1
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xia Y, Zhang J, Chen L. Recent advances in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, clinical trials and new drug development strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:211. [PMID: 39174535 PMCID: PMC11344989 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as the predominant form of dementia, presenting significant and escalating global challenges. Its etiology is intricate and diverse, stemming from a combination of factors such as aging, genetics, and environment. Our current understanding of AD pathologies involves various hypotheses, such as the cholinergic, amyloid, tau protein, inflammatory, oxidative stress, metal ion, glutamate excitotoxicity, microbiota-gut-brain axis, and abnormal autophagy. Nonetheless, unraveling the interplay among these pathological aspects and pinpointing the primary initiators of AD require further elucidation and validation. In the past decades, most clinical drugs have been discontinued due to limited effectiveness or adverse effects. Presently, available drugs primarily offer symptomatic relief and often accompanied by undesirable side effects. However, recent approvals of aducanumab (1) and lecanemab (2) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) present the potential in disrease-modifying effects. Nevertheless, the long-term efficacy and safety of these drugs need further validation. Consequently, the quest for safer and more effective AD drugs persists as a formidable and pressing task. This review discusses the current understanding of AD pathogenesis, advances in diagnostic biomarkers, the latest updates of clinical trials, and emerging technologies for AD drug development. We highlight recent progress in the discovery of selective inhibitors, dual-target inhibitors, allosteric modulators, covalent inhibitors, proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) modulators. Our goal is to provide insights into the prospective development and clinical application of novel AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinglu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, TN, USA
| | - Yilin Xia
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Nguyen HTM, van der Westhuizen ET, Langmead CJ, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Valant C. Opportunities and challenges for the development of M 1 muscarinic receptor positive allosteric modulators in the treatment for neurocognitive deficits. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2114-2142. [PMID: 36355830 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting allosteric sites of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 receptors) is a promising strategy to treat neurocognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Indeed, the last two decades have seen an impressive body of work focussing on the design and development of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for the M1 receptor. This has led to the identification of a structurally diverse range of highly selective M1 PAMs. In preclinical models, M1 PAMs have shown rescue of cognitive deficits and improvement of endpoints predictive of symptom domains of schizophrenia. Yet, to date only a few M1 PAMs have reached early-stage clinical trials, with many of them failing to progress further due to on-target mediated cholinergic adverse effects that have plagued the development of this class of ligand. This review covers the recent preclinical and clinical studies in the field of M1 receptor drug discovery for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, with a specific focus on M1 PAM, highlighting both the undoubted potential but also key challenges for the successful translation of M1 PAMs from bench-side to bedside. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong T M Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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O’Boyle NM, Helesbeux JJ, Meegan MJ, Sasse A, O’Shaughnessy E, Qaisar A, Clancy A, McCarthy F, Marchand P. 30th Annual GP 2A Medicinal Chemistry Conference. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:432. [PMID: 36986531 PMCID: PMC10056312 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Group for the Promotion of Pharmaceutical Chemistry in Academia (GP2A) held their 30th annual conference in August 2022 in Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. There were 9 keynote presentations, 10 early career researcher presentations and 41 poster presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M. O’Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Mary J. Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Astrid Sasse
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth O’Shaughnessy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alina Qaisar
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Clancy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Florence McCarthy
- School of Chemistry and ABCRF, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Pascal Marchand
- Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l’Immunité, IICiMed, Nantes Université, UR 1155, F-44000 Nantes, France
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4
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Moghadam ES, Mireskandari K, Abdel-Jalil R, Amini M. An approach to pharmacological targets of pyrrole family from a medicinal chemistry viewpoint. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2486-2561. [PMID: 35339175 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220325150531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrole is one of the most widely used heterocycles in the pharmaceutical industry. Due to the importance of pyrrole structure in drug design and development, herein, we tried to conduct an extensive review of the bioactive pyrrole based compounds reported recently. The bioactivity of pyrrole derivatives varies, so in the review, we categorized them based on their direct pharmacologic targets. Therefore, readers are able to find the variety of biologic targets for pyrrole containing compounds easily. This review explains around seventy different biologic targets for pyrrole based derivatives, so, it is helpful for medicinal chemists in design and development novel bioactive compounds for different diseases. This review presents an extensive meaningful structure activity relationship for each reported structure as much as possible. The review focuses on papers published between 2018 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Saeedian Moghadam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14176, Iran.
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, P.O. Box 36, P.C. 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Katayoon Mireskandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Raid Abdel-Jalil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, P.O. Box 36, P.C. 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14176, Iran.
