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Sharrouf K, Schlosser C, Mildenberger S, Fluhrer R, Hoeppner S. In vitro cleavage of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) by Signal-Peptide-Peptidase-like 2b (SPPL2b) resembles mechanistic principles observed in the cellular context. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:111006. [PMID: 38636792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Members of the Signal Peptide-Peptidase (SPP) and Signal Peptide-Peptidase-like (SPPL) family are intramembrane aspartyl-proteases like their well-studied homologs, the presenilins, which comprise the catalytically active subunit within the γ-secretase complex. The lack of in vitro cleavage assays for SPPL proteases limited their biochemical characterization as well as substrate identification and validation. So far, SPPL proteases have been analyzed exclusively in intact cells or membranes, restricting mechanistic analysis to co-expression of enzyme and substrate variants colocalizing in the same subcellular compartments. We describe the details of developing an in vitro cleavage assay for SPPL2b and its model substrate TNFα and analyzed the influence of phospholipids, detergent supplements, and cholesterol on the SPPL2b in vitro activity. SPPL2b in vitro activity resembles mechanistic principles that have been observed in a cellular context, such as cleavage sites and consecutive turnover of the TNFα transmembrane domain. The novel in vitro cleavage assay is functional with separately isolated protease and substrate and amenable to a high throughput plate-based readout overcoming previous limitations and providing the basis for studying enzyme kinetics, catalytic activity, substrate recognition, and the characteristics of small molecule inhibitors. As a proof of concept, we present the first biochemical in vitro characterization of the SPPL2a and SPPL2b specific small molecule inhibitor SPL-707.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinda Sharrouf
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 2, D-86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christine Schlosser
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 2, D-86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Mildenberger
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 2, D-86159, Augsburg, Germany; Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 2, D-86159, Augsburg, Germany; University of Augsburg, Center for Interdisciplinary Health Research, 86135, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoeppner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 2, D-86159, Augsburg, Germany.
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2
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Mentrup T, Leinung N, Patel M, Fluhrer R, Schröder B. The role of SPP/SPPL intramembrane proteases in membrane protein homeostasis. FEBS J 2024; 291:25-44. [PMID: 37625440 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and the four SPP-like proteases SPPL2a, SPPL2b, SPPL2c and SPPL3 constitute a family of aspartyl intramembrane proteases with homology to presenilins. The different members reside in distinct cellular localisations within the secretory pathway and the endo-lysosomal system. Despite individual cleavage characteristics, they all cleave single-span transmembrane proteins with a type II orientation exhibiting a cytosolic N-terminus. Though the identification of substrates is not complete, SPP/SPPL-mediated proteolysis appears to be rather selective. Therefore, according to our current understanding cleavage by SPP/SPPL proteases rather seems to serve a regulatory function than being a bulk proteolytic pathway. In the present review, we will summarise our state of knowledge on SPP/SPPL proteases and in particular highlight recently identified substrates and the functional and/or (patho)-physiological implications of these cleavage events. Based on this, we aim to provide an overview of the current open questions in the field. These are connected to the regulation of these proteases at the cellular level but also in context of disease and patho-physiological processes. Furthermore, the interplay with other proteostatic systems capable of degrading membrane proteins is beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Mentrup
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja Leinung
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Mehul Patel
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Health Research, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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3
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Höppner S, Schröder B, Fluhrer R. Structure and function of SPP/SPPL proteases: insights from biochemical evidence and predictive modeling. FEBS J 2023; 290:5456-5474. [PMID: 37786993 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 years ago, signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and its homologues, the signal peptide peptidase-like (SPPL) proteases have been identified based on their sequence similarity to presenilins, a related family of intramembrane aspartyl proteases. Other than those for the presenilins, no high-resolution structures for the SPP/SPPL proteases are available. Despite this limitation, over the years bioinformatical and biochemical data have accumulated, which altogether have provided a picture of the overall structure and topology of these proteases, their localization in the cell, the process of substrate recognition, their cleavage mechanism, and their function. Recently, the artificial intelligence-based structure prediction tool AlphaFold has added high-confidence models of the expected fold of SPP/SPPL proteases. In this review, we summarize known structural aspects of the SPP/SPPL family as well as their substrates. Of particular interest are the emerging substrate recognition and catalytic mechanisms that might lead to the prediction and identification of more potential substrates and deeper insight into physiological and pathophysiological roles of proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Höppner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Health Research, University of Augsburg, Germany
