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Zhou L, Wang J, Xiong Z, Fan Y, Wang Y. Chirality-Selected Coacervate by Chiral Gemini Surfactant. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:17488-17497. [PMID: 37990365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Chiral surfactants present opportunities to self-assemble into supramolecules with a chiral trait; however, the effects of stereochemistry on the formation of simple coacervates remain unclear. Here, we investigate the chirality-selected phase behavior in mixtures of chiral gemini surfactant 1,4-bis(dodecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide)-2,3-butanediol (12-4(OH)2-12) with an oppositely charged chiral mandelic acid (MA). It demonstrates that altering the chirality of surfactants yields a heightened ability to regulate the phase behavior, leading to the formation of three different network-like structures, i.e., wormlike micelle, coacervate, and hydrogel, in the racemate, enantiomer, and mesomer, respectively. The different aggregate structures arise from the intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen-bond interactions of the two hydroxyl groups located at stereogenic centers. Intriguingly, although they contain similar microstructures, the solid-like hydrogel and liquid-like wormlike micelle show similar low hydration ability and have no encapsulation capability, whereas only coacervate formed by the enantiomers of 12-4(OH)2-12 displays liquid-like characteristics, strong capacity to sequester diverse solutes, and high affinity for tightly bound water simultaneously. These findings further highlight the unique and advantageous properties of coacervates as a promising model for exploring the biological process and understanding how chirality plays a crucial role in early life scenarios and cell evolution at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhichen Xiong
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yaxun Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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2
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Sahu S, Schwindt NS, Coscia BJ, Shirts MR. Obtaining and Characterizing Stable Bicontinuous Cubic Morphologies and Their Nanochannels in Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10098-10110. [PMID: 36417348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic monomers in polar solvents can self-assemble into lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) bicontinuous cubic structures under the right composition and temperature conditions. After cross-linking, the resulting polymer membranes with three-dimensional (3D) continuous uniform channels are excellent candidates for filtration applications. Designing such membranes with the desired physical and chemical properties requires molecular-level understanding of the structure, which can be obtained through molecular modeling. However, building molecular models of bicontinuous cubic structures is challenging due to their narrow regime of stability and the difficulty of self-assembly of large unit cells in molecular simulations. We developed a protocol for building stable bicontinuous cubic unit cells involving both parameterization and assembly of the components. We validate the theoretical structure against experimental results for one such LLC monomer and provide insight into the structure missing in experimental data, as well as demonstrate the qualitative nature of water and solute transport through these membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Sahu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Nathanael S Schwindt
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Benjamin J Coscia
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Michael R Shirts
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
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Jana PK, Lam J, Mangal R, Alava MJ, Parveen N, Laurson L. Impurity-induced nematic-isotropic transition of liquid crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8825-8835. [PMID: 33876042 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complex fluids made of liquid crystals (LCs) and small molecules, surfactants, nanoparticles or 1D/2D nanomaterials show novel and interesting features, making them suitable materials for various applications starting from optoelectronics to biosensing. While these additives (impurities) introduce new features in the complex fluids, they may also alter the phase transition behaviour of LCs depending on the physiochemical properties of the added impurity. This article reports on the phase transition of 4-cyano-4'-alkylbiphenyl (nCB) LCs in the presence of an associative impurity, i.e., water and a non-associative impurity, i.e., hexane employing computational methods and experiments. In particular, all-atom (AA) simulations and coarse-grained (CG) models were designed for two complex systems, i.e., 6CB + water and 6CB + hexane and corresponding spectrophotometry experiments were performed using a homologous LC, i.e., 5CB. Results from the simulations and experiments elucidate that the phase transition of LCs depends on the mixing/demixing phenomenon of the impurity in the LC. While associative liquids like water which do not mix with LCs do not influence the nematic-to-isotropic phase transition of LCs, hexane, being a non-associative liquid, mixes well with LCs and induces a sharp impurity-induced nematic-to-isotropic phase transition. Upon application of both AA and CG simulations, we could reach the conclusion that the mixing/demixing phenomenon in an LC + impurity system influences the entropy of the system and hence the observed phase transitions are entropy-driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Kumar Jana
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