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Wakeham MCL, Davie BJ, Chalmers DK, Christopoulos A, Capuano B, Valant C, Scammells PJ. Structural Features of Iperoxo-BQCA Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Hybrid Ligands Determining Subtype Selectivity and Efficacy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:97-111. [PMID: 34905693 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective agonists for the human M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are attractive candidates for the treatment of cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Past efforts to optimize a ligand for selective agonism at any one of the M1-M5 mAChR subtypes has proven to be a significant challenge. Recently, research efforts have demonstrated that hybrid ligands may offer a potential solution to the lack of selectivity at mAChRs. In an attempt to design M1 mAChR selective agonists by hybridizing an M1 mAChR selective positive allosteric modulator [1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid] and a potent agonist [(4-[(4,5-dihydro-3-isoxazolyl)oxy]-N,N,N-trimethyl-2-butyn-1-aminium iodide) (iperoxo)], we unexpectedly discovered that these ligands possessed noticeable M2/M4 mAChR selectivity. Evaluation of truncated derivatives of the hybrid ligands at the M1-M5 mAChR subtypes suggests that the allosteric pharmacophore of iperoxo-based mAChR hybrid ligands likely sterically disrupts the allosteric site of the mAChRs, attenuating the efficacy of M1/M3/M5 mAChR responses compared to M2/M4 mAChRs, resulting in a preference for the M2/M4 mAChRs. However, at certain intermediate linker lengths, the effects of this apparent disruption of the allosteric site are diminished, restoring nonselective agonism and suggesting a possible allosteric interaction which is favorable to efficacy at all M1-M5 mAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. L. Wakeham
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Briana J. Davie
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David K. Chalmers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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6
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Cascade reaction to 1H-pyrazoles from hydrazones via sodium Ni-trite promoted dual C–C/C–N formation, annulation and aromatization with 1,2-dichloroethane. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Spearing PK, Cho HP, Luscombe VB, Blobaum AL, Boutaud O, Engers DW, Rodriguez AL, Niswender CM, Jeffrey Conn P, Lindsley CW, Bender AM. Discovery of a novel class of heteroaryl-pyrrolidinones as positive allosteric modulators of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128193. [PMID: 34118412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This Letter describes the synthesis and optimization of a series of heteroaryl-pyrrolidinone positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (mAChR M1). Through the continued optimization of M1 PAM tool compound VU0453595, with a focus on replacement of the 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one with a wide variety of alternative 4,5-dihydropyrrolo-fused heteroaromatics, the generation of M1 PAMs with structurally novel chemotypes is disclosed. Two compounds from these subseries, 8b (VU6005610) and 20a (VU6005852), show robust selectivity for the M1 mAChR, and no M1 agonism. Both compounds have favorable preliminary PK profiles in vitro;8b additionally demonstrates high brain exposure in a rodent IV cassette model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Spearing
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Hyekyung P Cho
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Vincent B Luscombe
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Olivier Boutaud
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Darren W Engers
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Aaron M Bender
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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8
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van der Westhuizen ET, Choy KHC, Valant C, McKenzie-Nickson S, Bradley SJ, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Fine Tuning Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Through Allostery and Bias. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:606656. [PMID: 33584282 PMCID: PMC7878563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.606656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly pursued drug targets for neurological diseases, in particular for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Due to high sequence homology, selective targeting of any of the M1-M5 mAChRs through the endogenous ligand binding site has been notoriously difficult to achieve. With the discovery of highly subtype selective mAChR positive allosteric modulators in the new millennium, selectivity through targeting an allosteric binding site has opened new avenues for drug discovery programs. However, some hurdles remain to be overcome for these promising new drug candidates to progress into the clinic. One challenge is the potential for on-target side effects, such as for the M1 mAChR where over-activation of the receptor by orthosteric or allosteric ligands can be detrimental. Therefore, in addition to receptor subtype selectivity, a drug candidate may need to exhibit a biased signaling profile to avoid such on-target adverse effects. Indeed, recent studies in mice suggest that allosteric modulators for the M1 mAChR that bias signaling toward specific pathways may be therapeutically important. This review brings together details on the signaling pathways activated by the M1 and M4 mAChRs, evidence of biased agonism at these receptors, and highlights pathways that may be important for developing new subtype selective allosteric ligands to achieve therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K. H. Christopher Choy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon McKenzie-Nickson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie J. Bradley
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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9
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Jörg M, Khajehali E, van der Westhuizen ET, Choy KHC, Shackleford D, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Valant C, Capuano B, Christopoulos A, Scammells PJ. Development of Novel 4-Arylpyridin-2-one and 6-Arylpyrimidin-4-one Positive Allosteric Modulators of the M 1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:216-233. [PMID: 32851779 PMCID: PMC7616174 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the structure-activity relationships of 4-phenylpyridin-2-one and 6-phenylpyrimidin-4-one M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChRs) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). The presented series focuses on modifications to the core and top motif of the reported leads, MIPS1650 (1) and MIPS1780 (2). Profiling of our novel analogues showed that these modifications result in more nuanced effects on the allosteric properties compared to our previous compounds with alterations to the biaryl pendant. Further pharmacological characterisation of the selected compounds in radioligand binding, IP1 accumulation and β-arrestin 2 recruitment assays demonstrated that, despite primarily acting as affinity modulators, the PAMs displayed different pharmacological properties across the two cellular assays. The novel PAM 7 f is a potential lead candidate for further development of peripherally restricted M1 PAMs, due to its lower blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability and improved exposure in the periphery compared to lead 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria (Australia)
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria (Australia)
