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Zhao Y, Cui W, Shen Q, Zhao S, Qiu Y, Chen F, Lin J, Fang C, Zhu L. Zwitterionic nanospheres engineered co-polymer composite membrane for precise protein-protein separation via dynamic self-assembly micelle deposition. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 243:114118. [PMID: 39079187 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
The accurate protein-protein separation is important but technically challenging. Achieving such a precise separation using membrane requires the selective channels with appropriate pore geometry structure and high anti-fouling property. In this study, polyethersulfone-b-poly(sulfobetaine methyl methacrylate) (PES-b-PSBMA) was synthesized and engineered onto polysulfone (PSF) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane to fabricate zwitterionic nanospheres engineered co-polymer (ZN-e-CoP) composite membrane via dynamic self-assembly micelle deposition. On the one hand, self-assembly zwitterionic nanospheres were used as blocks to construct hydrophilic layers with size-dependent sieving channels, endowing ZN-e-CoP composite membranes with enhanced permselectivity and protein-protein separation abilities, meanwhile zwitterionic groups from nanospheres reinforced the structure stability of nanospheres/nanospheres and nanospheres/membrane via multiple intermolecular interactions. On the other hand, zwitterionic nanospheres can induce to produce the hydration layer enveloping themselves by binding water molecules, where hydration layer acts as a protective barrier on the membrane surface, impeding the protein adhesion. Hence, ZN-e-CoP_1a composite membrane exhibited superior separation properties with Lysozyme/Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) separation factor of 18.1 and 95.4 % rejection against BSA, 10.1 and 2.3 times, respectively, higher these of pristine PSF membrane (1.8 and 42.1 %), without obviously sacrificing water flux. Simultaneously, hydration layer enables the ZN-e-CoP_1a membrane with enhanced anti-fouling performance and durability during the long-term operations. The proposed approach opens new pathways to fabricate excellent anti-fouling membranes for precise protein-protein separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhao
- Chemistry Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wenshuo Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qin Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China; International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, P. R. China.
| | - Shuzhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China; International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, P. R. China
| | - Yayu Qiu
- Chemistry Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Fang Chen
- Chemistry Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jiuyang Lin
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, P. R. China
| | - Chuanjie Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China; International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, P. R. China.
| | - Liping Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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2
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Petukhov DI, Weston J, Valeev RG, Johnson DJ. Graphene Oxide Surface Modification of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membrane via Langmuir-Blodgett Technique: Balancing Performance and Antifouling Properties. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:172. [PMID: 39195424 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The reverse osmosis water treatment process is prone to fouling issues, prompting the exploration of various membrane modification techniques to address this challenge. The primary objective of this study was to develop a precise method for modifying the surface of reverse osmosis membranes to enhance their antifouling properties. The Langmuir-Blodgett technique was employed to transfer aminated graphene oxide films assembled at the air-liquid interface, under specific surface pressure conditions, to the polyamide surface with pre-activated carboxylic groups. The microstructure and distribution of graphene oxide along the modified membrane were characterized using SEM, AFM, and Raman mapping techniques. Modification carried out at the optimal surface pressure value improved the membrane hydrophilicity and reduced the surface roughness, thereby enhancing the antifouling properties against colloidal fouling. The flux recovery ratio after modification increased from 65% to 87%, maintaining high permeability. The modified membranes exhibited superior performance compared to the unmodified membranes during long-term fouling tests. This membrane modification technique can be easily scaled using the roll-to-roll approach and requires minimal consumption of the modifier used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii I Petukhov
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
- Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - James Weston
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rishat G Valeev
- Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Brunch of Russian Academy of Sciences (UdmFRC of UB RAS), Izhevsk 426067, Russia
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
- Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Alnumani A, Abutaleb A, Park B, Mubashir M. Recent advancement on water filtration membranes: Navigating biofouling challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118615. [PMID: 38437904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the field of antifouling membranes for water filtration and desalination applications, specifically focusing on two-dimensional materials. The study examines the importance of these membranes in the context of climate change and its effects on coastal ecosystems. The occurrence of biofouling in seawater desalination membranes is closely connected to intricate processes influenced by factors such as water quality, microbial communities, hydrodynamics, and membrane properties. Microorganism adhesion initiates the process, which then advances into irreversible attachment and the creation of biofilm. Detached pieces contribute to the perpetuation of fouling. Biofouling is caused by a variety of biomaterials and organics, including bacteria, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), proteins, and humic compounds. Innovative methods such as surface alterations using two-dimensional materials like graphene and graphene oxide, as well as the use of biofouling-resistant materials, provide promising possibilities. These materials have antifouling characteristics, making them environmentally beneficial options that reduce the need for chemical cleaning. Their application improves the water treatment process by preventing fouling and enhancing membrane performance. Real-world research applications can enhance and optimize these tactics to effectively reduce biofouling in seawater desalination systems, hence improving efficiency and sustainability. This is particularly important in light of climate change and its impact on coastal ecosystems. The findings obtained from the literature review emphasise the utmost significance of tackling biofouling in the face of a changing environment, particularly with regard to microorganisms. Important factors to consider are the selection of coating materials, the implementation of environmentally friendly cleaning solutions made from natural chemicals, and the improvement of pretreatment systems. Green cleaning agents are important eco-friendly alternatives to typical biocides, as they possess antibacterial, antifungal, and antifouling capabilities. Given the existence of climate change, these observations serve as a basis for promoting environmentally friendly methods in water treatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Alnumani
- Water Technologies Innovation Institute & Research Advancement, Saline Water Conversion Corporation, WTIIRA-SWCC, Jubail, 35417, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman Abutaleb
- Water Technologies Innovation Institute & Research Advancement, Saline Water Conversion Corporation, WTIIRA-SWCC, Jubail, 35417, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Byungsung Park
- Water Technologies Innovation Institute & Research Advancement, Saline Water Conversion Corporation, WTIIRA-SWCC, Jubail, 35417, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Water Technologies Innovation Institute & Research Advancement, Saline Water Conversion Corporation, WTIIRA-SWCC, Jubail, 35417, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Gohain MB, Karki S, Ingole PG. Cellulose acetate, a source from discarded cigarette butts for the development of mixed matrix loose nanofiltration membranes for selective separation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132197. [PMID: 38821793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
This study presents an environmentally friendly method for extracting cellulose acetate (CA) from discarded cigarette filters, which is then utilized in the fabrication of cellulose-based membranes designed for high flux and rejection rates. CA membranes are likeable to separate dyes and ions, but their separation efficiency is exposed when the contaminant concentration is very low. So, we have integrated graphene oxide (GO) and carboxylated titanium dioxide (COOH-TiO2) in CA to develop mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) and studied them against dyes and most used salts. The CA has been extracted from these butts and added GO and COOH-TiO2 nanoparticles to develop MMMs. The present work administers the effective separation of five dyes (methyl orange, methyl violet, methylene blue, cresol red, and malachite green) and salts (NaCl and Na2SO4) along with the high efficiency of water flux by prepared CA membranes. The prepared membranes rejected up to 94.94 % methyl violet, 91.28 % methyl orange, 88.28 % methylene blue, 89.91 % cresol red, and 91.70 % malachite green dye. Along with the dyes, the membranes showed ∼40.40 % and ∼ 42.97 % rejection of NaCl and Na2SO4 salts, respectively. Additionally, these membranes have tensile strength up to 1.54 MPa. Various characterization techniques were performed on all prepared CA membranes to comprehend their behaviour. The antibacterial activity of MMMs was investigated using the Muller-Hinton-Disk diffusion method against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). We believe the present work is an approach to utilizing waste materials into valuable products for environmental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moucham Borpatra Gohain
- Chemical Engineering Group, Engineering Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sachin Karki
- Chemical Engineering Group, Engineering Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Pravin G Ingole
- Chemical Engineering Group, Engineering Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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5
