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Dang C, Shao Y, Ding S, Qi H, Zhai W. Polyfunctional and Multisensory Bio-Ionoelastomers Enabled by Covalent Adaptive Networks With Hierarchically Dynamic Bonding. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406967. [PMID: 39248650 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Developing versatile ionoelastomers, the alternatives to hydrogels and ionogels, will boost the advancement of high-performance ionotronic devices. However, meeting the requirements of bio-derivation, high toughness, high stretchability, autonomous self-healing ability, high ionic conductivity, reprocessing, and favorable recyclability in a single ionoelastomer remains a challenging endeavor. Herein, a dynamic covalent and supramolecular design, lipoic acid (LA)-based dynamic covalent ionoelastomer (DCIE), is proposed via melt building covalent adaptive networks with hierarchically dynamic bonding (CAN-HDB), wherein lithium bonds aid in the dissociation of ions and the integration of dynamic disulfide metathesis, lithium bonds, and binary hydrogen bonds enhances the mechanical performances, self-healing capability, reprocessing, and recyclability. Therefore, the trade-off among mechanical versatility, ionic conductivity, self-healing capability, reprocessing, and recyclability is successfully handled. The obtained DCIE demonstrates remarkable stretchability (1011.7%), high toughness (3877 kJ m-3), high ionic conductivity (3.94 × 10-4 S m-1), outstanding self-healing capability, reprocessing for 3D printing, and desirable recyclability. Significantly, the selective ion transport endows the DCIE with multisensory feature capable of generating continuous electrical signals for high-quality sensations towards temperature, humidity, and strain. Coupled with the straightforward methodology, abundant availability of LA and HPC, as well as multifunction, the DCIEs present new concept of advanced ionic conductors for developing soft ionotronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yizhe Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structure, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shuwei Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Haobo Qi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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Xie A, Li C, Chou CH, Li T, Dai C, Lan N. A hybrid sensory feedback system for thermal nociceptive warning and protection in prosthetic hand. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1351348. [PMID: 38650624 PMCID: PMC11033464 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1351348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced prosthetic hands may embed nanosensors and microelectronics in their cosmetic skin. Heat influx may cause damage to these delicate structures. Protecting the integrity of the prosthetic hand becomes critical and necessary to ensure sustainable function. This study aims to mimic the sensorimotor control strategy of the human hand in perceiving nociceptive stimuli and triggering self-protective mechanisms and to investigate how similar neuromorphic mechanisms implemented in prosthetic hand can allow amputees to both volitionally release a hot object upon a nociceptive warning and achieve reinforced release via a bionic withdrawal reflex. Methods A steady-state temperature prediction algorithm was proposed to shorten the long response time of a thermosensitive temperature sensor. A hybrid sensory strategy for transmitting force and a nociceptive temperature warning using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation based on evoked tactile sensations was designed to reconstruct the nociceptive sensory loop for amputees. A bionic withdrawal reflex using neuromorphic muscle control technology was used so that the prosthetic hand reflexively opened when a harmful temperature was detected. Four able-bodied subjects and two forearm amputees randomly grasped a tube at the different temperatures based on these strategies. Results The average prediction error of temperature prediction algorithm was 8.30 ± 6.00%. The average success rate of six subjects in perceiving force and nociceptive temperature warnings was 86.90 and 94.30%, respectively. Under the reinforcement control mode in Test 2, the median reaction time of all subjects was 1.39 s, which was significantly faster than the median reaction time of 1.93 s in Test 1, in which two able-bodied subjects and two amputees participated. Results demonstrated the effectiveness of the integration of nociceptive sensory strategy and withdrawal reflex control strategy in a closed loop and also showed that amputees restored the warning of nociceptive sensation while also being able to withdraw from thermal danger through both voluntary and reflexive protection. Conclusion This study demonstrated that it is feasible to restore the sensorimotor ability of amputees to warn and react against thermal nociceptive stimuli. Results further showed that the voluntary release and withdrawal reflex can work together to reinforce heat protection. Nevertheless, fusing voluntary and reflex functions for prosthetic performance in activities of daily living awaits a more cogent strategy in sensorimotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Xie
- Laboratory of NeuroRehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Li
- Laboratory of NeuroRehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chih-hong Chou
- Laboratory of NeuroRehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tie Li
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, China
| | - Chenyun Dai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Lan
- Laboratory of NeuroRehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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An Y, Yang Z, Yang Y, Li X, Zheng X, Chen Z, Wu X, Xu B, Wang Y, He Y. Stretchable, Programmable and Magnet-Insensitive Protonic Display Based on Integrated Ionic Circuit. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308875. [PMID: 37880900 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
As a new approach to "More than Moore", integrated ionic circuits serve as a possible alternative to traditional electronic circuits, yet the integrated ionic circuit composed of functional ionic elements and ionic connections is still challenging. Herein, a stretchable and transparent ionic display module of the integrated ionic circuit has been successfully prepared and demonstrated by pixelating a proton-responsive hydrogel. It is programmed to excite the hydrogel color change by a Faraday process occurring at the electrode at the specific pixel points, which enables the display of digital information and even color information. Importantly, the display module exhibits stable performance under strong magnetic field conditions (1.7 T). The transparent and stretchable nature of such ionic modules also allows them to be utilized in a broad range of scenarios, which paves the way for integrated ionic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao An
