1
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Maqbool Q, Dobrezberger K, Stropp J, Huber M, Kontrus KL, Aspalter A, Neuhauser J, Schachinger T, Löffler S, Rupprechter G. Bimetallic CuPd nanoparticles supported on ZnO or graphene for CO 2 and CO conversion to methane and methanol. RSC SUSTAINABILITY 2024:d4su00339j. [PMID: 39323512 PMCID: PMC11418587 DOI: 10.1039/d4su00339j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) hydrogenation to methane (CH4) or methanol (MeOH) is a promising pathway to reduce CO2 emissions and to mitigate dependence on rapidly depleting fossil fuels. Along these lines, a series of catalysts comprising copper (Cu) or palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) supported on zinc oxide (ZnO) as well as bimetallic CuPd NPs supported on ZnO or graphene were synthesized via various methodologies. The prepared catalysts underwent comprehensive characterization via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction and desorption (H2-TPR and H2-TPD), and deuterium temperature-programmed desorption (D2O-TPD). In the CO2 hydrogenation process carried out at 20 bar and elevated temperatures (300 to 500 °C), Cu, Pd, and CuPd NPs (<5 wt% loading) supported on ZnO or graphene predominantly yielded CH4 as the primary product, with CO generated as a byproduct via the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction. For CO hydrogenation between 400 and 500 °C, the CO conversion was at least 40% higher than the CO2 conversion, with CH4 and CO2 identified as the main products, the latter from water gas shift. Employing 90 wt% Cu on ZnO led to an enhanced CO conversion of 14%, with the MeOH yield reaching 10% and the CO2 yield reaching 4.3% at 230 °C. Overall, the results demonstrate that lower Cu/Pd loading (<5 wt%) supported on ZnO/graphene favored CH4 production, while higher Cu content (90 wt%) promoted MeOH production, for both CO2 and CO hydrogenation at high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Maqbool
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/BC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Klaus Dobrezberger
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/BC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Julian Stropp
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/BC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Martin Huber
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/BC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Karl-Leopold Kontrus
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/BC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Anna Aspalter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/BC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Julie Neuhauser
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/BC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Schachinger
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien Stadionallee 2/057-02 1020 Vienna Austria
| | - Stefan Löffler
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien Stadionallee 2/057-02 1020 Vienna Austria
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/BC 1060 Vienna Austria
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2
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Wu H, Yu H, Chow YL, Webley PA, Zhang J. Toward Durable CO 2 Electroreduction with Cu-Based Catalysts via Understanding Their Deactivation Modes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403217. [PMID: 38845132 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The technology of CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2ER) provides a means to convert CO2, a waste greenhouse gas, into value-added chemicals. Copper is the most studied element that is capable of catalyzing CO2ER to obtain multicarbon products, such as ethylene, ethanol, acetate, etc., at an appreciable rate. Under the operating condition of CO2ER, the catalytic performance of Cu decays because of several factors that alters the surface properties of Cu. In this review, these factors that cause the degradation of Cu-based CO2ER catalysts are categorized into generalized deactivation modes, that are applicable to all electrocatalytic systems. The fundamental principles of each deactivation mode and the associated effects of each on Cu-based catalysts are discussed in detail. Structure- and composition-activity relationship developed from recent in situ/operando characterization studies are presented as evidence of related deactivation modes in operation. With the aim to address these deactivation modes, catalyst design and reaction environment engineering rationales are suggested. Finally, perspectives and remarks built upon the recent advances in CO2ER are provided in attempts to improve the durability of CO2ER catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiwen Wu
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Haoming Yu
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yuen-Leong Chow
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Paul A Webley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Carbon Utilisation and Recycling, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Carbon Utilisation and Recycling, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Green Electrochemical Transformation of Carbon Dioxide, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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3
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Meng W, Li L, Zhao R, Liu Y, Wang X, Qiu H. Coverage-dependent activation of CO over Ni/Cu(100) single atom alloys (SAAs). J Chem Phys 2024; 161:014712. [PMID: 38958159 DOI: 10.1063/5.0213809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Single atom alloys (SAAs) often bring new chemistry in heterogeneous catalysis and well-defined structure for the study of structure-activity relationship (SAR). However, the existing pressure gap causes the reported SARs quite divergent. Herein, we have studied CO activation over Ni/Cu(100) SAAs in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and millibar range. While the Ni SAAs formed on Cu(100) significantly enhance the CO adsorption strength under UHV conditions, the CO treatment at elevated pressure leads to notable surface carbon and oxygen deposition through surface reaction. Density functional theory calculations revealed that either dissociation or disproportionation is thermodynamically forbidden for the coverage of CO less than 5/16 ML. However, these two reaction pathways can be opened at higher CO coverages due to the elevated energy state involving repulsion between adsorbed CO. This work uncovers the initial activation process of CO and demonstrates one typical cause for the pressure gap in surface science study as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ling Li
