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A coherent set of model equations for various surface and interface energies in systems with liquid and solid metals and alloys. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 283:102212. [PMID: 32781298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper first a generally valid model is derived from the two fundamental equations of Gibbs for temperature and composition dependences of all types of interfacial energies. This general model is applied here to develop a coherent set of particular model equations for surface tension of liquid metals and alloys, for surface energy of solid metals and alloys, for high-angle grain boundary energy in metals and alloys, for solid/liquid interfacial energy in metals and alloys, for liquid/liquid interfacial energy in alloys and for solid/solid interfacial energy in metals and alloys. The latter case is sub-divided into models on coherent, incoherent and semi-coherent interfaces with the same phases and with different phases on the two sides of the interface. Model parameters are given here as an example for the 111 plane of fcc metals and alloys. For other crystal planes or other crystal structures the model parameters should be adjusted, while the model equations remain the same. The method is demonstrated on various surface and interfacial energies of pure Au, on solid/liquid interfacial energy in the AlCu system, on different types of solid/solid interfacial energies in the AuNi system, on solid/solid, solid/liquid and liquid/liquid interfacial energies in the AlPb system and on the coherent, incoherent and semi-coherent interfacial energies between ordered and disordered fcc phases in the Ni-rich part of the NiAl system. The ability of this method is demonstrated to predict surface and interface transition along free surfaces and grain boundaries and also negative interfacial energies in nano-systems.
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Yakymovych A, Slabon A, Plevachuk Y, Sklyarchuk V, Sokoliuk B. Lightweight magnesium nanocomposites: electrical conductivity of liquid magnesium doped by CoPd nanoparticles. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019; 9:1119-1125. [PMID: 31404218 PMCID: PMC6661030 DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of monodisperse bimetallic CoPd NP admixtures on the electrical conductivity of liquid magnesium was studied. Temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of liquid Mg98(CoPd)2, Mg96(CoPd)4, and Mg92(CoPd)8 alloys was measured in a wide temperature range above the melting point by a four-point method. It was shown that the addition of even small amount of CoPd nanoparticles to liquid Mg has a significant effect on the electrical properties of the melts obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Yakymovych
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry – Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyrylo i Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
| | - Adam Slabon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yuriy Plevachuk
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyrylo i Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
| | - Vasyl Sklyarchuk
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyrylo i Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
| | - Bohdan Sokoliuk
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyrylo i Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
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Zhang W, Hu Y, Pan J, Zhang J, Cui J, Yan Q, Ren S. High current carrying and thermal conductive copper-carbon conductors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:185701. [PMID: 30673657 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab013e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The surging demand for miniaturized compact devices has generated the need for new metal conductors with high current carrying ampacity, electric and thermal conductivity. Herein, we report carbon-metal conductors that exhibit a high breakdown current density (39% higher than copper) and electrical conductivity (e.g. 63% higher than that of copper at 363 K) in a broad temperature range. The mechanistic studies of thermal conductivity through first-principle modeling show that the multilayer graphene percolation networks efficiently decrease the electron-phonon coupling in the copper-graphene composites, even if phonon modes are activated at a high temperature. These results imply that the copper-based composites have the potential to be the next generation metal conductor with high electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as excellent current-carrying ampacity. More importantly, the developed composite can be deployed in the ink form, making it possible to be utilized by the microelectronic fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America. Research and Education in Energy, Environment & Water (RENEW) Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
