1
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Feldhof MI, Sperzel S, Bonda L, Boye S, Braunschweig AB, Gerling-Driessen UIM, Hartmann L. Thiol-selective native grafting from polymerization for the generation of protein-polymer conjugates. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04818k. [PMID: 39323521 PMCID: PMC11418805 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04818k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugates combine properties of biopolymers and synthetic polymers, such as specific bioactivity and increased stability, with great benefits for various applications from catalysis to biomedicine. Furthermore, polymer conjugation can mimic important posttranslational modifications of proteins such as glycosylation. There are typically two approaches to create protein-polymer conjugates: the protein is functionalized in advance with an initiator for a grafting-from method or a previously produced polymer is conjugated to the protein via a grafting-to method. In this study, we present a new approach that uses native proteins and allows for direct grafting-from using a thiol-induced, light-activated controlled radical polymerization (TIRP) that is initiated at thiols from specific cysteine residues of the protein. This straightforward method is employed to introduce polymers onto proteins and enzymes without any prior protein modifications, it works in aqueous buffer and maintains the protein's native structure and activity. The resulting protein-polymer conjugates exhibit high molar masses and low dispersities. We demonstrate the versatility of this approach by introducing different types of polymers such as hydrophilic poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (pHEAA), temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) as well as glycopolymers mimicking the natural protein glycosylation and enabling selective interactions. We present successful combinations of the protein and polymer functions e.g., temperature-induced aggregation leading to an increase in enzyme activity and the introduction of artificial glycosylation inducing specific protein-protein cluster formation and giving straightforward access to glycosurfaces. Based on this straightforward, potentially scalable yet highly controlled synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates, various areas of applications are envisioned ranging from biomedicine to material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina I Feldhof
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Sandro Sperzel
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Lorand Bonda
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Adam B Braunschweig
- Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New York NY 10031 USA
- PhD Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York 65 5th Avenue New York NY 10016 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College 695 Park Avenue New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Ulla I M Gerling-Driessen
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 31 D-79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 31 D-79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
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2
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Jeon W, Kwon Y, Kwon MS. Highly efficient dual photoredox/copper catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization achieved through mechanism-driven photocatalyst design. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5160. [PMID: 38886349 PMCID: PMC11183263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with dual photoredox/copper catalysis combines the advantages of photo-ATRP and photoredox-mediated ATRP, utilizing visible light and ensuring broad monomer scope and solvent compatibility while minimizing side reactions. Despite its popularity, challenges include high photocatalyst (PC) loadings (10 to 1000 ppm), requiring additional purification and increasing costs. In this study, we discover a PC that functions at the sub-ppm level for ATRP through mechanism-driven PC design. Through studying polymerization mechanisms, we find that the efficient polymerizations are driven by PCs whose ground state oxidation potential-responsible for PC regeneration-play a more important role than their excited state reducing power, responsible for initiation. This is verified by screening PCs with varying redox potentials and triplet excited state generation capabilities. Based on these findings, we identify a highly efficient PC, 4DCDP-IPN, featuring moderate excited state reducing power and a maximized ground state oxidation potential. Employing this PC at 50 ppb, we synthesize poly(methyl methacrylate) with high conversion, narrow molecular weight distribution, and high chain-end fidelity. This system exhibits oxygen tolerance and supports large-scale reactions under ambient conditions. Our findings, driven by the systematic PC design, offer meaningful insights for controlled radical polymerizations and metallaphotoredox-mediated syntheses beyond ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Hughes RW, Marquez JD, Young JB, Garrison JB, Zastrow IS, Evans AM, Sumerlin BS. Selective Electrochemical Modification and Degradation of Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403026. [PMID: 38416815 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that electrochemical-induced decarboxylation enables reliable post-polymerization modification and degradation of polymers. Polymers containing N-(acryloxy)phthalimides were subjected to electrochemical decarboxylation under mild conditions, which led to the formation of transient alkyl radicals. By installing these redox-active units, we systematically modified the pendent groups and chain ends of polyacrylates. This approach enabled the production of poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) and poly(propylene-co-methyl acrylate) copolymers, which are difficult to synthesize by direct polymerization. Spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques reveal these transformations are near-quantitative on several polymer systems. Electrochemical decarboxylation also enables the degradation of all-methacrylate poly(N-(methacryloxy)phthalimide-co-methyl methacrylate) copolymers with a degradation efficiency of >95 %. Chain cleavage is achieved through the decarboxylation of the N-hydroxyphthalimide ester and subsequent β-scission of the backbone radical. Electrochemistry is thus shown to be a powerful tool in selective polymer transformations and controlled macromolecular degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys W Hughes