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Shen Y, Liu B, Cui J, Xiang J, Liu M, Han Y, Wang Y. Hydration Shell Changes in Surfactant Aggregate Transitions Revealed by Raman-MCR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7429-7437. [PMID: 32803982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydration states of many self-assemblies directly relate to their structures and functions. Here, we use Raman multivariate curve resolution (Raman-MCR) assisted by differential scanning calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance to explore the hydration properties of aggregates formed by three cationic ammonium surfactants, trimethylene-1,3-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) (12-3-12(Br)2), didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB). For 12-3-12(Br)2, the transitions from spherical to rodlike and wormlike micelles lead to about 20% and 60% dehydration and gradually weaken water tetrahedral order and H-bond in hydration shells for both headgroup and hydrophobic chain. As to DDAB, unilamellar vesicles contain two kinds of hydration water species, but multicompartment vesicles exhibit decreased water order and weaker H-bond. DTAB only forms spherical micelles and its hydration structure is similar to that of the 12-3-12(Br)2 spherical micelles. This work provides a basis to explore the hydration states of complex biological self-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jie Cui
- Analysis and Test Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Analysis and Test Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Meirong Liu
- Analysis and Test Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuchun Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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5
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Jackson GL, Kim SA, Jayaraman A, Diallo SO, Mahanthappa MK. Consequences of Convex Nanopore Chemistry on Confined Water Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1495-1508. [PMID: 32065528 PMCID: PMC7122394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of confined water is crucial for developing selective ion transport and water purification membranes, yet the roles of nanopore geometry and functionality on confined water dynamics remain unresolved. We report the synthesis of perdeuterated ionic alkylsulfonate amphiphiles and their water-induced self-assembly into lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) mesophases with well-defined, convex, sulfonate-lined nanopores. Quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) measurements demonstrate that the water self-diffusion coefficients within these sulfonate-lined convex nanopores depend on the hydration level and amphiphile counterion identity (H+, K+, NMe4+). The consistency of the observed counterion-dependent water dynamics trends with those of carboxylate LLCs is rationalized on the basis of similarities in the counterion spatial distributions in the water-filled channels, which we deduce from electron density maps derived from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analyses. These findings indicate that water diffusion is systematically faster in sulfonate-lined nanopores as compared to carboxylate-lined pores due to weaker water interactions with the softer and more hydrophobic-SO3- functionalities. These molecular-level insights into the relationships between convex pore wall chemical functionalities, hydrated counterions, and confined water diffusion may inform future development of new nanoporous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson L. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Sung A Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ashish Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Souleymane O. Diallo
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Mahesh K. Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Verma A, Stoppelman JP, McDaniel JG. Tuning Water Networks via Ionic Liquid/Water Mixtures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E403. [PMID: 31936347 PMCID: PMC7013630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water in nanoconfinement is ubiquitous in biological systems and membrane materials, with altered properties that significantly influence the surrounding system. In this work, we show how ionic liquid (IL)/water mixtures can be tuned to create water environments that resemble nanoconfined systems. We utilize molecular dynamics simulations employing ab initio force fields to extensively characterize the water structure within five different IL/water mixtures: [BMIM + ][BF 4 - ], [BMIM + ][PF 6 - ], [BMIM + ][OTf - ], [BMIM + ][NO 3 - ]and [BMIM + ][TFSI - ] ILs at varying water fraction. We characterize water clustering, hydrogen bonding, water orientation, pairwise correlation functions and percolation networks as a function of water content and IL type. The nature of the water nanostructure is significantly tuned by changing the hydrophobicity of the IL and sensitively depends on water content. In hydrophobic ILs such as [BMIM + ][PF 6 - ], significant water clustering leads to dynamic formation of water pockets that can appear similar to those formed within reverse micelles. Furthermore, rotational relaxation times of water molecules in supersaturated hydrophobic IL/water mixtures indicate the close-connection with nanoconfined systems, as they are quantitatively similar to water relaxation in previously characterized lyotropic liquid crystals. We expect that this physical insight will lead to better design principles for incorporation of ILs into membrane materials to tune water nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesse G. McDaniel
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta 30332-0400, Georgia; (A.V.); (J.P.S.)