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4
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Kuntawala DH, Martins F, Vitorino R, Rebelo S. Automatic Text-Mining Approach to Identify Molecular Target Candidates Associated with Metabolic Processes for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2283. [PMID: 36767649 PMCID: PMC9915907 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease caused by abnormal expansion of unstable CTG repeats in the 3' untranslated region of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) gene. This disease mainly affects skeletal muscle, resulting in myotonia, progressive distal muscle weakness, and atrophy, but also affects other tissues and systems, such as the heart and central nervous system. Despite some studies reporting therapeutic strategies for DM1, many issues remain unsolved, such as the contribution of metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunctions to DM1 pathogenesis. Therefore, it is crucial to identify molecular target candidates associated with metabolic processes for DM1. In this study, resorting to a bibliometric analysis, articles combining DM1, and metabolic/metabolism terms were identified and further analyzed using an unbiased strategy of automatic text mining with VOSviewer software. A list of candidate molecular targets for DM1 associated with metabolic/metabolism was generated and compared with genes previously associated with DM1 in the DisGeNET database. Furthermore, g:Profiler was used to perform a functional enrichment analysis using the Gene Ontology (GO) and REAC databases. Enriched signaling pathways were identified using integrated bioinformatics enrichment analyses. The results revealed that only 15 of the genes identified in the bibliometric analysis were previously associated with DM1 in the DisGeNET database. Of note, we identified 71 genes not previously associated with DM1, which are of particular interest and should be further explored. The functional enrichment analysis of these genes revealed that regulation of cellular metabolic and metabolic processes were the most associated biological processes. Additionally, a number of signaling pathways were found to be enriched, e.g., signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases, signaling by NRTK1 (TRKA), TRKA activation by NGF, PI3K-AKT activation, prolonged ERK activation events, and axon guidance. Overall, several valuable target candidates related to metabolic processes for DM1 were identified, such as NGF, NTRK1, RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, DAG, ACTA, ID1, ID2 MYOD, and MYOG. Therefore, our study strengthens the hypothesis that metabolic dysfunctions contribute to DM1 pathogenesis, and the exploitation of metabolic dysfunction targets is crucial for the development of future therapeutic interventions for DM1.
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Michael Addition of 3-Oxo-3-phenylpropanenitrile to Linear Conjugated Enynones: Approach to Polyfunctional δ-Diketones as Precursors for Heterocycle Synthesis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041256. [PMID: 35209045 PMCID: PMC8877045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reaction of linear conjugated enynones, 1,5-diarylpent-2-en-4-yn-1-ones [Ar1C≡CCH=CHC(=O)Ar2], with 3-oxo-3-phenylpropanenitrile (NCCH2COPh) in the presence of sodium methoxide MeONa as a base in MeOH at room temperature for 4–26 h affords polyfunctional δ-diketones as a product of regioselective Michael addition to the double carbon–carbon bond of starting enynones. The δ-diketones have been formed as mixtures of two diastereomers in a ratio of 2.5:1 in good general yields of 53–98%. A synthetic potential of the obtained δ-diketones has been demonstrated by heterocyclization with hydrazine into substututed 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,2-diazepine.
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6
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Mentrup T, Schröder B. Signal peptide peptidase-like 2 proteases: Regulatory switches or proteasome of the membrane? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119163. [PMID: 34673079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Signal peptide peptidase-like 2 (SPPL) proteases constitute a subfamily of SPP/SPPL intramembrane proteases which are homologues of the presenilins, the catalytic core of the γ-secretase complex. The three SPPL2 proteases SPPL2a, SPPL2b and SPPL2c proteolyse single-span, type II-oriented transmembrane proteins and/or tail-anchored proteins within their hydrophobic transmembrane segments. We review recent progress in defining substrate spectra and in vivo functions of these proteases. Characterisation of the respective knockout mice has implicated SPPL2 proteases in immune cell differentiation and function, prevention of atherosclerotic plaque development and spermatogenesis. Mechanisms how substrates are selected by these enzymes are still incompletely understood. We will discuss current views on how selective SPPL2-mediated cleavage is or whether these proteases may exhibit a generalised role in the turnover of membrane proteins. This has been suggested previously for the mechanistically related γ-secretase for which the term "proteasome of the membrane" has been coined based on its broad substrate spectrum. With regard to individual substrates, potential signalling functions of the resulting cytosolic cleavage fragments remain a controversial aspect. However, it has been clearly shown that SPPL2 proteases can influence cellular signalling and membrane trafficking by controlling levels of their membrane-bound substrate proteins which highlights these enzymes as regulatory switches. Based on this, regulatory mechanisms controlling activity of SPPL2 proteases would need to be postulated, which are just beginning to emerge. These different questions, which are relevant for other families of intramembrane proteases in a similar way, will be critically discussed based on the current state of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Mentrup