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Petukhov DI, Johnson DJ. Membrane modification with carbon nanomaterials for fouling mitigation: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 327:103140. [PMID: 38579462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in membrane modification for fouling mitigation in various water treatment processes, employing carbon nanomaterials such as fullerenes, nanodiamonds, carbon quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide. Currently, using different carbon nanomaterials for polymeric membrane fouling mitigation is at various stages: CNT-modified membranes have been studied for more than ten years and have already been tested in pilot-scale setups; tremendous attention has been paid to utilizing graphene oxide as a modifying agent, while the research on carbon quantum dots' influence on the membrane antifouling properties is in the early stages. Given the intricate nature of fouling as a colloidal phenomenon, the review initially delves into the factors influencing the fouling process and explores strategies to address it. The diverse chemistry and antibacterial properties of carbon nanomaterials make them valuable for mitigating scaling, colloidal, and biofouling. This review covers surface modification of existing membranes using different carbon materials, which can be implemented as a post-treatment procedure during membrane fabrication. Creating mixed-matrix membranes by incorporating carbon nanomaterials into the polymer matrix requires the development of new synthetic procedures. Additionally, it discusses promising strategies to actively suppress fouling through external influences on modified membranes. In the concluding section, the review compares the effectiveness of carbon materials of varying dimensions and identifies key characteristics influencing the antifouling properties of membranes modified with carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii I Petukhov
- Division of Engineering, Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- Division of Engineering, Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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6
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Sanei Z, Ghanbari T, Sharif A. Polyethylene glycol-grafted graphene oxide nanosheets in tailoring the structure and reverse osmosis performance of thin film composite membrane. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16940. [PMID: 37805619 PMCID: PMC10560276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introducing hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) within the polyamide (PA) layer of thin film composite (TFC) membranes helps achieve high water desalination performance. Here, PEGs of different molecular weights (X: 1500, 6000, 16,000 g/mol) are effectively introduced into the PA layer of TFC membranes utilizing PEG-grafted graphene oxide (GOPX) nanosheets and their effects on the physicochemical properties and reverse osmosis (RO) performance of the thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes are investigated. Among the TFNs prepared the GOP16000/TFN exhibits the best performance with 68% improvement in water flux and almost constant salt rejection compared to those of the bare TFC. The influence of PEG molecular weight on the RO performance of the membranes is interpreted by different surface and bulk hydrophilicity as well as thickness and surface roughness of PA layers of GOPX/TFNs. Furthermore, TFNs with thinner and smoother PA layers and thus higher water flux are obtained by dispersing GOPXs in the aqueous phase of the PA interfacial polymerization reaction than by dispersing them in the organic phase of the reaction. Finally, the high antifouling potential of TFNs containing PEG-grafted GOs is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sanei
- Polymer Reaction Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-143, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taranom Ghanbari
- Polymer Reaction Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-143, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Sharif
- Polymer Reaction Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-143, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Gómez-Casanova N, Martín-Serrano Ortiz Á, Heredero-Bermejo I, Sánchez-Nieves J, Luis Copa-Patiño J, Javier de la Mata F. Potential anti-adhesion activity of novel carbosilane zwitterionic dendrimers against eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogenic microorganisms. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 191:158-165. [PMID: 37536578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of biofilms on different surfaces continues to be a major public health problem. The antimicrobial resistance and the difficulty of finding drugs capable of combating these established biofilms generates the urgent need to find compounds that prevent cells from settling and establishing of these complex communities of microorganisms. Zwitterionic modification of nanomaterials allows the formation of a hydration layer, and this highly hydrophilic surface provides antifouling properties as well as a good biocompatibility by preventing non-specific interactions. Thus, they are appropriate candidates to prevent microbial adhesion to different surfaces and, in consequence, avoid biofilm formation. For this reason, we have incorporated zwitterionic moieties in multivalent systems, as are carbosilane dendrimers. Characterization of these systems was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. It has been analysed if the new molecules have capacity to inhibit the biofilm formation in Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that they were more effective against S. aureus, observing a biofilm reduction of 81.5% treating with 32 mg/L of G2SiZWsf dendrimer and by 72.5% using 32 mg/L of the G3SiZWsf dendrimer. Finally, the absence of cytotoxicity was verified by haemolysis and cytotoxicity studies in human cells lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gómez-Casanova
- University of Alcalá, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Martín-Serrano Ortiz
- University of Alcalá, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- University of Alcalá, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Nieves
- University of Alcalá, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, Spain; Institute "Ramón y Cajal" for Health Research (IRYCIS), Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - José Luis Copa-Patiño
- University of Alcalá, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madrid, Spain.
