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Mathius MA, Chhoeun JM, Kaufman RH, AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Linear Extension of Carbaporphyrin Chromophores: Synthesis, Protonation, and Metalation of Anthro[2,3- b]carbaporphyrins: Evidence for 30π-Electron Aromatic Circuits in a Palladium(II) Complex. J Org Chem 2024; 89:124-140. [PMID: 38110335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed condensation of a naphtho[2,3-f]indane dialdehyde with a tripyrrane, followed by an oxidation step, afforded an anthro[2,3-b]-21-carbaporphyrin. The presence of a fused anthracene unit induced minor bathochromic shifts and did not significantly affect the aromatic characteristics of the carbaporphyrin core. Protonation led to the formation of a monocation with similar diatropic properties, but the dication generated in the presence of a large excess of trifluoroacetic acid had a weakened Soret band absorption and a broad absorption at 754 nm. Nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations indicate that the dication is only weakly aromatic and possesses a 32-atom 30π electron delocalization pathway. Alkylation with methyl iodide and potassium carbonate gave a 22-methyl derivative that reacted with palladium(II) acetate to afford an aromatic palladium(II) complex. Upon heating, the methyl group migrated from the nitrogen to the internal carbon atom and the resulting complex exhibited diminished aromatic character. A comparison with related carbaporphyrin complexes without ring fusion or with benzo- or naphtho-fused units demonstrated that the diatropic character decreased with increasing conjugation. NICS calculations and anisotropy of induced current density (AICD) plots confirmed this trend and showed that the remaining aromatic properties of the anthrocarbaporphyrin complex were due to a 30π electron circuit that extends around the entire anthracene unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Mathius
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Justin M Chhoeun
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Riley H Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Pizzoli F, Mita A, Caroleo F, Nardis S, Calice U, Caporale M, Belviso S, Superchi S, Marconi A, Calvaresi M, Capolungo C, Prodi L, Smith KM, Fronczek FR, Paolesse R. Palladium Complexes of N-Methylcorroles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302517. [PMID: 37675975 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Alkylation of one of the inner-core nitrogen atoms is one possible approach to obtain dianionic corrole ligands, suitable for the coordination of divalent metal ions, such as PdII . Inner-core N-methylation can be obtained by treating the corrole with CH3 I, but the reaction conditions should be optimized to limit the formation of the dimethylated derivative. Two regioisomers, the N-21 and the N-22 methyl derivatives are obtained from the reaction, with the first product achieved in a higher amount. Structural characterization of the reaction products evidenced the distortion induced by the introduction of the methyl groups; the N-methylcorroles are chiral compounds, and the enantiomers were separated by chromatography, with their absolute configuration assigned by ECD computation. Palladium insertion was achieved in the case of monosubstituted corroles, but not with the dimethylated macrocycle; X-ray characterization of the complexes showed the distortion of the macrocycles. The Pd complexes do not show luminescence emission, but are able to produce singlet oxygen upon irradiation. The PdII complexes were also inserted in human serum albumin (HSA) and dispersed in water; in this case, the protein protects the corroles from photobleaching, and a switch from the type II to the type I mechanism in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pizzoli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mita
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Caroleo
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Calice
- Department of Sciences, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Marilena Caporale
- Department of Sciences, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Sandra Belviso
- Department of Sciences, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Stefano Superchi
- Department of Sciences, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Alessia Marconi
- Department of Chemistry "G Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Department of Chemistry "G Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Capolungo
- Department of Chemistry "G Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Prodi
- Department of Chemistry "G Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kevin M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 70803, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 70803, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Malcomson T, Edwards-Yates L, Kerridge A. Tailoring the pore size of expanded porphyrinoids for lanthanide selectivity. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28426-28433. [PMID: 37771918 PMCID: PMC10523133 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05710k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increase in demand, capacity for the recycling of rare earth elements remains limited, partly due to the inefficiencies with processes currently utilised in the separation of lanthanides. This study highlights the potential use of expanded porphyrinoids in lanthanide separation through selective binding, dependent on the tailored pore size of the macrocycle. Each emerging trend is subjected to multi-factored analysis to decompose the underlying source. Results promote the viability of size-based separation with preferential binding of larger lanthanum(iii) ions to amethyrin and isoamethyrin macrocycles, while smaller macrocycles such as pentaphyrin(0.0.0.0.0) present a preferential binding of lutetium(iii) ions. Additionally, the porphyrin(2.2.2.2) macrocycle shows a selectivity for gadolinium(iii) ions over both larger and smaller ions. An upper limit of applicable pore size is shown to be ≈2.8 Å, beyond which the formed complexes are predicted to be less stable than the corresponding nitrate complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Malcomson