| | - Emma T. van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria (Australia)
| | - K. H. Christopher Choy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria (Australia)
| | - David Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria (Australia)
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ (UK)
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria (Australia)
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria (Australia)
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria (Australia)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria (Australia)
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria (Australia)
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10
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Motati DR, Amaradhi R, Ganesh T. Azaindole therapeutic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115830. [PMID: 33161343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Azaindole structural framework is an integral part of several biologically active natural and synthetic organic molecules; and several FDA approved drugs for various diseases. In the last decade, quite a number of literature reports appeared describing the pharmacology, biological activity and therapeutic applications of a variety of azaindole molecules. This prompted the organic and medicinal chemistry community to develop novel synthetic methods for various azaindoles and test them for a bioactivity against a variety of biological targets. Herein, we have summarized the biological activity of therapeutically advanced clinical candidates and several preclinical candidate drugs that contain azaindole structural moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoder Reddy Motati
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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11
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Tanaka H, Negoro K, Koike T, Tsukamoto I, Yokoyama K, Maeda J, Inagaki Y, Shimoshige Y, Ino K, Ishizu K, Takahashi T. Discovery and structure-activity relationships study of positive allosteric modulators of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Jakubik J, El-Fakahany EE. Current Advances in Allosteric Modulation of Muscarinic Receptors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020325. [PMID: 32085536 PMCID: PMC7072599 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators are ligands that bind to a site on the receptor that is spatially separated from the orthosteric binding site for the endogenous neurotransmitter. Allosteric modulators modulate the binding affinity, potency, and efficacy of orthosteric ligands. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are prototypical allosterically-modulated G-protein-coupled receptors. They are a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of psychiatric, neurologic, and internal diseases like schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington disease, type 2 diabetes, or chronic pulmonary obstruction. Here, we reviewed the progress made during the last decade in our understanding of their mechanisms of binding, allosteric modulation, and in vivo actions in order to understand the translational impact of studying this important class of pharmacological agents. We overviewed newly developed allosteric modulators of muscarinic receptors as well as new spin-off ideas like bitopic ligands combining allosteric and orthosteric moieties and photo-switchable ligands based on bitopic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jakubik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology CAS, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (E.E.E.-F.)
| | - Esam E. El-Fakahany
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (E.E.E.-F.)
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Gregory KJ, Bridges TM, Gogliotti RG, Stauffer SR, Noetzel MJ, Jones CK, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Niswender CM. In Vitro to in Vivo Translation of Allosteric Modulator Concentration-Effect Relationships: Implications for Drug Discovery. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:442-452. [PMID: 32259076 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs represents an increasingly explored approach in drug development. Due to complex pharmacology, however, the relationship(s) between modulator properties determined in vitro with in vivo concentration-effect phenomena is frequently unclear. We investigated key pharmacological properties of a set of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and their relevance to in vivo concentration-response relationships. These studies identified a significant relationship between in vitro PAM cooperativity (αβ), as well as the maximal response obtained from a simple in vitro PAM concentration-response experiment, with in vivo efficacy for reversal of amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion. This correlation did not exist with PAM potency or affinity. Data across PAMs were then converged to calculate an in vivo concentration of glutamate putatively relevant to the mGlu5 PAM mechanism of action. This work demonstrates the ability to merge in vitro pharmacology profiles with relevant behavioral outcomes and also provides a novel method to estimate neurotransmitter concentrations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rocco G Gogliotti
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Meredith J Noetzel
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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14
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Jörg M, van der Westhuizen ET, Khajehali E, Burger WAC, White JM, Choy KHC, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Valant C, Capuano B, Christopoulos A, Scammells PJ. 6-Phenylpyrimidin-4-ones as Positive Allosteric Modulators at the M 1 mAChR: The Determinants of Allosteric Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1099-1114. [PMID: 30547573 PMCID: PMC7616175 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting allosteric sites of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) is an enticing approach to overcome the lack of receptor subtype selectivity observed with orthosteric ligands. This is a promising strategy for obtaining novel therapeutics to treat cognitive deficits observed in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, while reducing the peripheral side effects such as seen in the current treatment regimes, which are non-subtype selective. We previously described compound 2, the first positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the M1 mAChR based on a 6-phenylpyrimidin-4-one scaffold, which has been further developed in this study. Herein, we present the synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of a series of 6-phenylpyrimidin-4-ones with modifications to the 4-(1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)benzyl pendant. Selected compounds, BQCA, 1, 2, 9i, 13, 14b, 15c, and 15d, were further profiled in terms of their allosteric affinity, cooperativity with acetylcholine (ACh), and intrinsic efficacy. Additionally, 2 and 9i were tested in mouse primary cortical neurons, displaying various degrees of intrinsic agonism and potentiation of the acetylcholine response. Overall, the results suggest that the pendant moiety is important for allosteric binding affinity and the direct agonistic efficacy of the 6-phenylpyrimidin-4-one based M1 mAChR PAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma T. van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wessel A. C. Burger
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. White
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Kwok H. C. Choy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
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