- Laboratory Management Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hengshan Qiu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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4
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Herzog A, Lopez Luna M, Jeon HS, Rettenmaier C, Grosse P, Bergmann A, Roldan Cuenya B. Operando Raman spectroscopy uncovers hydroxide and CO species enhance ethanol selectivity during pulsed CO 2 electroreduction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3986. [PMID: 38734726 PMCID: PMC11088695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulsed CO2 electroreduction (CO2RR) has recently emerged as a facile way to in situ tune the product selectivity, in particular toward ethanol, without re-designing the catalytic system. However, in-depth mechanistic understanding requires comprehensive operando time-resolved studies to identify the kinetics and dynamics of the electrocatalytic interface. Here, we track the adsorbates and the catalyst state of pre-reduced Cu2O nanocubes ( ~ 30 nm) during pulsed CO2RR using sub-second time-resolved operando Raman spectroscopy. By screening a variety of product-steering pulse length conditions, we unravel the critical role of co-adsorbed OH and CO on the Cu surface next to the oxidative formation of Cu-Oad or CuOx/(OH)y species, impacting the kinetics of CO adsorption and boosting the ethanol selectivity. However, a too low OHad coverage following the formation of bulk-like Cu2O induces a significant increase in the C1 selectivity, while a too high OHad coverage poisons the surface for C-C coupling. Thus, we unveil the importance of co-adsorbed OH on the alcohol formation under CO2RR conditions and thereby, pave the way for improved catalyst design and operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Herzog
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mauricio Lopez Luna
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hyo Sang Jeon
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Wolgok 2(i)-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Clara Rettenmaier
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Grosse
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Bergmann
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Chang X, Xiong H, Lu Q, Xu B. Mechanistic Implications of Low CO Coverage on Cu in the Electrochemical CO and CO 2 Reduction Reactions. JACS AU 2023; 3:2948-2963. [PMID: 38034971 PMCID: PMC10685414 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO or CO2 reduction reactions (CO(2)RR), powered by renewable energy, represent one of the promising strategies for upgrading CO2 to valuable products. To design efficient and selective catalysts for the CO(2)RR, a comprehensive mechanistic understanding is necessary, including a comprehensive understanding of the reaction network and the identity of kinetically relevant steps. Surface-adsorbed CO (COad) is the most commonly reported reaction intermediate in the CO(2)RR, and its surface coverage (θCO) and binding energy are proposed to be key to the catalytic performance. Recent experimental evidence sugguests that θCO on Cu electrode at electrochemical conditions is quite low (∼0.05 monolayer), while relatively high θCO is often assumed in literature mechanistic discussion. This Perspective briefly summarizes existing efforts in determining θCO on Cu surfaces, analyzes mechanistic impacts of low θCO on the reaction pathway and catalytic performance, and discusses potential fruitful future directions in advancing our understanding of the Cu-catalyzed CO(2)RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Chang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haocheng Xiong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bingjun Xu
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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6
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Xu L, Papanikolaou KG, Lechner BAJ, Je L, Somorjai GA, Salmeron M, Mavrikakis M. Formation of active sites on transition metals through reaction-driven migration of surface atoms. Science 2023; 380:70-76. [PMID: 37023183 DOI: 10.1126/science.add0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Adopting low-index single-crystal surfaces as models for metal nanoparticle catalysts has been questioned by the experimental findings of adsorbate-induced formation of subnanometer clusters on several single-crystal surfaces. We used density functional theory calculations to elucidate the conditions that lead to cluster formation and show how adatom formation energies enable efficient screening of the conditions required for adsorbate-induced cluster formation. We studied a combination of eight face-centered cubic transition metals and 18 common surface intermediates and identified systems relevant to catalytic reactions, such as carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation and ammonia (NH3) oxidation. We used kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to elucidate the CO-induced cluster formation process on a copper surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy of CO on a nickel (111) surface that contains steps and dislocations points to the structure sensitivity of this phenomenon. Metal-metal bond breaking that leads to the evolution of catalyst structures under realistic reaction conditions occurs much more broadly than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Barbara A J Lechner
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lisa Je
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gabor A Somorjai
- Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Division of Materials Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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7
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Wang Y, Schumann J, Happel EE, Çınar V, Sykes ECH, Stamatakis M, Michaelides A, Hannagan RT. Observation and Characterization of Dicarbonyls on a RhCu Single-Atom Alloy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6316-6322. [PMID: 35792939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dicarbonyl species are ubiquitous on Rh/oxide catalysts and are known to form on Rh+ centers. However, dicarbonyl species have never been directly observed on single-atom alloys (SAAs) where the active site is metallic. Herein, using surface science and theoretical modeling, we provide evidence of dicarbonyl species at isolated Rh sites on a RhCu(100) SAA. This approach not only enables us to directly visualize dicarbonyl species at Rh sites but also demonstrates that the transition between the mono- and dicarbonyl configuration can be achieved by changing surface temperature and CO pressure. Density functional theory calculations further support the mono- and dicarbonyl assignments and provide evidence that these species should be stable on other SAA combinations. Together, these results provide a picture of the structure and energetics of both the mono- and dicarbonyl configurations on the RhCu(100) SAA surface and should aid with IR assignments on SAA nanoparticle catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Julia Schumann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Elizabeth E Happel
