1
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Zhang K, Zhou G, Fang T, Ding Z, Liu X. The ionic liquid-based electrolytes during their charging process: Movable endpoints of overscreening effect near the electrode interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:648-658. [PMID: 37437444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Adding solvents to ionic liquids (ILs) can lead to the suppression of the overscreening effect near an electrode interface. Also, this suppression can be observed in neat ILs by elongating the length of the nonpolar chains on their ions. Most neat ILs, unlike the ideal model, do not exhibit a crowding effect in experiments. Through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, researchers can model and analyze these systems in order to understand them. SIMULATIONS In this study, the dynamic change near the electrode interface of ILs-based electrolytes was investigated using MD simulations. The phenomena observed in MD simulations are generally understandable because factors can attenuate charge densities calculated from these simulations. FINDINGS The study findings reveal that both the solvents or nonpolar chains contributed to the formation of nonpolar domains. Also, the microscopic mechanisms and influences of these nonpolar domains were clearly identified. The results are important for real life applications. Some ions form a "point to surface" layer near the electrode of neat ILs. When ILs contain long nonpolar chains, they can suppress the crowding effect through self-assembly behavior. However, when they do not have any chains or short nonpolar chains, it can be difficult to stop the overscreening effect. This means it can become challenging to begin the next stage of the crowding effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Timing Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Zhezheng Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
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2
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de Araujo Chagas H, Fileti EE, Colherinhas G. Comparing supercapacitors with graphene/graphyne electrodes and [Bmim][PF6], [Emim][BF4], [Ch][Gly] and [Pyr][Tfsi] ionic liquids using molecular dynamics. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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3
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Bonagiri LKS, Panse KS, Zhou S, Wu H, Aluru NR, Zhang Y. Real-Space Charge Density Profiling of Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces with Angstrom Depth Resolution. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19594-19604. [PMID: 36351178 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and depletion of charges at electrode-electrolyte interfaces is crucial for all types of electrochemical processes. However, the spatial profile of such interfacial charges remains largely elusive. Here we develop charge profiling three-dimensional (3D) atomic force microscopy (CP-3D-AFM) to experimentally quantify the real-space charge distribution of the electrode surface and electric double layers (EDLs) with angstrom depth resolution. We first measure the 3D force maps at different electrode potentials using our recently developed electrochemical 3D-AFM. Through statistical analysis, peak deconvolution, and electrostatic calculations, we derive the depth profile of the local charge density. We perform such charge profiling for two types of emergent electrolytes, ionic liquids, and highly concentrated aqueous solutions, observe pronounced sub-nanometer charge variations, and find the integrated charge densities to agree with those derived from macroscopic electrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalith Krishna Samanth Bonagiri
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Kaustubh S Panse
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Haiyi Wu
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Oden Institute for Computational Engineering & Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Oden Institute for Computational Engineering & Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
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4
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de Araujo Chagas H, Fileti EE, Colherinhas G. A molecular dynamics study of graphyne-based electrode and biocompatible ionic liquid for supercapacitor applications. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Effect of Functionalization with Potassium Atoms on the Electronic Properties of a 3D Glass-like Nanomaterial Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes: In Silico Study. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6070186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, using the self-consistent charge density-functional tight-binding (SCC DFTB) method, we perform an in silico study of the effect of functionalization by potassium atoms on the electronic properties of a new configuration of the glass-like carbon (GLC) reinforced with (4,4) and (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The method of classical molecular dynamics was used to obtain energetically stable GLC configurations with different mass fractions of potassium. It is found that with an increase in the mass fraction of SWCNTs, the elasticity of GLC increases. It is shown that when the GLC structure reinforced with SWCNTs is filled with potassium, the number of available electronic states at the Fermi level increases compared to GLC without nanotubes, which significantly improves the emission and electrophysical characteristics of the carbon nanomaterial. For most structures, at a potassium/carbon mass ratio of 1:100 (0.01), an increase in the Fermi energy is observed, and, hence, a decrease in the work function. The maximum decrease in the work function by ~0.3 eV was achieved at a mass ratio of potassium/carbon of 1:4.5 (0.23) for GLC reinforced with (6,5) SWCNTs. It is revealed that, at a mass ratio of potassium/carbon of 1:28.5 (0.035), the quantum capacitance of GLC reinforced with (4,4) and (6,5) SWCNTs increases by ~9.4% (1752.63 F/g) and 24.1% (2092.04 F/g), respectively, as compared to GLC without nanotubes (1587.93 F/g). Based on the results obtained, the prospects for the application of the proposed GLC configuration in emission electronics devices are predicted.