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Jackson GL, Mantha S, Kim SA, Diallo SO, Herwig KW, Yethiraj A, Mahanthappa MK. Ion-Specific Confined Water Dynamics in Convex Nanopores of Gemini Surfactant Lyotropic Liquid Crystals. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10031-10043. [PMID: 30251848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The impact of pore geometry and functionality on the dynamics of water nanoconfined in porous media are the subject of some debate. We report the synthesis and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) characterization of a series of perdeuterated gemini surfactant lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs), in which convex, water-filled nanopores of well-defined dimensions are lined with carboxylate functionalities. Quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) measurements of the translational water dynamics in these dicarboxylate LLC nanopores as functions of the surfactant hydration state and the charge compensating counterion (Na+, K+, NMe4+) reveal that the measured dynamics depend primarily on surfactant hydration, with an unexpected counterion dependence that varies with hydration number. We rationalize these trends in terms of a balance between counterion-water attractions and the nanopore volume excluded by the counterions. On the basis of electron density maps derived from SAXS analyses of these LLCs, we directly show that the volume excluded by the counterions depends on both their size and spatial distribution in the water-filled channels. The translational water dynamics in the convex pores of these LLCs are also slower than those reported in the concave pores of AOT reverse micelles, implying that water dynamics also depend on the nanopore curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson L Jackson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Sriteja Mantha
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Sung A Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue, S.E. , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | | | | | - Arun Yethiraj
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Mahesh K Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue, S.E. , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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8
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Mantha S, Jackson GL, Mahanthappa MK, Yethiraj A. Counterion-Regulated Dynamics of Water Confined in Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Morphologies. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2408-2413. [PMID: 29397720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of confined water is of fundamental and long-standing interest. In technologically important forms of confinement, such as proton-exchange membranes, electrostatic interactions with the confining matrix and counterions play significant roles on the properties of water. There has been recent interest on the dynamics of water confined to the lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) morphologies of Gemini dicarboxylate surfactants. These systems are exciting because the nature of confinement, for example, size and curvature of channels and surface functionality is dictated by the chemistry of the self-assembling surfactant molecules. Quasielastic neutron scattering experiments have shown an interesting dependence of the water self-diffusion constant, Dα, on the identity (denoted α) of the counterion: at high hydration, the magnitude of the water self-diffusion constant is in the order DTMA < DNa < DK, where TMA, Na, and K refer to tetramethyl ammonium, sodium, and potassium counterions, respectively. This sequence is similar to what is seen in bulk electrolyte solutions. At low hydrations, however, the order of water self-diffusion is different, that is, DNa < DTMA < DK. In this work, we present molecular dynamics simulations for the dynamics of water in the LLC phases of dicarboxylate Gemini surfactants. The simulations reproduce the trends seen in experiments. From an analysis of the trajectories, we hypothesize that two competing factors play a role: the volume accessible to the water molecules and the correlations between the water and the counterion. The excluded volume effect is the largest with TMA+, and the electrostatic correlation is the strongest with Na+. The observed trend is a result of which of these two effects is dominant at a given water to surfactant ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriteja Mantha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Grayson L Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mahesh K Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Arun Yethiraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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9
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Jackson GL, Perroni DV, Mahanthappa MK. Roles of Chemical Functionality and Pore Curvature in the Design of Nanoporous Proton Conductors. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9429-9436. [PMID: 28971680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grayson L. Jackson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dominic V. Perroni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mahesh K. Mahanthappa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue, S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse G. McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Arun Yethiraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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McDaniel JG, Yethiraj A. Coupling between the Dynamics of Water and Surfactants in Lyotropic Liquid Crystals. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5048-5057. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse G. McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Arun Yethiraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Mantha S, McDaniel JG, Perroni DV, Mahanthappa MK, Yethiraj A. Electrostatic Interactions Govern “Odd/Even” Effects in Water-Induced Gemini Surfactant Self-Assembly. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:565-576. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sriteja Mantha
- Department
of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jesse G. McDaniel
- Department
of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dominic V. Perroni
- Department
of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mahesh K. Mahanthappa
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue, S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Arun Yethiraj
- Department
of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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