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Kaptay G. The chemical (not mechanical) paradigm of thermodynamics of colloid and interface science. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 256:163-192. [PMID: 29705027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the most influential monograph on colloid and interfacial science by Adamson three fundamental equations of "physical chemistry of surfaces" are identified: the Laplace equation, the Kelvin equation and the Gibbs adsorption equation, with a mechanical definition of surface tension by Young as a starting point. Three of them (Young, Laplace and Kelvin) are called here the "mechanical paradigm". In contrary it is shown here that there is only one fundamental equation of the thermodynamics of colloid and interface science and all the above (and other) equations of this field follow as its derivatives. This equation is due to chemical thermodynamics of Gibbs, called here the "chemical paradigm", leading to the definition of surface tension and to 5 rows of equations (see Graphical abstract). The first row is the general equation for interfacial forces, leading to the Young equation, to the Bakker equation and to the Laplace equation, etc. Although the principally wrong extension of the Laplace equation formally leads to the Kelvin equation, using the chemical paradigm it becomes clear that the Kelvin equation is generally incorrect, although it provides right results in special cases. The second row of equations provides equilibrium shapes and positions of phases, including sessile drops of Young, crystals of Wulff, liquids in capillaries, etc. The third row of equations leads to the size-dependent equations of molar Gibbs energies of nano-phases and chemical potentials of their components; from here the corrected versions of the Kelvin equation and its derivatives (the Gibbs-Thomson equation and the Freundlich-Ostwald equation) are derived, including equations for more complex problems. The fourth row of equations is the nucleation theory of Gibbs, also contradicting the Kelvin equation. The fifth row of equations is the adsorption equation of Gibbs, and also the definition of the partial surface tension, leading to the Butler equation and to its derivatives, including the Langmuir equation and the Szyszkowski equation. Positioning the single fundamental equation of Gibbs into the thermodynamic origin of colloid and interface science leads to a coherent set of correct equations of this field. The same provides the chemical (not mechanical) foundation of the chemical (not mechanical) discipline of colloid and interface science.
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Yakymovych A, Kaptay G, Flandorfer H, Bernardi J, Schwarz S, Ipser H. The nano heat effect of replacing macro-particles by nano-particles in drop calorimetry: the case of core/shell metal/oxide nano-particles. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8856-8869. [PMID: 35539825 PMCID: PMC9078637 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13643a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Difference in the enthalpy effect by replacing micro- by nano-sized particles in drop calorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yakymovych
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry – Functional Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - G. Kaptay
- Department of Nanotechnology
- University of Miskolc
- Miskolc-Egyetemváros
- Hungary-3515
- MTA-ME Materials Science Research Group
| | - H. Flandorfer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry – Functional Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - J. Bernardi
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Vienna University of Technology
- A-1040 Vienna
- Austria
| | - S. Schwarz
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Vienna University of Technology
- A-1040 Vienna
- Austria
| | - H. Ipser
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry – Functional Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
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Kaptay G. On the Negative Surface Tension of Solutions and on Spontaneous Emulsification. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:10550-10560. [PMID: 28918625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The condition of negative surface tension of a binary regular solution is discussed in this paper using the recently reconfirmed Butler equation (Langmuir 2015, 31, 5796-5804). It is shown that the surface tension becomes negative only for solutions with strong repulsion between the components. This repulsion for negative surface tension should be so strong that this phenomenon appears only within a miscibility gap, that is, in a two-phase region of macroscopic liquid solutions. Thus, for a macroscopic solution, the negative surface tension is possible only in a nonequilibrium state. However, for a nano-solution, negative surface tension is also possible in equilibrium state. It is also shown that nano- and microemulsions can be thermodynamically stable against both coalescence and phase separation. Further, the thermodynamic theory of emulsion stability is developed for a three-component (A-B-C) system with A-rich droplets dispersed in a C-rich matrix, separated by the segregated B-rich layer (the solubility of B is limited in both A and C while the mutual solubility of A and C is neglected). It is shown that when a critical droplet size is achieved by forced emulsification, it is replaced by spontaneous emulsification and the droplet size is reduced further to its equilibrium value. The existence of maximum temperature of emulsion stability is shown. Using low-energy emulsification below this maximum temperature, spontaneous emulsification can appear, which is enhanced with further decrease of temperature. This finding can be applied to interpret the experimental observations on spontaneous emulsification or for the design of stable micro- and nanoemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kaptay
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc , Egyetemvaros, Miskolc 3515, Hungary
- MTA-ME Materials Science Research Group , Egyetemvaros, Miskolc 3515, Hungary
- Bay Zoltan Ltd on Applied Research, BAY-ENG , 2 Igloi, Miskolc 3519, Hungary