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6
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Douglas T, Yoo S, Dutta P. Ionic Liquid Solutions Show Anomalous Crowding Behavior at an Electrode Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6322-6329. [PMID: 35544610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
X-ray reflectivity was used to study the several-nanometer-thick "crowded" layers that form at the interfaces between a planar electrode and concentrated solutions of ionic liquids. The ionic liquid [P14,6,6,6]+[NTf2]- was dissolved in either strongly polar propylene carbonate or weakly polar dimethyl carbonate. In the range of 19-100 vol % ionic liquid, between working electrode potentials +2 and +2.75 V, uniform 2-7 nm thick interfacial layers were observed. These layers are not pure anions but contain three to five times as many anions as cations and about the same percentage of solvent as the bulk solution. On the other side of the layer, the density is that of the bulk solution. These features are inconsistent with a picture of the crowded layer as a region of pure, close-packed counterions. Not only the layer thickness but also the charge density decrease with increasing dilution at any given applied voltage. This appears to indicate, counterintuitively, that a thinner layer with lower net charge density will screen an electric field as effectively as a thicker layer with higher charge density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Douglas
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sangjun Yoo
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pulak Dutta
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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7
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Ye BB, Wang ZG. A coarse-grained model of room-temperature ionic liquids between metal electrodes: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11573-11584. [PMID: 35522924 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00166g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent mean-field theories predict that room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) undergo a spontaneous surface charge separation (SSCS) with no applied potential. In this study, we construct a coarse-grained molecular model that corresponds to the mean-field models to directly simulate the behavior of RTILs without invoking mean-field approximations. In addition to observing the SSCS transition, we highlight the importance of the image charge interactions and explore the enhanced in-plane ordering on the electrodes, two effects not accounted for by the mean-field theories. By calculating and comparing the differential capacitance for RTILs confined between perfectly conducting and non-metal electrodes, we show that the image charge interactions drastically improve the energy storage properties of RTIL EDLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bobin Ye
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA.
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA.
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8
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Zhao J, Gorbatovski G, Oll O, Anderson E, Lust E. Influence of water on the electrochemical characteristics and nanostructure of Bi(hkl)│Ionic liquid interface. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Uralcan B, Uralcan IB. Origin of Enhanced Performance in Nanoporous Electrical Double Layer Capacitors: Insights on Micropore Structure and Electrolyte Composition from Molecular Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16800-16808. [PMID: 35377144 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We explore the effect of solvation and micropore structure on the energy storage performance of electrical double layer capacitors using constant potential molecular dynamics simulations of realistically modeled nanoporous carbon electrodes and ionic liquid/organic solvent mixtures. We show that the time-dependent charging profiles of electrodes with larger pores reach the plateau regime faster, while the charging time has a nonmonotonic dependence on ion concentration, mirroring the composition dependence of bulk electrolyte conductivity. When the average pore size of the electrode is similar to or slightly larger than the size of a solvated ion, the solvation enhances ion electrosorption into nanopores by disrupting anion-cation coordination and decreasing the barrier to counterion penetration while blocking the co-ions. In these systems, areal capacitance exhibits a significant nonmonotonic dependence on ion concentration, in which capacitance increases with the introduction of solvent in the concentrated regime followed by a decrease with further dilution. This gives rise to a maximum in capacitance at intermediate dilution levels. When pores are significantly larger than solvated ions, capacitance maximum weakens and eventually disappears. These findings provide novel insights on the combined effect of electrolyte composition and electrode pore size on the charging kinetics and equilibrium behavior of realistically modeled electrical double layer capacitors. Generalization of the approach developed here can facilitate the rational optimization of material properties for electrical double layer capacitor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Uralcan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Beyza Uralcan
- Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Varner S, Wang ZG. Effects of dilution in ionic liquid supercapacitors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:27362-27374. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03398d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dilution in room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) supercapacitors leads to interesting tricritical phase behavior within the mean-field treatment. The RTIL concentration is a valuable handle for optimizing capacitance and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Varner
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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11