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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7
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Fang F, Hu S, Li C, Wang Q, Wang R, Han X, Zhou Y, Liu H. Catalytic System‐Controlled Divergent Reaction Strategies for the Construction of Diversified Spiropyrazolone Skeletons from Pyrazolidinones and Diazopyrazolones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tong Jia Xiang Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Shulei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tong Jia Xiang Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Chunpu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Run Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tong Jia Xiang Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
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8
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Fang F, Hu S, Li C, Wang Q, Wang R, Han X, Zhou Y, Liu H. Catalytic System-Controlled Divergent Reaction Strategies for the Construction of Diversified Spiropyrazolone Skeletons from Pyrazolidinones and Diazopyrazolones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21327-21333. [PMID: 34180572 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic system-controlled divergent reaction strategy was here reported to construct four types of intriguing spiroheterocyclic skeletons from simple and readily available starting materials via a precise chemical bond activation/[n+1] annulation cascade. The tetraazaspiroheterocyclic and trizazspiroheterocyclic scaffolds could be independently constructed by a selective N-N bond activation/[n+1] annulation cascade, a C(sp2 )-H activation/[4+1] annulation and a novel tandem C(sp2 )-H/C(sp3 )-H bond activation/[4+1] annulation strategy, along with a broad scope of substrates, moderate to excellent yields and valuable transformations. More importantly, in these transformations, we are the first time to capture a N-N bond activation and a C(sp3 )-H bond activation of pyrazolidinones under different catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Shulei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Chunpu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Run Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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9
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Zhang XY, Wu XY, Zhang B, Wei Y, Shi M. Silyl Radical-Mediated Carbocyclization of Acrylamide-/Vinyl Sulfonamide-Attached Alkylidenecyclopropanes via Photoredox Catalysis with a Catalytic Amount of Silane Reagent. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Papadopoulou AA, Fluhrer R. Signaling Functions of Intramembrane Aspartyl-Proteases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:591787. [PMID: 33381526 PMCID: PMC7768045 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.591787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramembrane proteolysis is more than a mechanism to "clean" the membranes from proteins no longer needed. By non-reversibly modifying transmembrane proteins, intramembrane cleaving proteases hold key roles in multiple signaling pathways and often distinguish physiological from pathological conditions. Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and signal peptide peptidase-like proteases (SPPLs) recently have been associated with multiple functions in the field of signal transduction. SPP/SPPLs together with presenilins (PSs) are the only two families of intramembrane cleaving aspartyl proteases known in mammals. PS1 or PS2 comprise the catalytic center of the γ-secretase complex, which is well-studied in the context of Alzheimer's disease. The mammalian SPP/SPPL family of intramembrane cleaving proteases consists of five members: SPP and its homologous proteins SPPL2a, SPPL2b, SPPL2c, and SPPL3. Although these proteases were discovered due to their homology to PSs, it became evident in the past two decades that no physiological functions are shared between these two families. Based on studies in cell culture models various substrates of SPP/SPPL proteases have been identified in the past years and recently-developed mouse lines lacking individual members of this protease family, will help to further clarify the physiological functions of these proteases. In this review we concentrate on signaling roles of mammalian intramembrane cleaving aspartyl proteases. In particular, we will highlight the signaling roles of PS via its substrates NOTCH, VEGF, and others, mainly focusing on its involvement in vasculature. Delineating also signaling pathways that are affected and/or controlled by SPP/SPPL proteases. From SPP's participation in tumor progression and survival, to SPPL3's regulation of protein glycosylation and SPPL2c's control over cellular calcium stores, various crossovers between proteolytic activity of intramembrane proteases and cell signaling will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkmini A. Papadopoulou
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
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11
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Talele TT. Opportunities for Tapping into Three-Dimensional Chemical Space through a Quaternary Carbon. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13291-13315. [PMID: 32805118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A quaternary carbon bears four other carbon substituents or combination of four non-hydrogen substituents at four vertices of a tetrahedron. The spirocyclic quaternary carbon positioned at the center of a bioactive molecule offers conformational rigidity, which in turn reduces the penalty for conformational entropy. The quaternary carbon is a predominant feature of natural product structures and has been associated with more effective and selective binding to target proteins compared to planar compounds with a high sp2 count. The presence of a quaternary carbon stereocenter allows the exploration of novel chemical space to obtain new molecules with enhanced three-dimensionality. These characteristics, coupled to an increasing awareness to develop sp3-rich molecules, boosted utility of quaternary carbon stereocenters in bioactive compounds. It is hoped that this Perspective will inspire the chemist to utilize quaternary carbon stereocenters to enhance potency, selectivity, and other drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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12
