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David A, Silverman M, Kim K, Hallinan D. Thermal Gradient Infrared Spectroscopy for Diffusion in Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9587-9595. [PMID: 37878757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) was used to measure diffusion in opaque and translucent samples. FTIR-ATR was used to measure the change in the absorbance near the heated ATR crystal surface. The infrared absorbance was then related to the concentration through the Beer-Lambert law. The sample used is a polymer electrolyte composed of lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonylimide (LiTFSI) salt in a block copolymer polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) (SEO). A new approach to introduce concentration gradients is presented using a temperature gradient that creates a small salt concentration gradient due to thermally driven mass diffusion (the Soret effect). This first method was compared to a second method that we reported using two laminated polymer electrolyte films of different salt concentrations. The thermal gradient study (method 1) covered three temperature differences of 10, 15, and 20 °C, while the second study (method 2) used three average molar ratios across isothermal temperatures ranging from 80 to 120 °C. The benefits and limitations of the new approach are reported, as is the activation energy for salt diffusion in this and similar SEO electrolytes. Developing new techniques to measure diffusion coefficients effectively will aid in the development of a variety of devices, including solid-state batteries and thermogalvanic cells, that are able to convert waste heat into electricity and improve the efficiency of power-generating systems. FTIR-ATR overcomes previous limitations in experimental techniques measuring diffusion coefficients. The results prove that thermal gradient FTIR-ATR is an effective and repeatable approach for determining Fickian diffusion coefficients in viscoelastic solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley David
- Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Aero-propulsion, Mechatronics, and Energy Center, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Micah Silverman
- Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Aero-propulsion, Mechatronics, and Energy Center, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kyoungmin Kim
- Storagenergy Technologies, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah 84104, United States
| | - Daniel Hallinan
- Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Aero-propulsion, Mechatronics, and Energy Center, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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Bandyopadhyay S, Joshi A, Gupta A, Srivastava RK, Nandan B. Solid Polymer Electrolytes with Dual Anion Synergy and Twofold Reinforcement Effect for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37874931 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have emerged as a viable alternative to traditional organic liquid-based electrolytes for high energy density and safer lithium batteries. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based SPEs are considered one of the mainstream SPE materials with excellent dissociation ability of lithium salts. However, the inferior ionic conductivity at room temperature and poor dimensional stability at high temperature limit their utilization. In this work, a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) forming a precursor based on an ionic liquid (IL) monomer and linear PEO chains were introduced into an electrospun poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) fibrous mat with subsequent thermal-initiated cross-linking. 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO) and 4-(chloromethyl) styrene were used to synthesize the styrenic-DABCO-based IL monomer with bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (TFSI-) or bis(fluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (FSI-) as the anion, named as SDTFSI and SDFSI, respectively. Together, the FSI- and TFSI- anions demonstrate a synergistic effect in providing ion-conductive LiF and Li3N-rich inorganic SEI layer with enhanced lithium dendrite suppression ability. The twofold reinforcement effect is achieved collectively from the semi-IPN structure and the three-dimensional (3D) PAN network that help to construct highly efficient and uniform ion transport channels with excellent flexibility, further suppressing the lithium dendrite growth. The SPEs were dimensionally stable even at elevated temperatures of 150 °C. Moreover, the SPEs show an ionic conductivity of 4.4 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 25 °C and 1.81 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 55 °C and a lithium-ion transference number of 0.56. The favorable electrochemical performance of the SPEs was verified by operating LiFePO4/Li and NMC/Li cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - Aashish Joshi
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
- School of Interdisciplinary Research, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv K Srivastava
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhanu Nandan
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
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Zhou Z, Tao Z, Zhang L, Zheng X, Xiao X, Liu Z, Li X, Liu G, Zhao P, Zhang P. Scalable Manufacturing of Solid Polymer Electrolytes with Superior Room-Temperature Ionic Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32994-33003. [PMID: 35819178 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A scalable manufacturing protocol is developed to prepare polymer-based solvent-free all-solid flexible energy storage devices based on a two-roll mill and adapted rubber mixing technology. The as-prepared solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) consisting of commercial poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted natural rubber (MG30) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide achieve a superior ionic conductivity of 2.7 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 30 °C. The superior ionic conductivity is attributed to the formation of an ionic cluster network in the composite as proved by small-angle X-ray scattering and infrared spectroscopy measurements. Moreover, the as-prepared SPEs show good mechanical stability over a broad temperature range, that is , a storage modulus above 1 × 104 Pa from 30 to 120 °C as indicated by the rheology data. Furthermore, the SPEs were assembled with the carbon black-filled MG30 (i.e., MG30C) electrode into a flexible supercapacitor cell, which had a wide voltage window of 3.5 V, good energy density of 28.4 μW h·cm-2 at 160 °C, and good temperature tolerance up to 160 °C. This scaling-up manufacture strategy shows tremendous potential to the advancing of SPEs in applications of flexible energy storage device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zengren Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Linyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Materials Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xueying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xieyi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guangfeng Liu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Patrick Blatt
- Florida A&M University-Florida State University (FAMU-FSU) College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Daniel T. Hallinan
- Florida A&M University-Florida State University (FAMU-FSU) College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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Dabhade A, Chaudhury S. Simulation Study of the Conformational Properties of Diblock Polyelectrolytes in Salt Solutions. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3354-3362. [PMID: 34410041 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are performed to understand the behavior of diblock polyelectrolytes in solutions of divalent salt by studying the conformations of chains over a wide range of salt concentrations. The polymer molecules are modeled as bead spring chains with different charged fractions and the counterions and salt ions are incorporated explicitly. Upon addition of a divalent salt, the salt cations replace the monovalent counterions, and the condensation of divalent salt cations onto the polyelectrolyte increases, and the chains favor to collapse. The condensation of ions changes with the salt concentration and depends on the charged fraction. Also, the degree of collapse at a given salt concentration changes with the increasing valency of the counterion due to the bridging effect. As a quantitative measure of the distribution of counterions around the polyelectrolyte chain, we study the radial distribution function between monomers on different polyelectrolytes and the counterions inside the counterion worm surrounding a polymer chain at different concentrations of the divalent salt. Our simulation results show a strong dependence of salt concentration on the conformational properties of diblock copolymers and indicate that it can tune the self-assembly behaviors of such charged polyelectrolyte block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Dabhade
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srabanti Chaudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
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Transport of Propylene Carbonate-LiTFSI Electrolytes in P(VDF-HFP) Using Time-resolved ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy: Diffusion Coefficients and Molecular Interactions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hu J, Wang W, Zhu X, Liu S, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhou S, He X, Xue Z. Composite polymer electrolytes reinforced by hollow silica nanotubes for lithium metal batteries. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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