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Huang H, Jones LH. Covalent drug discovery using sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange warheads. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37243622 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2218642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Covalent drug discovery has traditionally focused on targeting cysteine, but the amino acid is often absent in protein binding sites. This review makes the case to move beyond cysteine labeling using sulfur (VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) chemistry to expand the druggable proteome. AREAS COVERED Recent advances in SuFEx medicinal chemistry and chemical biology are described, which have enabled the development of covalent chemical probes that site-selectively engage amino acid residues (including tyrosine, lysine, histidine, serine, and threonine) in binding pockets. Areas covered include chemoproteomic mapping of the targetable proteome, structure-based design of covalent inhibitors and molecular glues, metabolic stability profiling, and synthetic methodologies that have expedited the delivery of SuFEx modulators. EXPERT OPINION Despite recent innovations in SuFEx medicinal chemistry, focused preclinical research is required to ensure the field moves from early chemical probe discovery to the delivery of transformational covalent drug candidates. The authors believe that covalent drug candidates designed to engage residues beyond cysteine using sulfonyl exchange warheads will likely enter clinical trials in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lyn H Jones
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Wojtczak BA, Bednarczyk M, Sikorski PJ, Wojtczak A, Surynt P, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Synthesis and Evaluation of Diguanosine Cap Analogs Modified at the C8-Position by Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling: Discovery of 7-Methylguanosine-Based Molecular Rotors. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37209102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modifications of the mRNA cap structure can enhance the stability, translational properties, and half-life of mRNAs, thereby altering the therapeutic properties of synthetic mRNA. However, cap structure modification is challenging because of the instability of the 5'-5'-triphosphate bridge and N7-methylguanosine. The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between boronic acid and halogen compound is a mild, convenient, and potentially applicable approach for modifying biomolecules. Herein, we describe two methods to synthesize C8-modified cap structures using the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Both methods employed phosphorimidazolide chemistry to form the 5',5'-triphosphate bridge. However, in the first method, the introduction of the modification via the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction at the C8 position occurs postsynthetically, at the dinucleotide level, whereas in the second method, the modification was introduced at the level of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphate, and later, the triphosphate bridge was formed. Both methods were successfully applied to incorporate six different groups (methyl, cyclopropyl, phenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-cyanophenyl, and 1-pyrene) into either the m7G or G moieties of the cap structure. Aromatic substituents at the C8-position of guanosine form a push-pull system that exhibits environment-sensitive fluorescence. We demonstrated that this phenomenon can be harnessed to study the interaction with cap-binding proteins, e.g., eIF4E, DcpS, Nudt16, and snurportin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej A Wojtczak
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw; S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcelina Bednarczyk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw; S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw; L. Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel J Sikorski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw; S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wojtczak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw; L. Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Surynt
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw; S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw; L. Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw; L. Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw; S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Swartzel JC, Bond MJ, Pintado-Urbanc AP, Daftary M, Krone MW, Douglas T, Carder EJ, Zimmer JT, Maeda T, Simon MD, Crews CM. Targeted Degradation of mRNA Decapping Enzyme DcpS by a VHL-Recruiting PROTAC. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1789-1798. [PMID: 35749470 PMCID: PMC10367122 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The RNA decapping scavenger protein, DcpS, has recently been identified as a dependency in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The potent DcpS inhibitor RG3039 attenuates AML cell viability, and shRNA knockdown of DcpS is also antiproliferative. Importantly, DcpS was found to be non-essential in normal human hematopoietic cells, which opens a therapeutic window for AML treatment by DcpS modulation. Considering this strong DcpS dependence in AML cell lines, we explored PROTAC-mediated degradation as an alternative strategy to modulate DcpS activity. Herein, we report the development of JCS-1, a PROTAC exhibiting effective degradation of DcpS at nanomolar concentrations. JCS-1 non-covalently binds DcpS with a RG3039-based warhead and recruits the E3 ligase VHL, which induces potent, rapid, and sustained DcpS degradation in several AML cell lines. JCS-1 serves as a chemical biology tool to interrogate DcpS degradation and associated changes in RNA processes in different cellular contexts, which may be an attractive strategy for the treatment of AML and other DcpS-dependent genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Swartzel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Michael J Bond
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Andreas P Pintado-Urbanc
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Mehana Daftary
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mackenzie W Krone
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Todd Douglas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Evan J Carder
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Joshua T Zimmer
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States.,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Division of Precision Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Matthew D Simon
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States.,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Craig M Crews
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Targeting the 5' untranslated region of SMN2 as a therapeutic strategy for spinal muscular atrophy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 23:731-742. [PMID: 33575118 PMCID: PMC7851419 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. All patients have at least one copy of a paralog, SMN2, but a C-to-T transition in this gene results in exon 7 skipping in a majority of transcripts. Approved treatment for SMA involves promoting exon 7 inclusion in the SMN2 transcript or increasing the amount of full-length SMN by gene replacement with a viral vector. Increasing the pool of SMN2 transcripts and increasing their translational efficiency can be used to enhance splice correction. We sought to determine whether the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of SMN2 contains a repressive feature that can be targeted to increase SMN levels. We found that antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) complementary to the 5' end of SMN2 increase SMN mRNA and protein levels and that this effect is due to inhibition of SMN2 mRNA decay. Moreover, use of the 5' UTR ASO in combination with a splice-switching oligonucleotide (SSO) increases SMN levels above those attained with the SSO alone. Our results add to the current understanding of SMN regulation and point toward a new therapeutic target for SMA.