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Mentrup T, Cabrera-Cabrera F, Fluhrer R, Schröder B. Physiological functions of SPP/SPPL intramembrane proteases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2959-2979. [PMID: 32052089 PMCID: PMC7366577 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intramembrane proteolysis describes the cleavage of substrate proteins within their hydrophobic transmembrane segments. Several families of intramembrane proteases have been identified including the aspartyl proteases Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and its homologues, the SPP-like (SPPL) proteases SPPL2a, SPPL2b, SPPL2c and SPPL3. As presenilin homologues, they employ a similar catalytic mechanism as the well-studied γ-secretase. However, SPP/SPPL proteases cleave transmembrane proteins with a type II topology. The characterisation of SPP/SPPL-deficient mouse models has highlighted a still growing spectrum of biological functions and also promoted the substrate discovery of these proteases. In this review, we will summarise the current hypotheses how phenotypes of these mouse models are linked to the molecular function of the enzymes. At the cellular level, SPP/SPPL-mediated cleavage events rather provide specific regulatory switches than unspecific bulk proteolysis. By this means, a plethora of different cell biological pathways is influenced including signal transduction, membrane trafficking and protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Mentrup
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medizinisch-Theoretisches Zentrum MTZ, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 42, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florencia Cabrera-Cabrera
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medizinisch-Theoretisches Zentrum MTZ, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 42, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 2, 86135, Augsburg, Germany
- Biomedizinisches Centrum (BMC), Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medizinisch-Theoretisches Zentrum MTZ, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 42, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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13
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Zhang XY, Ning C, Long YJ, Wei Y, Shi M. Visible-Light-Mediated Decarboxylative Tandem Carbocyclization of Acrylamide-Attached Alkylidenecyclopropanes: Access to Polycyclic Benzazepine Derivatives. Org Lett 2020; 22:5212-5216. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Ning
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jie Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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14
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A genetic profile of refractory individuals with major depressive disorder and their responsiveness to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1091-1093. [PMID: 32387243 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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15
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van Kempen TS, Leijten EFA, Lindenbergh MFS, Nordkamp MO, Driessen C, Lebbink RJ, Baerlecken N, Witte T, Radstake TRDJ, Boes M. Impaired proteolysis by SPPL2a causes CD74 fragment accumulation that can be recognized by anti-CD74 autoantibodies in human ankylosing spondylitis. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1209-1219. [PMID: 32198923 PMCID: PMC7496470 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is associated with autoantibody production to class II MHC‐associated invariant chain peptide, CD74/CLIP. In this study, we considered that anti‐CD74/CLIP autoantibodies present in sera from AS might recognize CD74 degradation products that accumulate upon deficiency of the enzyme signal peptide peptidase‐like 2A (SPPL2a). We analyzed monocytes from healthy controls (n = 42), psoriatic arthritis (n = 25), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 16), and AS patients (n = 15) for SPPL2a enzyme activity and complemented the experiments using SPPL2a‐sufficient and ‐deficient THP‐1 cells. We found defects in SPPL2a function and CD74 processing in a subset of AS patients, which culminated in CD74 and HLA class II display at the cell surface. These findings were verified in SPPL2a‐deficient THP‐1 cells, which showed expedited expression of MHC class II, total CD74 and CD74 N‐terminal degradation products at the plasma membrane upon receipt of an inflammatory trigger. Furthermore, we observed that IgG anti‐CD74/CLIP autoantibodies recognize CD74 N‐terminal degradation products that accumulate upon SPPL2a defect. In conclusion, reduced activity of SPPL2a protease in monocytes from AS predisposes to endosomal accumulation of CD74 and CD74 N‐terminal fragments, which, upon IFN‐γ‐exposure, is deposited at the plasma membrane and can be recognized by anti‐CD74/CLIP autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa S van Kempen
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emmerik F A Leijten
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marthe F S Lindenbergh
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Olde Nordkamp
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Driessen
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Robert-Jan Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niklas Baerlecken
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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16