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Joshua D Marquez
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - James B Young
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - John B Garrison
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Isabella S Zastrow
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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4
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Ghorai S, Jana B, Ganguly J. Network-supported and adaptable binding efficacy for flexible and multi-functionalized chitosan/phenolic carbaldehyde hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127004. [PMID: 37734526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A thoughtful strategy has been intended to control the hydrogel networking to assess the binding efficacy of multifunctional hydrogel. The processing of two distinct network-supported hydrogels has portrayed to express the operating interactions involved during co-existence with solvents, small molecules, biomolecules, etc. Herein, chitosan has separately functionalized in semisynthetic approaches with 4-hydroxyisopthalaldehyde (ChDA) and 2-hydroxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde (ChTA) to construct different gel networks. The disposition of gel networks ChDA adapts more flexible chain or spine, whereas ChTA possesses restricted movements within gel networks. The gel networks of hydrogels have a significant role in their distinct physical activities. Their gel-bonding elucidations have performed to establish the variation in mechanical, swelling photophysical properties, etc. Remarkable self-fluorescence behaviors are used as a tool for binding study. Distinctive gel networks and their flexibility have investigated against self-fluorescence, UV-Vis, and FTIR against small molecule, Boron trifluoride and biomolecule, and Bovine serum albumin. Hydrogel/BF3 shows variation in fluorescence due to the disposition of gel networks. Hydrogel/BSA quenching of fluorescence at three different temperatures provides the binding constant and Stern-Volmer quenching constant. Theoretical DFT and docking studies successfully established the flexibility against binding study. The controlling of cross-linking or functionalization is very crucial for the development of hydrogel-mediated applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah 711103, WB, India.
| | - Biswajit Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah 711103, WB, India.
| | - Jhuma Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah 711103, WB, India.
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5
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Sbordone F, Veskova J, Richardson B, Do PT, Micallef A, Frisch H. Embedding Peptides into Synthetic Polymers: Radical Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Cyclic Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6221-6229. [PMID: 36898136 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids are the key building blocks of life. Synthetic polymers have nevertheless revolutionized our everyday life through their robust synthetic accessibility. Combining the unmatched functionality of biopolymers with the robustness of tailorable synthetic polymers holds the promise to create materials that can be designed ad hoc for a wide array of applications. Radical polymerization is the most widely applied polymerization technique in both fundamental science and industrial polymer production. While this polymerization technique is robust and well controlled, it generally yields unfunctional all-carbon backbones. Combinations of natural polymers such as peptides, with synthetic polymers, are thus limited to tethering peptides onto the side chains or chain ends of the latter. This synthetic limitation is a critical restraint, considering that the function of biopolymers is programmed into the sequence of their main chain (i.e., primary structure). Here, we report the radical copolymerization of peptides and synthetic comonomers yielding synthetic polymers with defined peptide sequences embedded into their main chain. Key was the development of a solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) approach to generate synthetic access to peptide conjugates containing allylic sulfides. Following cyclization, the obtained peptide monomers can be readily copolymerized with N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA)─controlled by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). Importantly, the developed synthetic strategy is compatible with all 20 standard amino acids and uses exclusively standard SPPS chemicals or chemicals accessible in one-step synthesis─prerequisite for widespread and universal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sbordone
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Juliet Veskova
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Bailey Richardson
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Phuong Thi Do