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Jones LH, Kelly JW. Structure-based design and analysis of SuFEx chemical probes. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:10-17. [PMID: 33479601 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00542k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The discerning reactivity of sulfur(vi)-fluoride exchange (SuFEx) chemistry has enabled the context-specific labeling of protein binding sites by chemical probes that incorporate these versatile warheads. Emerging information from protein-probe structures and proteomic mapping experiments is helping advance our understanding of the protein microenvironment that dictates the reactivity of targetable amino acid residues. This review explores these new findings that should influence the future rational design of SuFEx probes for a multitude of applications in chemical biology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn H Jones
- Center for Protein Degradation , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , 360 Longwood Avenue , Boston , MA 02215 , USA .
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
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Ortiz-Sánchez P, Villalba-Orero M, López-Olañeta MM, Larrasa-Alonso J, Sánchez-Cabo F, Martí-Gómez C, Camafeita E, Gómez-Salinero JM, Ramos-Hernández L, Nielsen PJ, Vázquez J, Müller-McNicoll M, García-Pavía P, Lara-Pezzi E. Loss of SRSF3 in Cardiomyocytes Leads to Decapping of Contraction-Related mRNAs and Severe Systolic Dysfunction. Circ Res 2019; 125:170-183. [PMID: 31145021 PMCID: PMC6615931 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE RBPs (RNA binding proteins) play critical roles in the cell by regulating mRNA transport, splicing, editing, and stability. The RBP SRSF3 (serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3) is essential for blastocyst formation and for proper liver development and function. However, its role in the heart has not been explored. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of SRSF3 in cardiac function. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiac SRSF3 expression was high at mid gestation and decreased during late embryonic development. Mice lacking SRSF3 in the embryonic heart showed impaired cardiomyocyte proliferation and died in utero. In the adult heart, SRSF3 expression was reduced after myocardial infarction, suggesting a possible role in cardiac homeostasis. To determine the role of this RBP in the adult heart, we used an inducible, cardiomyocyte-specific SRSF3 knockout mouse model. After SRSF3 depletion in cardiomyocytes, mice developed severe systolic dysfunction that resulted in death within 8 days. RNA-Seq analysis revealed downregulation of mRNAs encoding sarcomeric and calcium handling proteins. Cardiomyocyte-specific SRSF3 knockout mice also showed evidence of alternative splicing of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) mRNA, generating a shorter protein isoform lacking catalytic activity. This was associated with decreased phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (eIF4E-binding protein 1), a protein that binds to eIF4E (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E) and prevents mRNA decapping. Consequently, we found increased decapping of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in cardiac contraction. Decapping was partially reversed by mTOR activation. CONCLUSIONS We show that cardiomyocyte-specific loss of SRSF3 expression results in decapping of critical mRNAs involved in cardiac contraction. The molecular mechanism underlying this effect likely involves the generation of a short mTOR isoform by alternative splicing, resulting in reduced 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. The identification of mRNA decapping as a mechanism of systolic heart failure may open the way to the development of urgently needed therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ortiz-Sánchez
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., M.V.-O., M.M.L.-O., J.L.-A., F.S.-C., C.M.-G., E.C., J.M.G.-S., L.R.-H., J.V., E.L.-P.).,Heart Failure and Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., P.G.-P.)
| | - María Villalba-Orero
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., M.V.-O., M.M.L.-O., J.L.-A., F.S.-C., C.M.-G., E.C., J.M.G.-S., L.R.-H., J.V., E.L.-P.)
| | - Marina M López-Olañeta
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., M.V.-O., M.M.L.-O., J.L.-A., F.S.-C., C.M.-G., E.C., J.M.G.-S., L.R.-H., J.V., E.L.-P.)
| | - Javier Larrasa-Alonso
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., M.V.-O., M.M.L.-O., J.L.-A., F.S.-C., C.M.-G., E.C., J.M.G.-S., L.R.-H., J.V., E.L.-P.)