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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Abstract
A series of tropone-fused porphyrinoids with unique spectroscopic features has been prepared. A dimethyl tropone-fused pyrrole was reacted with lead tetraacetate to give a bis(acetoxymethyl) derivative that condensed with an α-unsubstituted pyrrole tert-butyl ester to form a tripyrrane intermediate. Cleavage of the tert-butyl ester protective groups, followed by condensation with a series of aromatic dialdehydes and oxidation with DDQ, afforded the tropone-fused porphyrinoid systems. Reactions with pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and selenophene dialdehydes gave tropone-fused porphyrins and related heteroporphyrins. In addition, indene, 4-hydroxybenzene, and 3-hydroxypyridine dicarbaldehydes generated examples of carba-, oxybenzi-, and oxypyriporphyrins. The electronic absorption spectra of the tropone-fused porphyrinoids were greatly altered, showing shifts to longer wavelengths and the appearance of strong Q bands between 600 and 800 nm. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were also very unusual, as the internal protons were strongly shifted upfield, in some cases giving rise to resonances that approached -10 ppm. However, the external protons showed reduced downfield shifts compared to porphyrinoids that do not have tropone ring fusion. The profound changes observed for these macrocycles demonstrate that the introduction of fused tropone units, together with other structural changes such as core modification, can provide the means by which porphyrinoids with unique spectroscopic properties can be accessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Cao H, Huang R, Huang T, Tang Q, Wang L, Zheng X. The inner oxygen-substituted strategy effects on structure, aromaticity and absorption spectra of corrole isomers: A theoretical study. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 112:108118. [PMID: 34979366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Corrole and oxaporphyrin have been successfully synthesized and applied in many research fields such as organic photoelectronics and sensors with the unique photophysical and chemical properties. However, the low synthesis yields of oxacorrole drive researchers turning their attention to theoretical studies for more reasonable molecular structure as the appeal of energy conservation and green chemistry. Corroles, oxacorroles (OC) and dioxacorroles (DOC), a total of 14 molecules, are calculated to systematically explore their structures, intramolecular hydrogen bonds, molecular aromatic and absorption spectral properties influenced by the inner O atoms positions with density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The smaller NICS(1)ZZ values of oxacorrole (-35.23 ppm to -33.54 ppm) and dioxacorrole (-34.91 ppm to -33.24) than these of corroles (-32.97 ppm and -33.12 ppm) indicate that the O atoms attendances can increase the molecular aromaticity. The gradually increasing energy gaps of H-8 to H-3 from Corrole1 and Corrole2 to DOC series and the larger charge of CO (+0.208e-+0.380e) than that of CN (+0.065e-+0.177e) illustrate that the substitution of O can reduce the degeneracy degree of energy levels and change the charge distributions. With Hirshfeld method, the molecular orbital contributions of H-1, HOMO, LUMO and L+1 exhibit the regular effects of O atoms positions on orbital energy and electron absorption spectra. For series 1, 23O is beneficial to the red shift of electron absorption spectra. These theoretical conclusions manifest that OC1-23 and DOC1-1 possess the excellent absorption characteristics in the visible region, which can be used as potential materials in the fields of photoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Cao
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China.
| | - Ruisi Huang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
| | - Ting Huang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
| | - Qian Tang
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
| | - Lihao Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
| | - Xuefang Zheng
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China.
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Extended porphyrinoid chromophores: heteroporphyrins fused to phenanthrene and acenaphthylene. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nakano T, Imoto H, Naka K. Synthesis and Optical Properties of Thiazolo-Chlorin and Porphyrin Skeletons. Org Lett 2021; 23:7996-8000. [PMID: 34559548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic π-skeletons containing a thiazole moiety were synthesized via MacDonald [3 + 1]-type condensation. The construction of thiazolochlorin 1a and thiazoloporphyrin 1b depended on the conformation of the thiazole moieties, and their 18π-systems expanded along the molecular y and x axes, respectively. In particular, the structure of thiazolochlorin 1a was studied in detail using 2D nuclear magnetic resonance methods. The optical properties in solution were measured and discussed based on both experimental data and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Nakano
- Material Innovation Lab, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.,Research Center for Negative Emission Technologies (K-NETs), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Material Innovation Lab, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.,Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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