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Aaron Micallef
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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6
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Sun J, Ren S, Zhao H, Zhang S, Xu X, Zhang L, Cheng Z. NIR-Photocontrolled Aqueous RAFT Polymerization with Polymerizable Water-Soluble Zinc Phthalocyanine as Photocatalyst. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:165-171. [PMID: 36656621 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In order to give an answer for the challenges of long wavelength-photocontrolled radical polymerization in aqueous solutions and to address the shortcomings of conventional near-infrared (NIR) photocatalysts (PCs) that are difficult to subject to post-treatment, we designed and synthesized a series of β-tetra-substituted water-soluble zinc phthalocyanines (β-TS-Zns) as the NIR PCs for reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization successfully under irradiation with NIR (λmax = 730 nm) light at room temperature. Importantly, the NIR PCs can also be designed as polymerizable monomers and covalently loaded on the polymer chains, which are endowed with permanent NIR photocatalysis of the resultant polymers. Moreover, the polymerization can not only be carried out in water but also in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, yielding polymers with controlled molar mass and narrow dispersities (Đ = 1.03-1.25). Therefore, this NIR-photocontrolled aqueous RAFT polymerization system may provide a charming strategy for possible applications in tissue engineering biomaterial in situ benefiting from the high penetration ability of NIR light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Sun
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shusu Ren
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shunhu Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhenping Cheng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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7
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Cox CA, Ogorek AN, Habumugisha JP, Martell JD. Switchable DNA Photocatalysts for Radical Polymerization Controlled by Chemical Stimuli. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1818-1825. [PMID: 36629375 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization catalysts that activate in response to specific chemical triggers offer spatial and temporal control over polymer synthesis, facilitating the development of responsive materials and custom polymer coatings. However, existing catalysts switch their activity through mechanisms that are not generalizable to chemically diverse stimuli. To approach the level of control exhibited in biological polymer synthesis, switchable polymerization catalysts need to be configurable for activation in response to diverse chemical stimuli. Here, we combine synthetic photocatalysts with conformation-switching DNA aptamers to create polymerization catalysts that respond to diverse chemical stimuli. We use the secondary structure of DNA to bring a photocatalyst and quencher dye into proximity, turning off photocatalysis. The DNA structure can be precisely designed to change conformation in response to a molecular trigger, moving the photocatalyst far from the quencher and activating photocatalysis. We show these photocatalysts can initiate free-radical polymerization to form bulk hydrogels in response to complementary DNA, a metal ion (Zn2+), or small molecules (glucose and hydrocortisone). We demonstrate the biocompatibility of these switchable photocatalysts by triggering their activation on the surface of yeast cells. Finally, we perform reversible-deactivation radical polymerization through photoinduced electron/energy transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer in a dual-stimulus manner, in which catalytic activity is regulated reversibly by photoirradiation and the conformational state of the DNA catalyst. These results demonstrate that DNA conformational changes triggered by chemically diverse stimuli can regulate the activity of radical polymerization photocatalysts. This platform offers new capabilities in spatially and temporally controlled polymer synthesis, with potential applications in diagnostics, sensing, and environmentally responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A Cox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ashley N Ogorek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jean Paul Habumugisha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Martell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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8
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Hughes RW, Lott ME, Bowman JI, Sumerlin BS. Excitation Dependence in Photoiniferter Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:14-19. [PMID: 36533885 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on a fundamental feature of photoiniferter polymerizations mediated with trithiocarbonates and xanthates. The polymerizations were found to be highly dependent on the activated electronic excitation of the iniferter. Enhanced rates of polymerization and greater control over molecular weights were observed for trithiocarbonate- and xanthate-mediated photoiniferter polymerizations when the n → π* transition of the iniferter was targeted compared to the polymerizations activating the π → π* transition. The disparities in rates of polymerization were attributed to the increased rate of C-S photolysis which was confirmed using model trapping studies. This study provides valuable insight into the role of electronic excitations in photoiniferter polymerization and provides guidance when selecting irradiation conditions for applications where light sensitivity is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys W Hughes