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Volkan Çınar
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - E Charles H Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Michail Stamatakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Ryan T Hannagan
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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8
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Ben David R, Ben Yaacov A, Head AR, Eren B. Methanol Decomposition on Copper Surfaces under Ambient Conditions: Mechanism, Surface Kinetics, and Structure Sensitivity. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roey Ben David
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adva Ben Yaacov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ashley R. Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Baran Eren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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9
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Li X, Haunold T, Werkovits S, Marks LD, Blaha P, Rupprechter G. CO Adsorption and Disproportionation on Smooth and Defect-Rich Ir(111). THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:6578-6589. [PMID: 35493699 PMCID: PMC9036526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CO adsorption and dissociation on "perfect" and "defect-rich" Ir(111) surfaces were studied by a combination of surface-analytical techniques, including polarization-dependent (PPP and SSP) sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. CO was found to be ordered and tilted from the surface normal at high coverage on the "perfect" surface (e.g., θ = 30° at 0.70 ML), whereas it was less ordered and preferentially upright (θ = 4-10°) on the "defect-rich" surface for coverages of 0.55-0.70 ML. SFG, LEED, and XPS revealed that CO adsorption at low pressure/high temperature and high pressure/low temperature was reversible. In contrast, upon heating to ∼600 K in near mbar CO pressure, "perfect" and even more "defect-rich" Ir(111) surfaces were irreversibly modified by carbon deposits, which, according to DFT, result from CO disproportionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Haunold
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Werkovits
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurence D. Marks
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peter Blaha
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Cu(111) single crystal electrodes: Modifying interfacial properties to tailor electrocatalysis. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Scholten F, Nguyen KC, Bruce JP, Heyde M, Roldan Cuenya B. Identifying Structure-Selectivity Correlations in the Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2 : A Comparison of Well-Ordered Atomically Clean and Chemically Etched Copper Single-Crystal Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19169-19175. [PMID: 34019726 PMCID: PMC8457179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the active sites for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2 RR) to specific chemical products is elusive, owing in part to insufficient data gathered on clean and atomically well-ordered electrode surfaces. Here, ultrahigh vacuum based preparation methods and surface science characterization techniques are used with gas chromatography to demonstrate that subtle changes in the preparation of well-oriented Cu(100) and Cu(111) single-crystal surfaces drastically affect their CO2 RR selectivity. Copper single crystals with clean, flat, and atomically ordered surfaces are predicted to yield hydrocarbons; however, these were found experimentally to favor the production of H2 . Only when roughness and defects are introduced, for example by electrochemical etching or a plasma treatment, are significant amounts of hydrocarbons generated. These results show that structural and morphological effects are the key factors determining the catalytic selectivity of CO2 RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Scholten
- Interface Science DepartmentFritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
| | - Khanh‐Ly C. Nguyen
- Interface Science DepartmentFritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
| | - Jared P. Bruce
- Interface Science DepartmentFritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
| | - Markus Heyde
- Interface Science DepartmentFritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Interface Science DepartmentFritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
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12
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Auer A, Sarabia FJ, Winkler D, Griesser C, Climent V, Feliu JM, Kunze-Liebhäuser J. Interfacial Water Structure as a Descriptor for Its Electro-Reduction on Ni(OH) 2-Modified Cu(111). ACS Catal 2021; 11:10324-10332. [PMID: 34476113 PMCID: PMC8383263 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The hydrogen evolution
reaction (HER) has been crucial for the
development of fundamental knowledge on electrocatalysis and electrochemistry,
in general. In alkaline media, many key questions concerning pH-dependent
structure–activity relations and the underlying activity descriptors
remain unclear. While the presence of Ni(OH)2 deposited
on Pt(111) has been shown to highly improve the rate of the HER through
the electrode’s bifunctionality, no studies exist on how low
coverages of Ni(OH)2 influence the electrocatalytic behavior
of Cu surfaces, which is a low-cost alternative to Pt. Here, we demonstrate
that Cu(111) modified with 0.1 and 0.2 monolayers (ML) of Ni(OH)2 exhibits an unusual non-linear activity trend with increasing
coverage. By combining in situ structural investigations
with studies on the interfacial water orientation using electrochemical
scanning tunneling microscopy and laser-induced temperature jump experiments,
we find a correlation between a particular threshold of surface roughness
and the decrease in the ordering of the water network at the interface.
