg
- Merck Global Health Institute, Ares Trading S.A., a subsidiary
of Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), Coinsins 1267, Switzerland
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27
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Zuo Y, He X, Ning Y, Wu Y, Shang Y. Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation/Intramolecular Cyclization: Access to N-Acyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-carbazol-4(9 H)-ones from Cyclic 2-Diazo-1,3-diketones and N-Arylamides. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8507-8516. [PMID: 31457387 PMCID: PMC6645244 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation/cyclization cascade reaction is described. The reaction involves cyclic 2-diazo-1,3-diketones and N-arylamides, and it proceeds via an intermolecular C-C bond formation and subsequent intramolecular C-N bond formation. A variety of N-acyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-carbazol-4(9H)-ones were obtained under mild conditions in good to excellent yields (65-90%). Key features of this strategy include high-efficiency, operational simplicity, scalability, and broad functional-group tolerance. In addition, H2O and N2 are the only byproducts. Carbazole derivatives with free NH groups can be easily obtained through N-deprotection reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youpeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular
Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry
and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Xinwei He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular
Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry
and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ning
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular
Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry
and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular
Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry
and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Yongjia Shang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular
Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry
and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
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28
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Murillo-Solano C, Dong C, Sanchez CG, Pizarro JC. Identification and characterization of the antiplasmodial activity of Hsp90 inhibitors. Malar J 2017; 16:292. [PMID: 28724415 PMCID: PMC5518105 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The recent reduction in mortality due to malaria is being threatened by the appearance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites that are resistant to artemisinin in Southeast Asia. To limit the impact of resistant parasites and their spread across the world, there is a need to validate anti-malarial drug targets and identify new leads that will serve as foundations for future drug development programmes targeting malaria. Towards that end, the antiplasmodial potential of several Hsp90 inhibitors was characterized. Because, the Hsp90 chaperone has been suggested as a good drug target against multiple parasitic infections including malaria. Results Chemically diverse sets of Hsp90 inhibitors, evaluated in clinical trials as anti-cancer agents, were tested against the malaria parasite. Most of the compounds showed strong antiplasmodial activity in growth inhibition assays against chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains. There was a good agreement between the compound in vitro anti-parasitic activity and their affinity against the Plasmodium chaperone. The two most potent Hsp90 inhibitors also showed cytocidal activity against two P. falciparum strains. Their antiplasmodial activity affected all parasite forms during the malaria blood cycle. However, the compounds activity against the parasite showed no synergy when combined with anti-malarial drugs, like chloroquine or DHA. Discussion The Hsp90 inhibitors anti-parasitic activity correlates with their affinity to their predicted target the P. falciparum chaperone Hsp90. However, the most effective compounds also showed high affinity for a close homologue, Grp94. This association points to a mode of action for Hsp90 inhibitors that correlate compound efficacy with multi-target engagement. Besides their ability to limit parasite replication, two compounds also significantly impacted P. falciparum viability in vitro. Finally, a structural analysis suggests that the best hit represents a promising scaffold to develop parasite specific leads according. Conclusion The results shown that Hsp90 inhibitors are lethal against the malaria parasite. The correlation between biochemical and in vitro data strongly supports Hsp90 as a drug target against the malaria parasite. Furthermore, at least one Hsp90 inhibitor developed as anticancer therapeutics could serve as starting point to generate P. falciparum-specific lead compounds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1940-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claribel Murillo-Solano
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Chunmin Dong
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Cecilia G Sanchez
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Juan C Pizarro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA. .,Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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29
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Sun H, Zhuo X, Zhao X, Yang Y, Chen X, Yao C, Du A. The heat shock protein 90 of Toxoplasma gondii is essential for invasion of host cells and tachyzoite growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28627357 PMCID: PMC5479401 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that infects almost all warm-blooded vertebrates. Heat shock proteins (HSP) regulate key signal transduction events in many organisms, and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) plays an important role in growth, development, and virulence in several parasitic protozoa. Here, we discovered increased transcription of the Hsp90 gene under conditions for bradyzoite differentiation, i.e. alkaline and heat shock conditions in vitro, suggesting that Hsp90 may be connected with bradyzoite development in T. gondii. A knockout of the TgHsp90 strain (ΔHsp90) and a complementation strain were constructed. The TgHsp90 knockout cells were found to be defective in host-cell invasion, were not able to proliferate in vitro in Vero cells, and did not show long-time survival in mice in vivo. These inabilities of the knockout parasites were restored upon complementation of TgHsp90. These data unequivocally show that TgHsp90 contributes to bradyzoite development, and to invasion and replication of T. gondii in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xunhui Zhuo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- Shenzhen Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen 518045, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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30
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Wang W, Li Q, Wei Y, Xue J, Sun X, Yu Y, Chen Z, Li S, Duan L. Novel carbazole aminoalcohols as inhibitors of β-hematin formation: Antiplasmodial and antischistosomal activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2017; 7:191-199. [PMID: 28395189 PMCID: PMC5384886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malaria and schistosomiasis are two of the most socioeconomically devastating parasitic diseases in tropical and subtropical countries. Since current chemotherapeutic options are limited and defective, there is an urgent need to develop novel antiplasmodials and antischistosomals. Hemozoin is a disposal product formed from the hemoglobin digestion by some blood-feeding parasites. Hemozoin formation is an essential process for the parasites to detoxify free heme, which is a reliable therapeutic target for identifying novel antiparasitic agents. A series of novel carbazole aminoalcohols were designed and synthesized as potential antiplasmodial and antischistosomal agents, and several compounds showed potent in vitro activities against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains and adult and juvenile Schistosoma japonicum. Investigations on the dual antiparasitic mechanisms showed the correlation between inhibitory activity of β-hematin formation and antiparasitic activity. Inhibiting hemozoin formation was identified as one of the mechanisms of action of carbazole aminoalcohols. Compound 7 displayed potent antiplasmodial (Pf3D7 IC50 = 0.248 μM, PfDd2 IC50 = 0.091 μM) and antischistosomal activities (100% mortality of adult and juvenile schistosomes at 5 and 10 μg/mL, respectively) and exhibited low cytotoxicity (CC50 = 7.931 μM), which could be considered as a promising lead for further investigation. Stoichiometry determination and molecular docking studies were also performed to explain the mode of action of compound 7. Carbazole aminoalcohol was confirmed as a novel antiplasmodial and antischistosomal scaffold. The mechanism of action relied on β-hematin formation inhibition. The carbazole aminoalcohols interacted with hematin through forming a 1:1 complex. Compound 7 showed potent antiplasmodial ability (Pf3D7 IC50 = 0.248 μM, PfDd2 IC50 = 0.091 μM). In vitro antischistosomal effect of 7 meets the WHO's criterion of “hit” for schistosomiasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisi Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China; ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yufen Wei
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liping Duan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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31
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Huang YW, Li XY, Fu LN, Guo QX. Procedure for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted Carbazoles from 3-Vinyl Indoles. Org Lett 2016; 18:6200-6203. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Li-Na Fu
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qi-Xiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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