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., M.V.-O., M.M.L.-O., J.L.-A., F.S.-C., C.M.-G., E.C., J.M.G.-S., L.R.-H., J.V., E.L.-P.)
| | - Carlos Martí-Gómez
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., M.V.-O., M.M.L.-O., J.L.-A., F.S.-C., C.M.-G., E.C., J.M.G.-S., L.R.-H., J.V., E.L.-P.)
| | - Emilio Camafeita
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., M.V.-O., M.M.L.-O., J.L.-A., F.S.-C., C.M.-G., E.C., J.M.G.-S., L.R.-H., J.V., E.L.-P.)
| | - Jesús M Gómez-Salinero
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., M.V.-O., M.M.L.-O., J.L.-A., F.S.-C., C.M.-G., E.C., J.M.G.-S., L.R.-H., J.V., E.L.-P.)
| | - Laura Ramos-Hernández
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., M.V.-O., M.M.L.-O., J.L.-A., F.S.-C., C.M.-G., E.C., J.M.G.-S., L.R.-H., J.V., E.L.-P.)
| | - Peter J Nielsen
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany (P.J.N.)
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., M.V.-O., M.M.L.-O., J.L.-A., F.S.-C., C.M.-G., E.C., J.M.G.-S., L.R.-H., J.V., E.L.-P.).,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (J.V., P.G.-P., E.L.-P)
| | - Michaela Müller-McNicoll
- Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Frankfurt/Main, Germany (M.M.-M.)
| | - Pablo García-Pavía
- Heart Failure and Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., P.G.-P.).,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (J.V., P.G.-P., E.L.-P).,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P.)
| | - Enrique Lara-Pezzi
- From the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (P.O.-S., M.V.-O., M.M.L.-O., J.L.-A., F.S.-C., C.M.-G., E.C., J.M.G.-S., L.R.-H., J.V., E.L.-P.).,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (J.V., P.G.-P., E.L.-P).,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (E.L.-P.)
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Kasprzyk R, Starek BJ, Ciechanowicz S, Kubacka D, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Fluorescent Turn-On Probes for the Development of Binding and Hydrolytic Activity Assays for mRNA Cap-Recognizing Proteins. Chemistry 2019; 25:6728-6740. [PMID: 30801798 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The m7 G cap is a unique nucleotide structure at the 5'-end of all eukaryotic mRNAs. The cap specifically interacts with numerous cellular proteins and participates in biological processes that are essential for cell growth and function. To provide small molecular probes to study important cap-recognizing proteins, we synthesized m7 G nucleotides labeled with fluorescent tags via the terminal phosph(on)ate group and studied how their emission properties changed upon protein binding or enzymatic cleavage. Only the pyrene-labeled compounds behaved as sensitive turn-on probes. A pyrene-labeled m7 GTP analogue showed up to eightfold enhanced fluorescence emission upon binding to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and over 30-fold enhancement upon cleavage by decapping scavenger (DcpS) enzyme. These observations served as the basis for developing binding- and hydrolytic-activity assays. The assay utility was validated with previously characterized libraries of eIF4E ligands and DcpS inhibitors. The DcpS assay was also applied to study hydrolytic activity and inhibition of endogenous enzyme in cytoplasmic extracts from HeLa and HEK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kasprzyk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata J Starek
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Ciechanowicz
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kubacka
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Jones LH, Xu H, Fadeyi OO. Quantifying drug-target engagement in live cells using sulfonyl fluoride chemical probes. Methods Enzymol 2019; 622:201-220. [PMID: 31155053 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic screening in disease-relevant models identifies small molecule hits with desirable efficacy but often with unknown modes of action. Target identification and validation are integral to successful biomedical research. Technologies are required to validate the biological target (or targets) through which a pharmacological agent is proposed to exert its effects. This work details the rational structure-based design, synthetic preparation and cell-based application of a clickable sulfonyl fluoride chemical probe to directly report on the mechanism of a series of compounds previously discovered in a reporter gene assay. Quantification of drug-target occupancy in living human primary cells enabled a deeper understanding of the molecular pharmacology of the chemotype. The technology described herein should be of broad interest to those involved in chemical biology research and the drug discovery endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn H Jones
- Jnana Therapeutics, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Hua Xu