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12
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Abstract
Recent experiments have shown that the repulsive force between atomically flat, like-charged surfaces confining room-temperature ionic liquids or concentrated electrolytes exhibits an anomalously large decay length. In our previous publication [J. Zeman, S. Kondrat, and C. Holm, Chem. Commun. 56, 15635 (2020)], we showed by means of extremely large-scale molecular dynamics simulations that this so-called underscreening effect might not be a feature of bulk electrolytes. Herein, we corroborate these findings by providing additional results with more detailed analyses and expand our investigations to ionic liquids under confinement. Unlike in bulk systems, where screening lengths are computed from the decay of interionic potentials of mean force, we extract such data in confined systems from cumulative charge distributions. At high concentrations, our simulations show increasing screening lengths with increasing electrolyte concentration, consistent with classical liquid state theories. However, our analyses demonstrate that-also for confined systems-there is no anomalously large screening length. As expected, the screening lengths determined for ionic liquids under confinement are in good quantitative agreement with the screening lengths of the same ionic systems in bulk. In addition, we show that some theoretical models used in the literature to relate the measured screening lengths to other observables are inapplicable to highly concentrated electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zeman
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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13
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Li DD, Li EC, Yang YR, Wang XD, Feng G. Structure and Capacitance of Electrical Double Layers in Tricationic Ionic Liquids with Organic Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12753-12762. [PMID: 34766766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tricationic ionic liquid (TIL) electrolytes have been successfully employed in supercapacitors with graphene electrodes, but the low power density of the TILs-based supercapacitors caused by strong cations-anions associations requires enhancement by adding organic solvents to the liquid. In this paper, the role of the solvents acetonitrile (ACN) and ethylene carbonate (EC) on the ion diffusion, the conductivity of the TIL [C6(mim)3](Tf2N)3, and the structures and the capacitances of the electrical double layers (EDLs) in TIL/ACN and TIL/EC electrolytes were probed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results indicate that adding organic solvents to the liquid significantly reduces interactions between ions, thereby greatly improving the ion diffusion coefficients and the conductivity of the TIL, and the maximum conductivity is found at the 0.55 M TIL/ACN electrolyte concentration. Moreover, the reduced packing of counterions and the strong expulsion of coions near charged electrodes are observed in the organic electrolytes, especially in the TIL/EC electrolyte. Further analyses on EDLs affirm that the asymmetric camel-shaped differential capacitance-voltage (C-V) curve in the pure TIL electrolyte is weakly changed by the solvent ACN or EC. Besides, the EDL capacitance in the TIL-based hybrid electrolytes is improved slightly by the organic solvents. Comparing the integral capacitances in TIL/ACN and TIL/EC with different solvent contents, it is found that reducing the solvent polarity may be more beneficial to promote the EDL capacitance. Comprehensively, in this work, the 0.55 M TIL/ACN electrolyte is the optimal choice for the high-performance supercapacitor. Hence, solvating TIL electrolytes in supercapacitors by suitable solvents can effectively enhance the power density without compromising energy density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.,Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Er-Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.,Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yan-Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.,Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.,Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Guang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
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14
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Sanchez-Fernandez A, Jackson AJ, Prévost SF, Doutch JJ, Edler KJ. Long-Range Electrostatic Colloidal Interactions and Specific Ion Effects in Deep Eutectic Solvents. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14158-14168. [PMID: 34459188 PMCID: PMC8431340 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the traditional consensus dictates that high ion concentrations lead to negligible long-range electrostatic interactions, we demonstrate that electrostatic correlations prevail in deep eutectic solvents where intrinsic ion concentrations often surpass 2.5 M. Here we present an investigation of intermicellar interactions in 1:2 choline chloride:glycerol and 1:2 choline bromide:glycerol using small-angle neutron scattering. Our results show that long-range electrostatic repulsions between charged colloidal particles occur in these solvents. Interestingly, micelle morphology and electrostatic interactions are modulated by specific counterion condensation at the micelle interface despite the exceedingly high concentration of the native halide from the solvent. This modulation follows the trends described by the Hofmeister series for specific ion effects. The results are rationalized in terms of predominant ion-ion correlations, which explain the reduction in the effective ionic strength of the continuum and the observed specific ion effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J. Jackson
- European
Spallation Source, Box
176, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| | | | - James J. Doutch
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Karen J. Edler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K.