The highly disordered water ad-layer close to the onset of the HER,
which is only present for 0.2 ML of Ni(OH)2, facilitates
the reorganization of the interfacial water molecules to accommodate
for charge transfer, thus enhancing the rate of the reaction. These
findings strongly suggest a general validity of the interfacial water
reorganization as an activity descriptor for the HER in alkaline media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Auer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Francisco J. Sarabia
- Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Daniel Winkler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Christoph Griesser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Víctor Climent
- Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan M. Feliu
- Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Julia Kunze-Liebhäuser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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13
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Scholten F, Nguyen KC, Bruce JP, Heyde M, Roldan Cuenya B. Identifying Structure–Selectivity Correlations in the Electrochemical Reduction of CO
2
: A Comparison of Well‐Ordered Atomically Clean and Chemically Etched Copper Single‐Crystal Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Scholten
- Interface Science Department Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Khanh‐Ly C. Nguyen
- Interface Science Department Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jared P. Bruce
- Interface Science Department Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Markus Heyde
- Interface Science Department Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Interface Science Department Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 14195 Berlin Germany
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14
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Rupprechter G. Operando Surface Spectroscopy and Microscopy during Catalytic Reactions: From Clusters via Nanoparticles to Meso-Scale Aggregates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004289. [PMID: 33694320 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Operando characterization of working catalysts, requiring per definitionem the simultaneous measurement of catalytic performance, is crucial to identify the relevant catalyst structure, composition and adsorbed species. Frequently applied operando techniques are discussed, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to these area-averaging spectroscopies, operando surface microscopy by photoemission electron microscopy delivers spatially-resolved data, directly visualizing catalyst heterogeneity. For thorough interpretation, the experimental results should be complemented by density functional theory. The operando approach enables to identify changes of cluster/nanoparticle structure and composition during ongoing catalytic reactions and reveal how molecules interact with surfaces and interfaces. The case studies cover the length-scales from clusters via nanoparticles to meso-scale aggregates, and demonstrate the benefits of specific operando methods. Restructuring, ligand/atom mobility, and surface composition alterations during the reaction may have pronounced effects on activity and selectivity. The nanoscale metal/oxide interface steers catalytic performance via a long ranging effect. Combining operando spectroscopy with switching gas feeds or concentration-modulation provides further mechanistic insights. The obtained fundamental understanding is a prerequisite for improving catalytic performance and for rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, Vienna, 1060, Austria
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15
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Shi J, Owen CJ, Ngan HT, Qin S, Mehar V, Sautet P, Weaver JF. Formation of a Ti-Cu(111) single atom alloy: Structure and CO binding. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:234703. [PMID: 34241242 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A single atom Ti-Cu(111) surface alloy can be generated by depositing small amounts of Ti onto Cu(111) at slightly elevated surface temperatures (∼500 to 600 K). Scanning tunneling microscopy shows that small Ti-rich islands covered by a Cu single layer form preferentially on ascending step edges of Cu(111) during Ti deposition below about 400 K but that a Ti-Cu(111) alloy replaces these small islands during deposition between 500 and 600 K, producing an alloy in the brims of the steps. Larger partially Cu-covered Ti-containing islands also form on the Cu(111) terraces at temperatures between 300 and 700 K. After surface exposure to CO at low temperatures, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) reveals distinct C-O stretch bands at 2102 and 2050 cm-1 attributed to CO adsorbed on Cu-covered Ti-containing domains vs sites in the Ti-Cu(111) surface alloy. Calculations using density functional theory (DFT) suggest that the lower frequency C-O stretch band originates specifically from CO adsorbed on isolated Ti atoms in the Ti-Cu(111) surface alloy and predicts a higher C-O stretch frequency for CO adsorbed on Cu above subsurface Ti ensembles. DFT further predicts that CO preferentially adsorbs in flat-lying configurations on contiguous Ti surface structures with more than one Ti atom and thus that CO adsorbed on such structures should not be observed with RAIRS. The ability to generate a single atom Ti-Cu(111) alloy will provide future opportunities to investigate the surface chemistry promoted by a representative early transition metal dopant on a Cu(111) host surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Cameron J Owen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hio Tong Ngan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Siyu Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Vikram Mehar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jason F Weaver