- Pfizer Inc, Medicine Design, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Catharina L, Carels N. Specific enzyme functionalities of Fusarium oxysporum compared to host plants. Gene 2018; 676:219-226. [PMID: 29981422 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genus Fusarium contains some of the most studied and important species of plant pathogens that economically affect world agriculture and horticulture. Fusarium spp. are ubiquitous fungi widely distributed in soil, plants as well as in different organic substrates and are also considered as opportunistic human pathogens. The identification of specific enzymes essential to the metabolism of these fungi is expected to provide molecular targets to control the diseases they induce to their hosts. Through applications of traditional techniques of sequence homology comparison by similarity search and Markov modeling, this report describes the characterization of enzymatic functionalities associated to protein targets that could be considered for the control of root rots induced by Fusarium oxysporum. From the analysis of 318 F. graminearum enzymes, we retrieved 30 enzymes that are specific of F. oxysporum compared to 15 species of host plants. By comparing these 30 specific enzymes of F. oxysporum with the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, Glycine max, Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis, we found 7 key specific enzymes whose inhibition is expected to affect significantly the development of the fungus and 5 specific enzymes that were considered here to be secondary because they are inserted in pathways with alternative routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Catharina
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas (INCT-IDPN), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil, 4036, Prédio da Expansão, 8° andar, sala 814, CEP: 21040-361 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Nicolas Carels
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas (INCT-IDPN), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil, 4036, Prédio da Expansão, 8° andar, sala 814, CEP: 21040-361 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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10
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Wojtczak BA, Sikorski PJ, Fac-Dabrowska K, Nowicka A, Warminski M, Kubacka D, Nowak E, Nowotny M, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. 5'-Phosphorothiolate Dinucleotide Cap Analogues: Reagents for Messenger RNA Modification and Potent Small-Molecular Inhibitors of Decapping Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5987-5999. [PMID: 29676910 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 5' cap consists of 7-methylguanosine (m7G) linked by a 5'-5'-triphosphate bridge to messenger RNA (mRNA) and acts as the master regulator of mRNA turnover and translation initiation in eukaryotes. Cap analogues that influence mRNA translation and turnover (either as small molecules or as part of an RNA transcript) are valuable tools for studying gene expression, which is often also of therapeutic relevance. Here, we synthesized a series of 15 dinucleotide cap (m7GpppG) analogues containing a 5'-phosphorothiolate (5'-PSL) moiety (i.e., an O-to-S substitution within the 5'-phosphoester) and studied their biological properties in the context of three major cap-binding proteins: translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and two decapping enzymes, DcpS and Dcp2. While the 5'-PSL moiety was neutral or slightly stabilizing for cap interactions with eIF4E, it significantly influenced susceptibility to decapping. Replacing the γ-phosphoester with the 5'-PSL moiety (γ-PSL) prevented β-γ-pyrophosphate bond cleavage by DcpS and conferred strong inhibitory properties. Combining the γ-PSL moiety with α-PSL and β-phosphorothioate (PS) moiety afforded first cap-derived hDcpS inhibitor with low nanomolar potency. Susceptibility to Dcp2 and translational properties were studied after incorporation of the new analogues into mRNA transcripts by RNA polymerase. Transcripts containing the γ-PSL moiety were resistant to cleavage by Dcp2. Surprisingly, superior translational properties were observed for mRNAs containing the α-PSL moiety, which were Dcp2-susceptible. The overall protein expression measured in HeLa cells for this mRNA was comparable to mRNA capped with the translation augmenting β-PS analogue reported previously. Overall, our study highlights 5'-PSL as a synthetically accessible cap modification, which, depending on the substitution site, can either reduce susceptibility to decapping or confer superior translational properties on the mRNA. The 5'-PSL-analogues may find application as reagents for the preparation of efficiently expressed mRNA or for investigation of the role of decapping enzymes in mRNA processing or neuromuscular disorders associated with decapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej A Wojtczak
- Centre of New Technologies , University of Warsaw , Banacha 2c Street , 02-097 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Pawel J Sikorski
- Centre of New Technologies , University of Warsaw , Banacha 2c Street , 02-097 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Kaja Fac-Dabrowska
- Centre of New Technologies , University of Warsaw , Banacha 2c Street , 02-097 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Anna Nowicka
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics , University of Warsaw , Pasteura 5 Street , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marcin Warminski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics , University of Warsaw , Pasteura 5 Street , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Dorota Kubacka