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yongjia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Xinjia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Xun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Beihang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yonglin He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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Gao N, Huang J, Chen Z, Liang Y, Zhang L, Peng Z, Pan C. Biomimetic Ion Channel Regulation for Temperature-Pressure Decoupled Tactile Perception. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2302440. [PMID: 37668280 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The perception of temperature and pressure of skin plays a vital role in joint movement, hand grasp, emotional expression, and self-protection of human. Among many biomimetic materials, ionic gels are uniquely suited to simulate the function of skin due to its ionic transport mechanism. However, both the temperature and pressure sensing are heavily dependent on the changes in ionic conductivity, making it impossible to decouple the temperature and pressure signals. Here, a pressure-insensitive and temperature-modulated ion channel is designed by synergistic strategies for gel skeleton's compact packing and ultra-thin structure, mimicking the function of the temperature ion channel in human skin. This ion-confined gel can completely suppress the pressure response of the temperature sensing layer. Furthermore, a temperature-pressure decoupled ionic sensor is fabricated and it is demonstrated that the ionic sensor can sense complex signals of temperature and pressure. This novel and effective approach has great potential to overcome one of the current barriers in developing ionic skin and extending its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiwei Gao
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nano Sensors, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jiaoya Huang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yegang Liang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nano Sensors, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Choi SG, Kang SH, Lee JY, Park JH, Kang SK. Recent advances in wearable iontronic sensors for healthcare applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1335188. [PMID: 38162187 PMCID: PMC10757853 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1335188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Iontronic sensors have garnered significant attention as wearable sensors due to their exceptional mechanical performance and the ability to maintain electrical performance under various mechanical stimuli. Iontronic sensors can respond to stimuli like mechanical stimuli, humidity, and temperature, which has led to exploration of their potential as versatile sensors. Here, a comprehensive review of the recent researches and developments on several types of iontronic sensors (e.g., pressure, strain, humidity, temperature, and multi-modal sensors), in terms of their sensing principles, constituent materials, and their healthcare-related applications is provided. The strategies for improving the sensing performance and environmental stability of iontronic sensors through various innovative ionic materials and structural designs are reviewed. This review also provides the healthcare applications of iontronic sensors that have gained increased feasibility and broader applicability due to the improved sensing performance. Lastly, outlook section discusses the current challenges and the future direction in terms of the applicability of the iontronic sensors to the healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Geun Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyeon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Nano Systems Institute SOFT Foundry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zhang T, Guo Y, Chen Y, Peng X, Toufouki S, Yao S. A multifunctional and sustainable poly(ionic liquid)-quaternized chitosan hydrogel with thermal-triggered reversible adhesion. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:125198. [PMID: 37285877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A quaternized chitosan (QCS)@poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) hydrogel adhesive was prepared by in-situ ultraviolet (UV)-induced copolymerization of 1-vinyl-3-butyl imidazolium bromide ([BVIm][Br]) and methacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride (DMC) in QCS aqueous solution without using any crosslinkers, which was stably crosslinked by reversible hydrogen bonding together with ion association and exhibited excellent adhesion, plasticity, conductivity and recyclability properties. Moreover, its thermal/pH-responsive behaviors and intermolecular interaction mechanism of thermal-triggered reversible adhesion were discovered, meanwhile good biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, repeated stickiness and degradability were also proved. The results showed that the newly developed hydrogel could make various tissues, organic, inorganic or metal materials adhered tightly within 1 min; after 10 binding-peeling cycles, the adhesive strength to glass, plastic, aluminum and porcine skin still remained beyond 96 %, 98 %, 92 % and 71 % of the original, respectively. The adhesion mechanism involves ion dipole interaction, electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, coordination, cation-π interaction, H-bonding and van der Waals force. For above merits, the new tricomponent hydrogel is expected to be applied in biomedical field to achieve adjustable adhesion and on-demand peeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenghe Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yu Chen
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xu Peng
- Experimental and Research Animal Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Sara Toufouki
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shun Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Zhao C, Zhang C, Wang P, Chen Z, Wang Y, Zhu J, Gao C, Gao Q. Wet-spun PEDOT: PSS/ionic liquid composite fibers for wearable e-textiles. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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