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15
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Qing L, Zhao S, Wang ZG. Surface Charge Density in Electrical Double Layer Capacitors with Nanoscale Cathode-Anode Separation. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:625-636. [PMID: 33405923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Using a dynamic density functional theory, we study the charging dynamics, the final equilibrium structure, and the energy storage in an electrical double layer capacitor with nanoscale cathode-anode separation in a slit geometry. We derive a simple expression for the surface charge density that naturally separates the effects of the charge polarization due to the ions from those due to the polarization of the dielectric medium and allows a more intuitive understanding of how the ion distribution within the cell affects the surface charge density. We find that charge neutrality in the half-cell does not hold during the dynamic charging process for any cathode-anode separation, and also does not hold at the final equilibrium state for small separations. Therefore, the charge accumulation in the half-cell in general does not equal the surface charge density. The relationships between the surface charge density and the charge accumulation within the half-cell are systematically investigated by tuning the electrolyte concentration, cathode-anode separation, and applied voltage. For high electrolyte concentrations, we observe charge inversion at which the charge accumulation exceeds the surface charge at special values of the separation. In addition, we find that the energy density has a maximum at intermediate electrolyte concentrations for a high applied voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leying Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shuangliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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16
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Gu C, Yin L, Li S, Zhang B, Liu X, Yan T. Differential capacitance of ionic liquid and mixture with organic solvent. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Munteshari O, Borenstein A, DeBlock RH, Lau J, Whang G, Zhou Y, Likitchatchawankun A, Kaner RB, Dunn B, Pilon L. In Operando Calorimetric Measurements for Activated Carbon Electrodes in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes under Large Potential Windows. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1013-1026. [PMID: 31808623 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of the potential window on heat generation in carbon-based electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) with ionic-liquid (IL)-based electrolytes using in operando calorimetry. The EDLCs consisted of two identical activated-carbon electrodes with either neat 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide ([Pyr14 ][TFSI]) electrolyte or 1.0 m [Pyr14 ][TFSI] in propylene carbonate (PC) as electrolyte. The instantaneous heat generation rate at each electrode was measured under galvanostatic cycling for different potential windows ranging from 1 to 4 V. First, the heat generation rates at the positive and negative electrodes differed significantly in neat IL owing to the differences in the ion sizes and diffusion coefficients. However, these differences were minimized when the IL was diluted in PC. Second, for EDLC in neat [Pyr14 ][TFSI] at high potential window (4 V), a pronounced endothermic peak was observed at the beginning of the charging step at the positive electrode owing to TFSI- intercalation in the activated carbon. On the other hand, for EDLC in 1.0 m [Pyr14 ][TFSI] in PC at potential window above 3 V, an endothermic peak was observed only at the negative electrode owing to the decomposition of PC. Third, for both neat and diluted [Pyr14 ][TFSI] electrolytes, the irreversible heat generation rate increased with increasing potential window and exceeded Joule heating. This was attributed to the effect of potential-dependent charge redistribution resistance. A further increase in the irreversible heat generation rate was observed for the largest potential windows owing to the degradation of the PC solvent. Finally, for both types of electrolyte, the reversible heat generation rate increased with increasing potential window because of the increase in the amount of ion adsorbed/desorbed at the electrode/electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaidallah Munteshari
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arie Borenstein
- Chemistry Department, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Ryan H DeBlock
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan Lau
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Grace Whang
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yucheng Zhou
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ampol Likitchatchawankun
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bruce Dunn
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Pilon
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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18
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Dong C, Yu Y, Zhang X, Huang L, Wu Y, Li J, Liu Z. An ionic liquid-modified reduced graphene oxide electrode material with favourable electrochemical properties. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00914h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The supercapacitor assembled by a RGO–IL material showed an outstanding energy density (50.19 W h kg−1) and could light an LED for 30 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Yijia Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Liyan Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Zhengping Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
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19