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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16
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Abstract
This is a Review of recent studies on surface structures of crystalline materials in the presence of gases in the mTorr to atmospheric pressure range, which brings surface science into a brand new direction. Surface structure is not only a property of the material but also depends on the environment surrounding it. This Review emphasizes that high/ambient pressure goes hand-in-hand with ambient temperature, because weakly interacting species can be densely covering surfaces at room temperature only when in equilibrium with a sufficiently high gas pressure. At the same time, ambient temperatures help overcome activation barriers that impede diffusion and reactions. Even species with weak binding energy can have residence lifetimes on the surface that allow them to trigger reconstructions of the atomic structure. The consequences of this are far from trivial because under ambient conditions the structure of the surface dynamically adapts to its environment and as a result completely new structures are often formed. This new era of surface science emerged and spread rapidly after the retooling of characterization techniques that happened in the last two decades. This Review is focused on the new surface structures enabled particularly by one of the new tools: high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy. We will cover several important surfaces that have been intensely scrutinized, including transition metals, oxides, and alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Salmeron
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Baran Eren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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17
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Prabhakar Reddy K, Choi H, Kim D, Ryoo R, Park JY. Cu oxide deposited on shape-controlled ceria nanocrystals for CO oxidation: influence of interface-driven oxidation states on catalytic activity. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The polar CeO2 (100) surface facets contribute considerably to the formation of surface hydroxyl groups, which are necessary for selective, stable Cu1+ state loading and enhancement of CO oxidation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasala Prabhakar Reddy
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryong Ryoo
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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18
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Li X, Rupprechter G. Sum frequency generation spectroscopy in heterogeneous model catalysis: a minireview of CO-related processes. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01736a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy is applied to ambient pressure surface science studies of adsorption and catalytic reactions at solid/gas interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Institute of Materials Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
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19
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Pollitt S, Truttmann V, Haunold T, Garcia C, Olszewski W, Llorca J, Barrabés N, Rupprechter G. The Dynamic Structure of Au 38(SR) 24 Nanoclusters Supported on CeO 2 upon Pretreatment and CO Oxidation. ACS Catal 2020; 10:6144-6148. [PMID: 32551181 PMCID: PMC7295362 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise thiolate protected Au nanoclusters Au38(SC2H4Ph)24 on CeO2 were used for in-situ (operando) extended X-ray absorption fine structure/diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy and ex situ scanning transmission electron microscopy-high-angle annular dark-field imaging/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies monitoring cluster structure changes induced by activation (ligand removal) and CO oxidation. Oxidative pretreatment at 150 °C "collapsed" the clusters' ligand shell, oxidizing the hydrocarbon backbone, but the S remaining on Au acted as poison. Oxidation at 250 °C produced bare Au surfaces by removing S which migrated to the support (forming Au+-S), leading to highest activity. During reaction, structural changes occurred via CO-induced Au and O-induced S migration to the support. The results reveal the dynamics of nanocluster catalysts and the underlying cluster chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Pollitt
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Vera Truttmann
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Haunold
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Clara Garcia
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Wojciech Olszewski
- ALBA
Synchrotron Light Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Bialystok, 1L K. Ciolkowskiego Str., 15–245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jordi Llorca
- Institute
of Energy Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering and Barcelona
Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya EEBE, Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Barrabés
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna Austria
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20
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Hamlyn R, Mahapatra M, Orozco I, Hunt A, Waluyo I, White MG, Senanayake SD, Rodriguez J. Morphology and chemical behavior of model CsOx/Cu2O/Cu(111) nanocatalysts for methanol synthesis: Reaction with CO2 and H2. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5129152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hamlyn
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Mausumi Mahapatra
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Ivan Orozco
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Michael G. White
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | | | - José Rodriguez
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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