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- University of Alcalá, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, Spain; Institute "Ramón y Cajal" for Health Research (IRYCIS), Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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8
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Trimethylamine N-oxide-derived zwitterionic polyamide thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes with enhanced anti-dye deposition ability for efficient dye separation and recovery. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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AlSawaftah N, Abuwatfa W, Darwish N, Husseini GA. A Review on Membrane Biofouling: Prediction, Characterization, and Mitigation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12121271. [PMID: 36557178 PMCID: PMC9787789 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is an increasing problem on every continent, which instigated the search for novel ways to provide clean water suitable for human use; one such way is desalination. Desalination refers to the process of purifying salts and contaminants to produce water suitable for domestic and industrial applications. Due to the high costs and energy consumption associated with some desalination techniques, membrane-based technologies have emerged as a promising alternative water treatment, due to their high energy efficiency, operational simplicity, and lower cost. However, membrane fouling is a major challenge to membrane-based separation as it has detrimental effects on the membrane's performance and integrity. Based on the type of accumulated foulants, fouling can be classified into particulate, organic, inorganic, and biofouling. Biofouling is considered the most problematic among the four fouling categories. Therefore, proper characterization and prediction of biofouling are essential for creating efficient control and mitigation strategies to minimize the damage associated with biofouling. Moreover, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in predicting membrane fouling has garnered a great deal of attention due to its adaptive capability and prediction accuracy. This paper presents an overview of the membrane biofouling mechanisms, characterization techniques, and predictive methods with a focus on AI-based techniques, and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour AlSawaftah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waad Abuwatfa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naif Darwish
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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10
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Shahbabaei M, Tang T. Molecular modeling of thin-film nanocomposite membranes for reverse osmosis water desalination. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29298-29327. [PMID: 36453147 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03839k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The scarcity of freshwater resources is a major global challenge causedby population and economic growth. Water desalination using a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane is a promising technology to supply potable water from seawater and brackish water. The advancement of RO desalination highly depends on new membrane materials. Currently, the RO technology mainly relies on polyamide thin-film composite (TFC) membranes, which suffer from several drawbacks (e.g., low water permeability, permeability-selectivity tradeoff, and low fouling resistance) that hamper their real-world applications. Nanoscale fillers with specific characteristics can be used to improve the properties of TFC membranes. Embedding nanofillers into TFC membranes using interfacial polymerization allows the creation of thin-film nanocomposite (TFNC) membranes, and has become an emerging strategy in the fabrication of high-performance membranes for advanced RO water desalination. To achieve optimal design, it is indispensable to search for reliable methods that can provide fast and accurate predictions of the structural and transport properties of the TFNC membranes. However, molecular understanding of permeability-selectivity characteristics of nanofillers remains limited, partially due to the challenges in experimentally exploring microscopic behaviors of water and salt ions in confinement. Molecular modeling and simulations can fill this gap by generating molecular-level insights into the effects of nanofillers' characteristics (e.g., shape, size, surface chemistry, and density) on water permeability and ion selectivity. In this review, we summarize molecular simulations of a diverse range of nanofillers including nanotubes (carbon nanotubes, boron nitride nanotubes, and aquaporin-mimicking nanochannels) and nanosheets (graphene, graphene oxide, boron nitride sheets, molybdenum disulfide, metal and covalent organic frameworks) for water desalination applications. These simulations reveal that water permeability and salt rejection, as the major factors determining the desalination performance of TFNC membranes, significantly depend on the size, topology, density, and chemical modifications of the nanofillers. Identifying their influences and the physicochemical processes behind, via molecular modeling, is expected to yield important insights for the fabrication and optimization of the next generation high-performance TFNC membranes for RO water desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Shahbabaei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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11
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Jing X, Wu Y, Wang D, Qu C, Liu J, Gao C, Mohamed A, Huang Q, Cai P, Ashry NM. Ionic Strength-Dependent Attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 on Graphene Oxide Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16707-16715. [PMID: 36378621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a widely used antimicrobial and antibiofouling material in surface modification. Although the antibacterial mechanisms of GO have been thoroughly elucidated, the dynamics of bacterial attachment on GO surfaces under environmentally relevant conditions remain largely unknown. In this study, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) was used to examine the dynamic attachment processes of a model organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 onto GO surface under different ionic strengths (1-600 mM NaCl). Our results show the highest bacterial attachment at moderate ionic strengths (200-400 mM). The quantitative model of QCM-D reveals that the enhanced bacterial attachment is attributed to the higher contact area between bacterial cells and GO surface. The extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis were employed to reveal the mechanisms of the bacteria-GO interactions under different ionic strengths. The strong electrostatic and steric repulsion at low ionic strengths (1-100 mM) was found to hinder the bacteria-GO interaction, while the limited polymer bridging caused by the collapse of biopolymer layers reduced cell attachment at a high ionic strength (600 mM). These findings advance our understanding of the ionic strength-dependent bacteria-GO interaction and provide implications to further improve the antibiofouling performance of GO-modified surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Jing