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Mahanta U, Kundu D, Venkatesh RP, Sujatha S, Ilangovan SA, Banerjee T. Electrochemical Performance and Molecular Structure of Diluted 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Ionic Liquids and Their Mixture as Electrolytes for Double-Layer Capacitors: An Integrated Approach by Electrochemical Characterization and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Mahanta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Debashis Kundu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - R. Prasanna Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | | | | | - Tamal Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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20
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Zhang Y, Cummings PT. Effects of Solvent Concentration on the Performance of Ionic-Liquid/Carbon Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42680-42689. [PMID: 31608619 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effects of solvent concentration on the bulk properties of an ion liquid electrolyte and the electrochemical performance on carbon-based electrodes, including pristine graphene, oxidized graphene, graphene armchair edge, graphene zigzag edge, onion-like carbon, and slit-pore carbon. We find that diluting the electrolyte reduces the number of ion pairs in the bulk and improves ion dynamics. The capacitance of the two-edge electrodes decreases monotonically as the solvent concentration increases, while the capacitance of other nonedge electrodes exhibits nonmonotonic behavior and a capacitance maximum is observed. Further analyses on the electric double layer reveals two competing factors: solvation reduces the charge overscreening effect, but it also causes the dilution of absorbed ion concentration. While the former increases the capacitance in the low dilution regime, the latter decreases the capacitance in the high dilution regime. In addition, the dilution also significantly improves the ion dynamics at the interface. Our simulation results demonstrate that diluting an ionic liquid electrolyte could potentially boost the power density while maintaining or even slightly increasing the energy density with a careful selection of solvent concentrations on a nonedge carbon electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37225 , United States
| | - Peter T Cummings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37225 , United States
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21
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Effect of alkali and halide ion doping on the energy storage characteristics of ionic liquid based supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.06.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes for Energy Efficient Electrical Double Layer Capacitor: Insights from Molecular Dynamics and Electrochemical Characterization. J SOLUTION CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-019-00898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Su H, Lian C, Liu J, Liu H. Machine learning models for solvent effects on electric double layer capacitance. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Ludwig NB, Dasbiswas K, Talapin DV, Vaikuntanathan S. Describing screening in dense ionic fluids with a charge-frustrated Ising model. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:164505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5043410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B. Ludwig
- The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, USA
| | - Kinjal Dasbiswas
- The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, USA
| | - Dmitri V. Talapin
- The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, USA
| | - Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan
- The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, USA
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25
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Coupette F, Lee AA, Härtel A. Screening Lengths in Ionic Fluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:075501. [PMID: 30169089 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.075501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The decay of correlations in ionic fluids is a classical problem in soft matter physics that underpins applications ranging from controlling colloidal self-assembly to batteries and supercapacitors. The conventional wisdom, based on analyzing a solvent-free electrolyte model, suggests that all correlation functions between species decay with a common decay length in the asymptotic far field limit. Nonetheless, a solvent is present in many electrolyte systems. We show using an analytical theory and molecular dynamics simulations that multiple decay lengths can coexist in the asymptotic limit as well as at intermediate distances once a hard sphere solvent is considered. Our analysis provides an explanation for the recently observed discontinuous change in the structural force across a thin film of ionic liquid-solvent mixtures as the composition is varied, as well as reframes recent debates in the literature about the screening length in concentrated electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Coupette
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alpha A Lee
- Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Härtel
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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26
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McDaniel JG, Son CY. Ion Correlation and Collective Dynamics in BMIM/BF4-Based Organic Electrolytes: From Dilute Solutions to the Ionic Liquid Limit. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:7154-7169. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b04886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse G. McDaniel
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Chang Yun Son
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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27
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Vargas-Barbosa NM, Roling B. Time-resolved determination of the potential of zero charge at polycrystalline Au/ionic liquid interfaces. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:193820. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5016300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nella M. Vargas-Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Roling
