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Tang Z, Jarupula R, Yong H. Pushing the limits of ultrafast diffraction: Imaging quantum coherences in isolated molecules. iScience 2024; 27:110705. [PMID: 39262780 PMCID: PMC11388184 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum coherence governs the outcome and efficiency of photochemical reactions and ultrafast molecular dynamics. Recent ultrafast gas-phase X-ray scattering and electron diffraction have enabled the observation of femtosecond nuclear dynamics driven by vibrational coherence. However, probing attosecond electron dynamics and coupled electron-nuclear dynamics remains challenging. This article discusses advances in ultrafast X-ray scattering and electron diffraction, highlighting their potential to resolve attosecond charge migration and vibronic coupling at conical intersections. Novel techniques, such as X-ray scattering with orbital angular momentum beams and combined X-ray and electron diffraction, promise to selectively probe coherence contributions and visualize charge migration in real-space. These emerging methods could further our understanding of coherence effects in chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ramesh Jarupula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Haiwang Yong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Northey T, Kirrander A, Weber PM. Extracting the electronic structure signal from X-ray and electron scattering in the gas phase. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:303-311. [PMID: 38385277 PMCID: PMC10914165 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
X-ray and electron scattering from free gas-phase molecules is examined using the independent atom model (IAM) and ab initio electronic structure calculations. The IAM describes the effect of the molecular geometry on the scattering, but does not account for the redistribution of valence electrons due to, for instance, chemical bonding. By examining the total, i.e. energy-integrated, scattering from three molecules, fluoroform (CHF3), 1,3-cyclohexadiene (C6H8) and naphthalene (C10H8), the effect of electron redistribution is found to predominantly reside at small-to-medium values of the momentum transfer (q ≤ 8 Å-1) in the scattering signal, with a maximum percent difference contribution at 2 ≤ q ≤ 3 Å-1. A procedure to determine the molecular geometry from the large-q scattering is demonstrated, making it possible to more clearly identify the deviation of the scattering from the IAM approximation at small and intermediate q and to provide a measure of the effect of valence electronic structure on the scattering signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Northey
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Gu Y, Gu B, Sun S, Yong H, Chernyak VY, Mukamel S. Manipulating Attosecond Charge Migration in Molecules by Optical Cavities. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37390450 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast electronic charge dynamics in molecules upon photoionization while the nuclear motions are frozen is known as charge migration. In a theoretical study of the quantum dynamics of photoionized 5-bromo-1-pentene, we show that the charge migration process can be induced and enhanced by placing the molecule in an optical cavity, and can be monitored by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The collective nature of the polaritonic charge migration process is investigated. We find that, unlike spectroscopy, molecular charge dynamics in a cavity is local and does not show many-molecule collective effects. The same conclusion applies to cavity polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Vladimir Y Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Yong H, Keefer D, Mukamel S. Novel Ultrafast Molecular Imaging Based on the Combination of X-ray and Electron Diffraction. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:835-841. [PMID: 36650121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent development of X-ray free-electron lasers and megaelectronvolt radio-frequency electron guns have made ultrafast X-ray and electron diffraction measurements possible, thereby capturing chemical dynamics with atomic-spatial and femtosecond-temporal resolutions. We present a unified formulation of standard homodyne-detected and heterodyne-detected signals for both techniques. Noting that X-rays scatter from molecular electrons while electrons scatter from both molecular electrons and nuclei, we show how the two diffraction signals can be combined to reveal novel chemical information that is unavailable by solely using each technique alone. By subtracting the homodyne-detected X-ray and electron diffraction signals, a mixed electronic-nuclear interference in electron diffraction can be identified with a self-heterodyne nature for the direct imaging of attosecond electron dynamics where the scattering off molecular nuclei serves as a local oscillator for the scattering off molecular electrons. By subtracting heterodyne-detected X-ray and electron diffraction, the purely nuclear charge density can be singled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Yong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Daniel Keefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
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Yong H, Sun S, Gu B, Mukamel S. Attosecond Charge Migration in Molecules Imaged by Combined X-ray and Electron Diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20710-20716. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Yong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Shichao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
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Zhang M, Guo Z, Mi X, Li Z, Liu Y. Ultrafast Imaging of Molecular Dynamics Using Ultrafast Low-Frequency Lasers, X-ray Free Electron Lasers, and Electron Pulses. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1668-1680. [PMID: 35147438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The requirement of high space-time resolution and brightness is a great challenge for imaging atomic motion and making molecular movies. Important breakthroughs in ultrabright tabletop laser, X-ray, and electron sources have enabled the direct imaging of evolving molecular structures in chemical processes, and recent experimental advances in preparing ultrafast laser and electron pulses resulted in molecular imaging with femtosecond time resolution. This Perspective presents an overview of the versatile imaging methods of molecular dynamics. High-order harmonic generation imaging and photoelectron diffraction imaging are based on laser-induced ionization and rescattering processes. Coulomb explosion imaging retrieves molecular structural information by detecting the momentum vectors of fragmented ions. Diffraction imaging encodes molecular structural and electronic information in reciprocal space. We also present various applications of these ultrafast imaging methods in resolving laser-induced nuclear and electronic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengning Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyu Mi
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong 226010, China
| | - Yunquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Kobayashi Y, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Theoretical analysis of the role of complex transition dipole phase in XUV transient-absorption probing of charge migration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:5673-5682. [PMID: 35209524 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the role of complex dipole phase in the attosecond probing of charge migration. The iodobromoacetylene ion (ICCBr+) is considered as an example, in which one can probe charge migration by accessing both the iodine and bromine ends of the molecule with different spectral windows of an extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) pulse. The analytical expression for transient absorption shows that the site-specific information of charge migration is encoded in the complex phase of cross dipole products for XUV transitions between the I-4d and Br-3d spectral windows. Ab-initio quantum chemistry calculations on ICCBr+ reveal that there is a constant π phase difference between the I-4d and Br-3d transient-absorption spectral windows, irrespective of the fine-structure energy splittings. Transient absorption spectra are simulated with a multistate model including the complex dipole phase, and the results correctly reconstruct the charge-migration dynamics via the quantum beats in the two element spectral windows, exhibiting out-of-phase oscillations.
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Moreno Carrascosa A, Coe JP, Simmermacher M, Paterson MJ, Kirrander A. Towards high-resolution X-ray scattering as a probe of electron correlation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:24542-24552. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02933b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that X-ray scattering can be used as a probe of electron–electron correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Moreno Carrascosa
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Jeremy P. Coe
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Mats Simmermacher
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Martin J. Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
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