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Morla-Folch J, Ranzenigo A, Fayad ZA, Teunissen AJP. Nanotherapeutic Heterogeneity: Sources, Effects, and Solutions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307502. [PMID: 38050951 PMCID: PMC11045328 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have revolutionized medicine by enabling control over drugs' pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and biocompatibility. However, most nanotherapeutic batches are highly heterogeneous, meaning they comprise nanoparticles that vary in size, shape, charge, composition, and ligand functionalization. Similarly, individual nanotherapeutics often have heterogeneously distributed components, ligands, and charges. This review discusses nanotherapeutic heterogeneity's sources and effects on experimental readouts and therapeutic efficacy. Among other topics, it demonstrates that heterogeneity exists in nearly all nanotherapeutic types, examines how nanotherapeutic heterogeneity arises, and discusses how heterogeneity impacts nanomaterials' in vitro and in vivo behavior. How nanotherapeutic heterogeneity skews experimental readouts and complicates their optimization and clinical translation is also shown. Lastly, strategies for limiting nanotherapeutic heterogeneity are reviewed and recommendations for developing more reproducible and effective nanotherapeutics provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Morla-Folch
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Anna Ranzenigo
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Zahi Adel Fayad
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Abraham Jozef Petrus Teunissen
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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2
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Marie R, Rasmussen MK, Pedersen JN. Quantifying DNA-mediated liposome fusion kinetics with a fluidic trap. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2815-2822. [PMID: 37000534 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01658c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of synthetic lipid vesicles via lipid membrane fusion is a versatile tool for creating biomimetic nano- and micron-sized particles. These so-called liposomes are used in the development of biosensing platforms, design of drug delivery schemes, and for investigating protein-mediated fusion of biological membranes. This work demonstrates DNA-induced liposome fusion in a nanofluidic trap where the reaction occurs in a 15 femtoliter volume at homogeneous mixing. In contrast to current methods for fusion in bulk, we show that the fusion reaction follows second-order kinetics with a fusion rate of (170 ± 30)/(M-1s-1) times the square number of DNA molecules per liposome. The nanofluidic trapping gives a full characterization of the size and charge of the liposomes before and after fusion. The chip-based approach limits the amount of sample (down to 440 vesicles) and can be parallelized for systematic studies in synthetic biology, diagnostics, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Marie
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads Build. 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Martin K Rasmussen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads Build. 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jonas N Pedersen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads Build. 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Wright L, Wignall A, Jõemetsa S, Joyce P, Prestidge CA. A membrane-free microfluidic approach to mucus permeation for efficient differentiation of mucoadhesive and mucopermeating nanoparticulate systems. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1088-1101. [PMID: 36520273 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucus barrier is a widely overlooked yet essential component of the intestinal epithelium, responsible for the body's protection against harmful pathogens and particulates. This, coupled with the increasing utilisation of biological molecules as therapeutics (e.g. monoclonal antibodies, RNA vaccines and synthetic proteins) and nanoparticle formulations for drug delivery, necessitates that we consider the additional absorption barrier that the mucus layer may pose. It is imperative that in vitro permeability methods can accurately model this barrier in addition to standardised cellular testing. In this study, a mucus-on-a-chip (MOAC) microfluidic device was engineered and developed to quantify the permeation kinetics of nanoparticles through a biorelevant synthetic mucus layer. Three equivalently sized nanoparticle systems, formulated from chitosan (CSNP), mesoporous silica (MSNP) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA-NP) were prepared to encompass various surface chemistries and nanostructures and were assessed for their mucopermeation within the MOAC. Utilising this device, the mucoadhesive behaviour of chitosan nanoparticles was clearly visualised, a phenomenon not often observed via standard permeation models. In contrast, MSNP and PLGA-NP displayed mucopermeation, with significant differences in permeation pattern due to specific mucus-nanoparticle binding. Further optimisation of the MOAC to include a more biorelevant mucus mimic resulted in 5.5-fold hindered PLGA-NP permeation compared to a mucin solution. Furthermore, tracking of PLGA-NP at a single nanoparticle resolution revealed rank-order correlations between particle diffusivity and MOAC permeation. This device, including utilisation of biosimilar mucus, provides a unique ability to quantify both mucoadhesion and mucopenetration of nano-formulations and elucidate mucus binding interactions on a microscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Wright
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony Wignall
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Silver Jõemetsa
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul Joyce
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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Olsén E, Jõemetsa S, González A, Joyce P, Zhdanov VP, Midtvedt D, Höök F. Diffusion of Lipid Nanovesicles Bound to a Lipid Membrane Is Associated with the Partial-Slip Boundary Condition. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8503-8509. [PMID: 34403260 PMCID: PMC8517973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During diffusion of nanoparticles bound to a cellular membrane by ligand-receptor pairs, the distance to the laterally mobile interface is sufficiently short for their motion to depend not only on the membrane-mediated diffusivity of the tethers but also in a not yet fully understood manner on nanoparticle size and interfacial hydrodynamics. By quantifying diffusivity, velocity, and size of individual membrane-bound liposomes subjected to a hydrodynamic shear flow, we have successfully separated the diffusivity contributions from particle size and number of tethers. The obtained diffusion-size relations for synthetic and extracellular lipid vesicles are not well-described by the conventional no-slip boundary condition, suggesting partial slip as well as a significant diffusivity dependence on the distance to the lipid bilayer. These insights, extending the understanding of diffusion of biological nanoparticles at lipid bilayers, are of relevance for processes such as cellular uptake of viruses and lipid nanoparticles or labeling of cell-membrane-residing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Olsén
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Silver Jõemetsa
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Adrián González
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Paul Joyce
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- UniSA:
Clinical and Health Sciences, University
of South Australia, 5000 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Vladimir P. Zhdanov
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Boreskov
Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Daniel Midtvedt
- Department
of Physics, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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Andronico LA, Jiang Y, Jung SR, Fujimoto BS, Vojtech L, Chiu DT. Sizing Extracellular Vesicles Using Membrane Dyes and a Single Molecule-Sensitive Flow Analyzer. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5897-5905. [PMID: 33784071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous particles released by most cells in our body, which are involved in many cell-to-cell signaling processes. Given the nanometer sizes and heterogeneity of EVs, highly sensitive methods with single-molecule resolution are fundamental to investigating their biophysical properties. Here, we demonstrate the sizing of EVs using a fluorescence-based flow analyzer with single-molecule sensitivity. Using a dye that selectively partitions into the vesicle's membrane, we show that the fluorescence intensity of a vesicle is proportional to its diameter. We discuss the constraints in sample preparation which are inherent to sizing nanoscale vesicles with a fluorescent membrane dye and propose several guidelines to improve data consistency. After optimizing staining conditions, we were able to measure the size of vesicles in the range ∼35-300 nm, covering the spectrum of EV sizes. Lastly, we developed a method to correct the signal intensity from each vesicle based on its traveling speed inside the microfluidic channel, by operating at a high sampling rate (10 kHz) and measuring the time required for the particle to cross the laser beam. Using this correction, we obtained a threefold greater accuracy in EV sizing, with a precision of ±15-25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A Andronico
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, Washington, United States
| | - Yifei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, Washington, United States
| | - Seung-Ryoung Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, Washington, United States
| | - Bryant S Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, Washington, United States
| | - Lucia Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, Washington, United States
| | - Daniel T Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, Washington, United States
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