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Yakymovych A, Plevachuk Y, Sklyarchuk V, Sokoliuk B, Galya T, Ipser H. Microstructure and Electro-Physical Properties of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Nanocomposite Solder Reinforced with Ni Nanoparticles in the Melting-Solidification Temperature Range. JOURNAL OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND DIFFUSION 2017; 38:217-222. [PMID: 32025225 PMCID: PMC6979714 DOI: 10.1007/s11669-017-0532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The electrical conductivity of nanocomposite Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu alloys with two different weight percentages of Ni nanoparticles (1.0 and 2.0 wt.%) was measured over a wide temperature range. The samples were produced using a cold pressing method: Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu powder and Ni nanopowder were mechanically mixed and pressed into 8 mm diameter rods. Ni nanoparticles were synthesized via a chemical reduction method and characterized by a core/shell structure. Temperature dependencies of the electrical conductivity revealed a hysteresis between the heating and cooling curves in a wide temperature range above the melting temperature. This fact is connected with structure transformations accompanied by a dissolution of Ni nanoparticles, which should be retarded due to an oxide/hydroxide shell on the surface of the nanoparticles. A microstructure analysis of the samples in the solid state showed a fine distribution of intermetallic compounds in the Sn-based matrix. The Ni atoms substituted for Cu atoms in the Cu6Sn5 compound forming a (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yakymovych
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry – Functional Materials, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyrylo i Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
| | - Yu. Plevachuk
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyrylo i Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
| | - V. Sklyarchuk
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyrylo i Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
| | - B. Sokoliuk
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kyrylo i Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
| | - T. Galya
- School of Applied Science, Mongolian University of Sciences and Technology, 8th Khoroo, Baga toiruu 46/520, Ulaanbaatar, 14191 Mongolia
| | - H. Ipser
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry – Functional Materials, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Kaptay G. A new paradigm on the chemical potentials of components in multi-component nano-phases within multi-phase systems. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07911g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new paradigm is offered claiming that the thermodynamic nano-effect in multi-component and multiphase systems is proportional to the increased surface areas of the phases and not to their increased curvatures (as the Kelvin paradigm claims).
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kaptay
- University of Miskolc
- Department of Nanotechnology
- Miskolc
- 3525 Hungary
- MTA-ME Materials Science Research Group
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Yakymovych A, Sklyarchuk V, Plevachuk Y, Sokoliuk B. Viscosity and Electrical Conductivity of the Liquid Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu Alloy with Minor Co Admixtures. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE 2016; 25:4437-4443. [PMID: 27738393 PMCID: PMC5039225 DOI: 10.1007/s11665-016-2297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The viscosity and electrical conductivity as structure-sensitive transport properties of the liquid metals and alloys are important for modeling of the melting and solidification processes. The viscosity and electrical conductivity data provide additional information about the influence of impurities on the structure and physicochemical properties of the liquid metal matrix, which is useful for understanding of structural transformations in the liquid state. In the present work, an impact of minor Co admixtures on the viscosity and electrical conductivity of liquid Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu alloy was studied. An increase in viscosity with minor Co admixtures is in a satisfactory agreement with model predicted data obtained from thermodynamic approaches and suggests a significant impact of interatomic interactions. Cobalt admixtures significantly affect the electrical conductivity, which gradually decreases with increasing the amount of Co. Additionally, the sample microstructure has been examined using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The formation of Sn-based Co-Sn intermetallic compounds was detected in the alloys with more than 1 wt.% Co.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yakymovych
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry – Functional Materials, University of Vienna, Währinger Str., 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University, Kyrylo and Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
| | - V. Sklyarchuk
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University, Kyrylo and Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
| | - Yu. Plevachuk
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University, Kyrylo and Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
| | - B. Sokoliuk
- Department of Metal Physics, Ivan Franko National University, Kyrylo and Mephodiy str. 8, Lviv, 79005 Ukraine
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