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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28
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Zhang Q, Liu X, Yin L, Chen P, Wang Y, Yan T. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on the capacitance of ionic liquid–acetonitrile electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Applied Physics; University of Fukui; 3-9-1 Bunkyo Fukui 910-0017 Japan
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Applied Physics; University of Fukui; 3-9-1 Bunkyo Fukui 910-0017 Japan
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30
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McDaniel JG. Polarization Effects in Binary [BMIM+][BF4–]/1,2-Dichloroethane, Acetone, Acetonitrile, and Water Electrolytes. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:4345-4355. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse G. McDaniel
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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31
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He J, Al-Masri D, MacFarlane DR, Pringle JM. Temperature dependence of the electrode potential of a cobalt-based redox couple in ionic liquid electrolytes for thermal energy harvesting. Faraday Discuss 2018; 190:205-18. [PMID: 27200437 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the application of technologies for harvesting waste heat could make a significant contribution to sustainable energy production. Thermoelectrochemical cells are one such emerging technology, where the thermal response of a redox couple in an electrolyte is used to generate a potential difference across a cell when a temperature gradient exists. The unique physical properties of ionic liquids make them ideal for application as electrolytes in these devices. One of the keys to utilizing these media in efficient thermoelectrochemical cells is achieving high Seebeck coefficients, Se: the thermodynamic quantity that determines the magnitude of the voltage achieved per unit temperature difference. Here, we report the Se and cell performance of a cobalt-based redox couple in a range of different ionic liquids, to investigate the influence of the nature of the IL on the thermodynamics and cell performance of the redox system. The results reported include the highest Se to-date for an IL-based electrolyte. The effect of diluting the different ILs with propylene carbonate is also reported, which results in a significant increase in the output powers and current densities of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjing He
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Danah Al-Masri
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Douglas R MacFarlane
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Pringle
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
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32
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Jitvisate M, Seddon JRT. Direct Measurement of the Differential Capacitance of Solvent-Free and Dilute Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:126-131. [PMID: 29256620 PMCID: PMC6150683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Differential capacitance is a key quantity in the understanding of electrical double-layer charging of electrolytes. However, experimental observations of ionic liquid systems are controversial, inconsistent, and often unable of confirming or refuting existing theories as well as highlighting discrepancies between the measurement techniques. We study the differential capacitance in both pure and dilute ionic liquids at room temperature. Using chronoamperometry to measure the differential capacitance of the liquids at a polycrystalline platinum electrode, we find good agreement between the measured capacitance curves and the extended mean-field model of Goodwin-Kornyshev [Goodwin, Z. A.; et al. Electrochim. Acta. 2017, 225, 190-197]. A crossover is found from the pure to the dilute regime, as shown by a transition from a camel-shape capacitance curve to a U-like one, together with a nonmonotonic dependence of capacitance with electrolyte concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monchai Jitvisate
- Nanoionics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - James R T Seddon
- Physics of Complex Fluids, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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33
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She Z, Ghosh D, Pope MA. Decorating Graphene Oxide with Ionic Liquid Nanodroplets: An Approach Leading to Energy-Dense, High-Voltage Supercapacitors. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10077-10087. [PMID: 28956904 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A major stumbling block in the development of high energy density graphene-based supercapacitors has been maintaining high ion-accessible surface area combined with high electrode density. Herein, we develop an ionic liquid (IL)-surfactant microemulsion system that is found to facilitate the spontaneous adsorption of IL-filled micelles onto graphene oxide (GO). This adsorption distributes the IL over all available surface area and provides an aqueous formulation that can be slurry cast onto current collectors, leaving behind a dense nanocomposite film of GO/IL/surfactant. By removing the surfactant and reducing the GO through a low-temperature (360 °C) heat treatment, the IL plays a dual role of spacer and electrolyte. We study the effect of IL content and operating temperature on the performance, demonstrating a record high gravimetric capacitance (302 F/g at 1 A/g) for 80 wt % IL composites. At 60 wt % IL, combined high capacitance and bulk density (0.76 g/cm3), yields one of the highest volumetric capacitances (218 F/cm3, at 1 A/g) ever reported for a high-voltage IL-based supercapacitor. While achieving promising rate performance and cycle-life, the approach also eliminates the long and costly electrolyte imbibition step of cell assembly as the electrolyte is cast directly with the electrode material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimin She