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics , University of Warsaw , Pasteura 5 Street , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Elzbieta Nowak
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw , 4 Ks. Trojdena Street , 02-109 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marcin Nowotny
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw , 4 Ks. Trojdena Street , 02-109 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics , University of Warsaw , Pasteura 5 Street , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies , University of Warsaw , Banacha 2c Street , 02-097 Warsaw , Poland
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11
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Heck AM, Wilusz J. The Interplay between the RNA Decay and Translation Machinery in Eukaryotes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a032839. [PMID: 29311343 PMCID: PMC5932591 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a032839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA decay plays a major role in regulating gene expression and is tightly networked with other aspects of gene expression to effectively coordinate post-transcriptional regulation. The goal of this work is to provide an overview of the major factors and pathways of general messenger RNA (mRNA) decay in eukaryotic cells, and then discuss the effective interplay of this cytoplasmic process with the protein synthesis machinery. Given the transcript-specific and fluid nature of mRNA stability in response to changing cellular conditions, understanding the fundamental networking between RNA decay and translation will provide a foundation for a complete mechanistic understanding of this important aspect of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Heck
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
- Program in Cell & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
| | - Jeffrey Wilusz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
- Program in Cell & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
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12
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Liu J, Wang YL, Zhang JH, Yang JS, Mou HC, Lin J, Yan SJ. Phosphatase CDC25B Inhibitors Produced by Basic Alumina-Supported One-Pot Gram-Scale Synthesis of Fluorinated 2-Alkylthio-4-aminoquinazolines Using Microwave Irradiation. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4534-4544. [PMID: 30221227 PMCID: PMC6130795 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, environmentally benign, and inexpensive procedure has been developed for the synthesis of fluorinated 2-alkylthio-4-aminoquinazolines by microwave irradiation using basic alumina as a solid-support agent as well as a solid base. Notably, this protocol features improved energy efficiency, broad isothiourea substrate scope, easily available starting materials, and high atom efficiency and applicability toward gram-scale synthesis. Additionally, the target compounds were evaluated for the cytotoxic effect against human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT116 and HT29), human gastric cancer (SGC-7901), human lung adenocarcinoma (A549), and human hepatocyte carcinoma (HepG2) cells, and it was found that these compounds have excellent antitumor activities. Among them, compound 3e was found to be one of the most potent derivatives with IC50 values lower than 9.44 μM against five human tumor cell lines, making it more active than cisplatin (DDP). Furthermore, for the first time, the fluorinated 2-alkylthio-substituted 4-aminoquinazolines were identified as phosphatase CDC25B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R.
China
| | - Yu-Ling Wang
- Faculty
of Life Science and Technology, Kunming
University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhang
- Faculty
of Life Science and Technology, Kunming
University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Shan Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R.
China
| | - Han-Chuan Mou
- Faculty
of Life Science and Technology, Kunming
University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R.
China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Yan
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R.
China
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13
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Practical application of ligand efficiency metrics in lead optimisation. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3006-3015. [PMID: 29655612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of composite metrics that normalise biological potency values in relation to markers of physicochemical properties, such as size or lipophilicity, has gained a significant amount of traction with many medicinal chemists in recent years. However, there is no consensus on best practice in the area and their application has attracted some criticism. Here we present our approach to their application in lead optimisation projects, provide an objective discussion of the principles we consider important and illustrate how our use of lipophilic ligand efficiency enabled the progression of a number of our successful drug discovery projects. We derive, from this and some recent literature highlights, a set of heuristic guidelines for lipophilicity based optimisation that we believe are generally applicable across chemical series and protein targets.