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Megan E Lott
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jared I Bowman
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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9
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Yu C, Song J, Kim TI, Lee Y, Kwon Y, Kim J, Park J, Choi J, Doh J, Min SK, Cho S, Kwon MS. Silver Sulfide Nanocrystals as a Biocompatible and Full-Spectrum Photocatalyst for Efficient Light-Driven Polymerization under Aqueous and Ambient Conditions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejung Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae In Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yungyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkyoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kyu Min
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungho Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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10
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Li R, Landfester K, Ferguson CTJ. Temperature- and pH-Responsive Polymeric Photocatalysts for Enhanced Control and Recovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211132. [PMID: 36112056 PMCID: PMC10099588 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of heterogeneous photocatalysis has facilitated redox reactions with high efficiency, without compromising the recyclability of the photocatalyst. Recently, stimuli-responsive heterogeneous photocatalytic materials have emerged as a powerful synthetic tool, with simple and rapid recovery, as well as an enhanced dynamic control over reactions. Stimuli-responsive polymers are often inexpensive and easy to produce. They can be switched from an active "on" state to an inert "off" state in response to external stimuli, allowing the production of photocatalyst with adaptability, recyclability, and orthogonal control on different chemical reactions. Despite this versatility, the application of artificial smart material in the field of heterogeneous photocatalysis has not yet been maximized. In this Minireview, we will examine the recent developments of this emerging class of stimuli-responsive heterogeneous photocatalytic systems. We will discuss the synthesis route of appending photoactive components into different triggerable systems and, in particular, the controlled activation and recovery of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Calum T J Ferguson
- Department School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Lee Y, Kwon Y, Kim Y, Yu C, Feng S, Park J, Doh J, Wannemacher R, Koo B, Gierschner J, Kwon MS. A Water-Soluble Organic Photocatalyst Discovered for Highly Efficient Additive-Free Visible-Light-Driven Grafting of Polymers from Proteins at Ambient and Aqueous Environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108446. [PMID: 35032043 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the pioneering discovery of a protein bound to poly(ethylene glycol), the utility of protein-polymer conjugates (PPCs) is rapidly expanding to currently emerging applications. Photoinduced energy/electron-transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization is a very promising method to prepare structurally well-defined PPCs, as it eliminates high-cost and time-consuming deoxygenation processes due to its oxygen tolerance. However, the oxygen-tolerance behavior of PET-RAFT polymerization is not well-investigated in aqueous environments, and thereby the preparation of PPCs using PET-RAFT polymerization needs a substantial amount of sacrificial reducing agents or inert-gas purging processes. Herein a novel water-soluble and biocompatible organic photocatalyst (PC) is reported, which enables visible-light-driven additive-free "grafting-from" polymerizations of a protein in ambient and aqueous environments. Interestingly, the developed PC shows unconventional "oxygen-acceleration" behavior for a variety of acrylic and acrylamide monomers in aqueous conditions without any additives, which are apparently distinct from previously reported systems. With such a PC, "grafting-from" polymerizations are successfully performed from protein in ambient buffer conditions under green light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation, which result in various PPCs that have neutral, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic polyacrylates, and polyacrylamides. It is believed that this PC will be widely employed for a variety of photocatalysis processes in aqueous environments, including the living cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyang Feng
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jeehun Park
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Reinhold Wannemacher
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Byungjin Koo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do, 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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12
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Bell K, Freeburne S, Wolford A, Pester CW. Reusable polymer brush-based photocatalysts for PET-RAFT polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00966h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescein polymer-brush functionalized glass beads synthesize polymers via photoelectron reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. These shelf stable heterogeneous catalysts can be recycled after simple filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Bell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sarah Freeburne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Adam Wolford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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