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Yichao Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Dengjun Wang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama36849, United States
| | - Chenchen Qu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Chunhui Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Abdelkader Mohamed
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Peng Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Noha Mohamed Ashry
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qalubia13736, Egypt
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12
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Wang K, Arado T, Huner A, Seol H, Liu X, Wang H, Hassan L, Suresh K, Kim S, Cheng G. Thermoplastic zwitterionic elastomer with critical antifouling properties. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2892-2906. [PMID: 35446327 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00190j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic elastomers are widely used in the medical industry for advanced medical and healthcare products, helping millions of patients achieve a better quality of life. Yet, microbial contamination and material-associated biofilms on devices remain a critical challenge because it is challenging for currently available materials to provide critical antifouling properties, thermoplasticity, and elastic properties simultaneously. We developed a highly flexible zwitterionic thermoplastic polyurethane with critical antifouling properties. A series of poly((diethanolamine ethyl acetate)-co-poly(tetrahydrofuran)-co-(1,6-diisocyanatohexane)) (PCB-PTHFUs) were synthesized. The PCB-PTHFUs exhibit a breaking strain of more than 400%, a high resistance to fibroblast cells for 24 h, and the excellent ability to prevent biofilm formation for up to three weeks. This study lays a foundation for clarifying the structure-function relationships of zwitterionic polymers. This thermoplastic PCB-PTHFU platform, with its unmatched antifouling properties and high elasticity, has potential for implanted medical devices and a broad spectrum of applications that suffer from biofouling, such as material-associated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Theo Arado
- University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ardith Huner
- University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hyang Seol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Huifeng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Lena Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Karthika Suresh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Sangil Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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13
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Xabela S, Moutloali RM. 2‐(
N‐3‐Sulfopropyl‐N
,N‐dimethyl ammonium)ethyl methacrylate modified graphene oxide embedded into cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes for improved performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinethemba Xabela
- Faculty of Science Chemical Sciences Department University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre–UJ Water Research Node University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Richard Motlhaletsi Moutloali
- Department of Science and Innovation/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre–UJ Water Research Node University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology University of South Africa Johannesburg South Africa
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14
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Matshetshe K, Sikhwivhilu K, Ndlovu G, Tetyana P, Moloto N, Tetana Z. Antifouling and antibacterial β-cyclodextrin decorated graphene oxide/polyamide thin-film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membranes for desalination applications. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Khan NA, Wu H, Jinqiu Y, Mengyuan W, Yang P, Long M, Rahman AU, Ahmad NM, Zhang R, Jiang Z. Incorporating covalent organic framework nanosheets into polyamide membranes for efficient desalination. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Wang K, Seol H, Liu X, Wang H, Cheng G, Kim S. Ultralow-Fouling Zwitterionic Polyurethane-Modified Membranes for Rapid Separation of Plasma from Whole Blood. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10115-10125. [PMID: 34379427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The separation of plasma from blood cells in whole blood is an essential step for many diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, the current point-of-care plasma separation approaches have not yet satisfied the need for a rapid, high-flux, and low-cost process. Here, we report a portable, low-cost, disposable membrane-based plasma separation device that enables rapid plasma extraction from whole blood. Rapid separation of plasma can be obtained with a simple three-step operation: blood injection, separation, and plasma collection. Our device benefits from the zwitterionic polyurethane-modified cellulose acetate (PCBU-CA) membrane, which can greatly inhibit the surface fouling of blood cells and membrane flux decline. The zwitterionic coating is stable on the membrane surface during blood filtration and leads to a 60% decrease in surface fibrinogen adsorption than a nonmodified membrane surface. The ultralow-blood-fouling properties of the PCBU-CA membrane enable rapid, continuous separation of plasma: within 10 min, the device can yield 0.5-0.7 mL of plasma from 10 mL of whole blood. The extracted plasma is verified as cell-free, exhibits a low hemoglobin level, and has a high protein recovery. Our PCBU-CA membrane provides a pathway for developing a high-efficiency portable plasma separation device that can reduce the time to diagnosis, allow effective patient care, and eventually reduce hospital costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Hyang Seol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Huifeng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sangil Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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17