- Quantum-Nano Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debasis Ghosh
- Quantum-Nano Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University , Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramangaram, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Michael A Pope
- Quantum-Nano Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
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34
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Vovchynskyi IS, Kolesnik YV, Filatov YI, Kalugin ON. Molecular modelling on solutions of 1-1′-spirobipirrolidinium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Yang PY, Ju SP, Hsieh HS, Lin JS. The diffusion behavior and capacitance of tetraethylammonium/tetrafluoroborate ions in acetonitrile with different molar concentrations: a molecular dynamics study. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09465e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with the optimized potentials for liquid simulations-all atom (OPLS-AA) force field was carried out to investigate the dynamic behaviors of organic electrolyte molecules between a graphite cathode and anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering
- National Sun Yat-sen University
- Kaohsiung 804
- Taiwan
| | - Shin-Pon Ju
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering
- National Sun Yat-sen University
- Kaohsiung 804
- Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
| | - Hua-Sheng Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering
- National Sun Yat-sen University
- Kaohsiung 804
- Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Sen Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- National United University
- Miaoli 360
- Taiwan
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36
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Lee AA, Perez-Martinez CS, Smith AM, Perkin S. Underscreening in concentrated electrolytes. Faraday Discuss 2017; 199:239-259. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Screening of a surface charge by an electrolyte and the resulting interaction energy between charged objects is of fundamental importance in scenarios from bio-molecular interactions to energy storage. The conventional wisdom is that the interaction energy decays exponentially with object separation and the decay length is a decreasing function of ion concentration; the interaction is thus negligible in a concentrated electrolyte. Contrary to this conventional wisdom, we have shown by surface force measurements that the decay length is an increasing function of ion concentration and Bjerrum length for concentrated electrolytes. In this paper we report surface force measurements to test directly the scaling of the screening length with Bjerrum length. Furthermore, we identify a relationship between the concentration dependence of this screening length and empirical measurements of activity coefficient and differential capacitance. The dependence of the screening length on the ion concentration and the Bjerrum length can be explained by a simple scaling conjecture based on the physical intuition that solvent molecules, rather than ions, are charge carriers in a concentrated electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpha A. Lee
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Carla S. Perez-Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
| | - Alexander M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
| | - Susan Perkin
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
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37
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Gebbie MA, Smith AM, Dobbs HA, Lee AA, Warr GG, Banquy X, Valtiner M, Rutland MW, Israelachvili JN, Perkin S, Atkin R. Long range electrostatic forces in ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1214-1224. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence for long range surface forces in ionic liquids is collated and examined, key outstanding questions are identified, and possible mechanisms underpinning these long range forces are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Gebbie
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Alexander M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Howard A. Dobbs
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- UK
| | - Alpha A. Lee
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- School of Chemistry
- F11
- The University of Sydney
- NSW 2006
- Australia
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universite de Montreal
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - Markus Valtiner
- Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering
- Max Planck Institut fur Eisenforschung GmbH
- Dusseldorf
- Germany
| | - Mark W. Rutland
- Surface and Corrosion Science
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- SE-10044 Stockholm
- Sweden
- SP Chemistry Materials and Surfaces
| | | | - Susan Perkin
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Rob Atkin
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluid Interfaces
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
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38