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14
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Yamauchi T, Masuda T, Canver MC, Seiler M, Semba Y, Shboul M, Al-Raqad M, Maeda M, Schoonenberg VAC, Cole MA, Macias-Trevino C, Ishikawa Y, Yao Q, Nakano M, Arai F, Orkin SH, Reversade B, Buonamici S, Pinello L, Akashi K, Bauer DE, Maeda T. Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen Identifies Leukemia-Specific Dependence on a Pre-mRNA Metabolic Pathway Regulated by DCPS. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:386-400.e5. [PMID: 29478914 PMCID: PMC5849534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel targets for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy, we performed genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening using AML cell lines, followed by a second screen in vivo. Here, we show that the mRNA decapping enzyme scavenger (DCPS) gene is essential for AML cell survival. The DCPS enzyme interacted with components of pre-mRNA metabolic pathways, including spliceosomes, as revealed by mass spectrometry. RG3039, a DCPS inhibitor originally developed to treat spinal muscular atrophy, exhibited anti-leukemic activity via inducing pre-mRNA mis-splicing. Humans harboring germline biallelic DCPS loss-of-function mutations do not exhibit aberrant hematologic phenotypes, indicating that DCPS is dispensable for human hematopoiesis. Our findings shed light on a pre-mRNA metabolic pathway and identify DCPS as a target for AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Yamauchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Matthew C Canver
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Yuichiro Semba
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mohammad Shboul
- Institute of Medical Biology, A∗STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Al-Raqad
- Institute of Medical Biology, A∗STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Al-Balqa Applied University, Faculty of Science, Al-Salt, Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Manami Maeda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vivien A C Schoonenberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mitchel A Cole
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claudio Macias-Trevino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuichi Ishikawa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Department of Pathology & Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michitaka Nakano
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumio Arai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Medical Biology, A∗STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | | | - Luca Pinello
- Department of Pathology & Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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15
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Cherry JJ, DiDonato CJ, Androphy EJ, Calo A, Potter K, Custer SK, Du S, Foley TL, Gopalsamy A, Reedich EJ, Gordo SM, Gordon W, Hosea N, Jones LH, Krizay DK, LaRosa G, Li H, Mathur S, Menard CA, Patel P, Ramos-Zayas R, Rietz A, Rong H, Zhang B, Tones MA. In vitro and in vivo effects of 2,4 diaminoquinazoline inhibitors of the decapping scavenger enzyme DcpS: Context-specific modulation of SMN transcript levels. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185079. [PMID: 28945765 PMCID: PMC5612656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
C5-substituted 2,4-diaminoquinazoline inhibitors of the decapping scavenger enzyme DcpS (DAQ-DcpSi) have been developed for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), which is caused by genetic deficiency in the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein. These compounds are claimed to act as SMN2 transcriptional activators but data underlying that claim are equivocal. In addition it is unclear whether the claimed effects on SMN2 are a direct consequence of DcpS inhibitor or might be a consequence of lysosomotropism, which is known to be neuroprotective. DAQ-DcpSi effects were characterized in cells in vitro utilizing DcpS knockdown and 7-methyl analogues as probes for DcpS vs non-DcpS-mediated effects. We also performed analysis of Smn transcript levels, RNA-Seq analysis of the transcriptome and SMN protein in order to identify affected pathways underlying the therapeutic effect, and studied lysosomotropic and non-lysosomotropic DAQ-DCpSi effects in 2B/- SMA mice. Treatment of cells caused modest and transient SMN2 mRNA increases with either no change or a decrease in SMNΔ7 and no change in SMN1 transcripts or SMN protein. RNA-Seq analysis of DAQ-DcpSi-treated N2a cells revealed significant changes in expression (both up and down) of approximately 2,000 genes across a broad range of pathways. Treatment of 2B/- SMA mice with both lysomotropic and non-lysosomotropic DAQ-DcpSi compounds had similar effects on disease phenotype indicating that the therapeutic mechanism of action is not a consequence of lysosomotropism. In striking contrast to the findings in vitro, Smn transcripts were robustly changed in tissues but there was no increase in SMN protein levels in spinal cord. We conclude that DAQ-DcpSi have reproducible benefit in SMA mice and a broad spectrum of biological effects in vitro and in vivo, but these are complex, context specific, and not the result of simple SMN2 transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Cherry
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine J. DiDonato
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Ann & Robert Lurie Children’s Hospital, Stanley Manne Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJD); (WG)
| | - Elliot J. Androphy
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Calo
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kyle Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Ann & Robert Lurie Children’s Hospital, Stanley Manne Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sara K. Custer
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sarah Du
- Precision Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy L. Foley
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ariamala Gopalsamy
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily J. Reedich
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Ann & Robert Lurie Children’s Hospital, Stanley Manne Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Susana M. Gordo
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William Gordon
- Precision Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJD); (WG)
| | - Natalie Hosea
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lyn H. Jones
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel K. Krizay
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory LaRosa
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sachin Mathur
- Business Technology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carol A. Menard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Paraj Patel
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebeca Ramos-Zayas
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne Rietz
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Haojing Rong
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Clinical Genetics, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Tones
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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