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Liang F, Zheng J, He M, Mao Y, Liu G, Zhao J, Jin W. Exclusive and fast water channels in zwitterionic graphene oxide membrane for efficient water–ethanol separation. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Meigui He
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Wanqin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P.R. China
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18
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Zhao S, Mao C, Wang T, Tian X, Qiao Z, Wang Z, Wang J. High-flux polyamide thin film nanofiltration membrane incorporated with metal-induced ordered microporous polymers. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Nadizadeh Z, Mahdavi H. Grafting of zwitterion polymer on polyamide nanofiltration membranes via surface-initiated RAFT polymerization with improved antifouling properties as a new strategy. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Paseta L, Luque-Alled JM, Malankowska M, Navarro M, Gorgojo P, Coronas J, Téllez C. Functionalized graphene-based polyamide thin film nanocomposite membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Khan NA, Yuan J, Wu H, Huang T, You X, Rahman AU, Azad CS, Olson MA, Jiang Z. Covalent Organic Framework Nanosheets as Reactive Fillers To Fabricate Free-Standing Polyamide Membranes for Efficient Desalination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:27777-27785. [PMID: 32420726 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have been increasingly utilized in membrane processes. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) hold great promise as emergent nanofillers to fabricate high-performance MMMs; however, only few studies about COF materials in MMMs have been reported where COFs are all used as nonreactive fillers. Herein, we propose using -NH2-functionalized COF nanosheets as reactive fillers (rCON) to fabricate MMMs. rCON altered the morphology and chemistry of MMMs by controlling the diffusion rate of piperazine through hydrogen bonding prior to the interfacial polymerization process and inducing the creation of ridges in the MMMs with subsequent increase in surface area (∼24%). rCON was chemically cross-linked to the trimesoyl chloride through amide bonding, subsequently elevating the hydrophilicity (∼35%) and fouling resistance of MMMs. The presence of -NH2 groups elevated the rCON-PA compatibility, ensuring the high rCON loading of 5 wt % in the MMMs without sacrificing salt rejection. Accordingly, the PA-rCON MMMs exhibited a flux of 46.5 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, which is 6.8 times higher than that of the pristine PA membrane, with a high rejection rate of 93.5% for Na2SO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Ali Khan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Jinqiu Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tong Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinda You
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ata Ur Rahman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Chandra S Azad
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mark A Olson
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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22
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O'Harra KE, Kammakakam I, Noll DM, Turflinger EM, Dennis GP, Jackson EM, Bara JE. Synthesis and Performance of Aromatic Polyamide Ionenes as Gas Separation Membranes. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E51. [PMID: 32235739 PMCID: PMC7143725 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis and thermophysical properties of seven primarily aromatic, imidazolium-based polyamide ionenes. The effects of varied para-, meta-, and ortho-connectivity, and spacing of ionic and amide functional groups, on structural and thermophysical properties were analyzed. Suitable, robust derivatives were cast into thin films, neat, or with stoichiometric equivalents of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-benzy-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ([Bnmim][Tf2N]), and the gas transport properties of these membranes were measured. Pure gas permeabilities and permselectivities for N2, CH4, and CO2 are reported. Consistent para-connectivity in the backbone was shown to yield the highest CO2 permeability and suitability for casting as a very thin, flexible film. Derivatives containing terephthalamide segments exhibited the highest CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivities, yet CO2 permeability decreased with further deviation from consistent para-linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E O'Harra
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Irshad Kammakakam
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Danielle M Noll
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Erika M Turflinger
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Grayson P Dennis
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | | | - Jason E Bara
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
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23
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Kumar M, Khan MA, Arafat HA. Recent Developments in the Rational Fabrication of Thin Film Nanocomposite Membranes for Water Purification and Desalination. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:3792-3800. [PMID: 32149205 PMCID: PMC7057316 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Efforts have been rendered by researchers to address water purification and desalination challenges through membrane separation processes. However, the trade-off phenomenon in permeability and selectivity constrained the membranes' usage. Recent advances made in fabricating membranes, especially thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes using functionalized nanofillers, have high performance in water purification and desalination. In this review, state-of-the-art thin film composite (TFC) membranes in water purification and desalination along with their drawbacks are discussed. The urgent demands as an alternative of TFC membranes are highlighted for high-performance membranes. Then, the fabrication and development of high permeability and selectivity of TFN membranes are discussed. Thin film nanocomposite membranes manufactured using rational nanofillers are systematically summarized. Finally, the applications of TFN membranes in water purification and desalination are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Kumar
- Center
for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Arafat
- Center
for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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