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Docampo-Álvarez B, Gómez-González V, Montes-Campos H, Otero-Mato JM, Méndez-Morales T, Cabeza O, Gallego LJ, Lynden-Bell RM, Ivaništšev VB, Fedorov MV, Varela LM. Molecular dynamics simulation of the behaviour of water in nano-confined ionic liquid-water mixtures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:464001. [PMID: 27623714 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/46/464001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the behaviour of water molecules in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid under nanoconfinement, between graphene sheets. By means of molecular dynamics simulations, the adsorption of water molecules at the graphene surface is studied. A depletion of water molecules in the vicinity of the neutral and negatively charged graphene surfaces, and their adsorption at the positively charged surface are observed in line with the preferential hydration of the ionic liquid anions. The findings are appropriately described using a two-level statistical model. The confinement effect on the structure and dynamics of the mixtures is thoroughly analyzed using the density and the potential of mean force profiles, as well as by the vibrational densities of the states of water molecules near the graphene surface. The orientation of water molecules and the water-induced structural transitions in the layer closest to the graphene surface are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Docampo-Álvarez
- Departamento de Física da Materia Condensada, Facultade de Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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39
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Lee AA, Perkin S. Ion-Image Interactions and Phase Transition at Electrolyte-Metal Interfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2753-2757. [PMID: 27383455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The arrangement of ions near a metallic electrode is crucial to energy storage in electrical double-layer capacitors. Classic Poisson-Boltzmann theory predicts that the charge stored in the double layer is a continuous function of applied voltage. However, recent experiments and simulations strongly suggest the presence of a voltage-induced first-order phase transition in the electrical double layer, leading to a hysteretic response: the capacitance-voltage relation is dependent on whether the voltage is increasing or decreasing. By developing a simple analytical model, we show that ion-image interaction could explain this phase transition. Moreover, our model shows that the presence of phase transition depends on the bulk energy of the ionic liquid. Our results justify mixing ionic liquids with solvents as a way to achieve large capacitance and avoid hysteresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpha A Lee
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Susan Perkin
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
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40
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Uralcan B, Aksay IA, Debenedetti PG, Limmer DT. Concentration Fluctuations and Capacitive Response in Dense Ionic Solutions. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2333-2338. [PMID: 27259040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We use molecular dynamics simulations in a constant potential ensemble to study the effects of solution composition on the electrochemical response of a double layer capacitor. We find that the capacitance first increases with ion concentration following its expected ideal solution behavior but decreases upon approaching a pure ionic liquid in agreement with recent experimental observations. The nonmonotonic behavior of the capacitance as a function of ion concentration results from the competition between the independent motion of solvated ions in the dilute regime and solvation fluctuations in the concentrated regime. Mirroring the capacitance, we find that the characteristic decay length of charge density correlations away from the electrode is also nonmonotonic. The correlation length first decreases with ion concentration as a result of better electrostatic screening but increases with ion concentration as a result of enhanced steric interactions. When charge fluctuations induced by correlated ion-solvent fluctuations are large relative to those induced by the pure ionic liquid, such capacitive behavior is expected to be generic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Uralcan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University , Princeton New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ilhan A Aksay
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University , Princeton New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Pablo G Debenedetti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University , Princeton New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David T Limmer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University , Princeton New Jersey 08544, United States
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41
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Smith AM, Lee AA, Perkin S. The Electrostatic Screening Length in Concentrated Electrolytes Increases with Concentration. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2157-2163. [PMID: 27216986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
According to classical electrolyte theories interactions in dilute (low ion density) electrolytes decay exponentially with distance, with the Debye screening length the characteristic length scale. This decay length decreases monotonically with increasing ion concentration due to effective screening of charges over short distances. Thus, within the Debye model no long-range forces are expected in concentrated electrolytes. Here we reveal, using experimental detection of the interaction between two planar charged surfaces across a wide range of electrolytes, that beyond the dilute (Debye-Hückel) regime the screening length increases with increasing concentration. The screening lengths for all electrolytes studied-including aqueous NaCl solutions, ionic liquids diluted with propylene carbonate, and pure ionic liquids-collapse onto a single curve when scaled by the dielectric constant. This nonmonotonic variation of the screening length with concentration, and its generality across ionic liquids and aqueous salt solutions, demonstrates an important characteristic of concentrated electrolytes of substantial relevance from biology to energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alpha A Lee
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Susan Perkin
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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