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Liu D, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Gong M, Fu Z, Huang W. Access to Enantioenriched Spiro-ϵ-Lactam Oxindoles by an N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed [4+3] Annulation of Flexible Oxotryptamines with Enals. Chemistry 2019; 25:11223-11227. [PMID: 31298766 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxotryptamines were firstly used as flexible four-atom synthons in an NHC-catalyzed formal [4+3] annulation, providing a novel enantioselective method to access structurally diverse spiro-ϵ-lactam oxindoles with excellent enantioselectivities. This metal-free reaction features a broad substrate scope, excellent functional-group tolerance and proceeds under mild reaction conditions. Importantly, enantiopure privileged hexahydropyrroloindoles could be easily constructed by a one-pot process from the resulting spiro-ϵ-lactam oxindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhouli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Minghua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhenqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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17
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Velcicky J, Mathison CJN, Nikulin V, Pflieger D, Epple R, Azimioara M, Cow C, Michellys PY, Rigollier P, Beisner DR, Bodendorf U, Guerini D, Liu B, Wen B, Zaharevitz S, Brandl T. Discovery of Orally Active Hydroxyethylamine Based SPPL2a Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:887-892. [PMID: 31223443 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SPPL2a (Signal Peptide Peptidase Like 2a) is an intramembrane aspartyl protease engaged in the function of B-cells and dendritic cells. Despite being an attractive target for modulation of the immune system, selective SPPL2a inhibitors are barely described in the literature. Recently, we have disclosed a selective, small molecular weight agent SPL-707 which confirmed that pharmacological inhibition of SPPL2a leads to the accumulation of its substrate CD74/p8 and as a consequence to a reduction in the number of B-cells as well as myeloid dendritic cells in mice. In this paper we describe the discovery of novel hydroxyethylamine based SPPL2a inhibitors. Starting from a rather lipophilic screening hit, several iterative optimization cycles allowed for its transformation into a highly potent and selective compound 15 (SPL-410) which inhibited in vivo CD74/p8 fragment processing in mice at 10 mg/kg oral dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Casey J. N. Mathison
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Victor Nikulin
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Robert Epple
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mihai Azimioara
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher Cow
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Michellys
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Daniel R. Beisner
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | | | - Bo Liu
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ben Wen
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Samantha Zaharevitz
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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18
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Tang SQ, Bricard J, Schmitt M, Bihel F. Fukuyama Cross-Coupling Approach to Isoprekinamycin: Discovery of the Highly Active and Bench-Stable Palladium Precatalyst POxAP. Org Lett 2019; 21:844-848. [PMID: 30656941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and user-friendly palladium(II) precatalyst, POxAP (post-oxidative-addition precatalyst), was identified for use in Fukuyama cross-coupling reactions. Suitable for storage under air, the POxAP precatalyst allowed reaction between thioesters and organozinc reagents with turnover numbers of ∼90000. A series of 23 ketones were obtained with yields ranging from 53 to 99%. As proof of efficacy, an alternative approach was developed for the synthesis of a key precursor of the natural product isoprekinamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Qi Tang
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin , 67412 Illkirch , France
| | - Jacques Bricard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin , 67412 Illkirch , France
| | - Martine Schmitt
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin , 67412 Illkirch , France
| | - Frédéric Bihel
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Labex MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin , 67412 Illkirch , France
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19
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Gazzotti S, Manenti M, Lo Presti L, Silvani A. Allylation of isatin-derived N-Boc-hydrazones followed by Pd-catalyzed carboamination reaction: an entry to 3-spiro-pyrazolidyl-oxindoles. RSC Adv 2019; 9:37788-37800. [PMID: 35541813 PMCID: PMC9075743 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07712j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The indium-mediated allylation of novel 3-(2-Boc-hydrazono)indolin-2-one derivatives, followed by a palladium-catalysed carboamination reaction, is described to afford unprecedented spirocyclic oxindoles in good yields. The method provides an efficient access to both cis and trans diastereoisomers of highly functionalized compounds, bearing an N-Boc, 5-substituted pyrazolidine ring at the C3-oxindole spiro junction. The versatility of the method is fully demonstrated starting from a series of substituted isatins and employing a variety of aryl halides in the key cyclization step. The indium-mediated allylation of novel 3-(2-Boc-hydrazono)indolin-2-one derivatives, followed by a palladium-catalysed carboamination reaction, is described to afford unprecedented spirocyclic oxindoles in good yields.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Manenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Universitá di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
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