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Huang W, Zhang W, Yang S, Wang L, Yu G. 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks from Design, Synthesis to Applications in Optoelectronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308019. [PMID: 38057125 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a new class of crystalline materials connected by covalent bonds, have been developed rapidly in the past decades. However, the research on COFs is mainly focused on two-dimensional (2D) COFs, and the research on three-dimensional (3D) COFs is still in the initial stage. In 2D COFs, the covalent bonds exist only in the 2D flakes and can form 1D channels, which hinder the charge transport to some extent. In contrast, 3D COFs have a more complex pore structure and thus exhibit higher specific surface area and richer active sites, which greatly enhance the 3D charge carrier transport. Therefore, compared to 2D COFs, 3D COFs have stronger applicability in energy storage and conversion, sensing, and optoelectronics. In this review, it is first introduced the design principles for 3D COFs, and in particular summarize the development of conjugated building blocks in 3D COFs, with a special focus on their application in optoelectronics. Subsequently, the preparation of 3D COF powders and thin films and methods to improve the stability and functionalization of 3D COFs are summarized. Moreover, the applications of 3D COFs in electronics are outlined. Finally, conclusions and future research directions for 3D COFs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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2
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Burke DW, Jiang Z, Livingston AG, Dichtel WR. 2D Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Liquid-Phase Molecular Separations: State of the Field, Common Pitfalls, and Future Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300525. [PMID: 37014260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
2D covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are attractive candidates for next-generation membranes due to their robust linkages and uniform, tunable pores. Many publications have claimed to achieve selective molecular transport through COF pores, but reported performance metrics for similar networks vary dramatically, and in several cases the reported experiments are inadequate to support such conclusions. These issues require a reevaluation of the literature. Published examples of 2D COF membranes for liquid-phase separations can be broadly divided into two categories, each with common performance characteristics: polycrystalline COF films (most >1 µm thick) and weakly crystalline or amorphous films (most <500 nm thick). Neither category has demonstrated consistent relationships between the designed COF pore structure and separation performance, suggesting that these imperfect materials do not sieve molecules through uniform pores. In this perspective, rigorous practices for evaluating COF membrane structures and separation performance are described, which will facilitate their development toward molecularly precise membranes capable of performing previously unrealized chemical separations. In the absence of this more rigorous standard of proof, reports of COF-based membranes should be treated with skepticism. As methods to control 2D polymerization improve, precise 2D polymer membranes may exhibit exquisite and energy efficient performance relevant for contemporary separation challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Membrane Research, Exactmer Limited, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, RM10 7FN, UK
| | - Andrew G Livingston
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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3
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Meng QW, Wu D, Wang S, Sun Q. Function-Led Design of Covalent-Organic-Framework Membranes for Precise Ion Separation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302460. [PMID: 37605607 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient access to clean water and resources has emerged as one of the most pressing issues affecting people globally. Membrane-based ion separation has become a focal point of research for the generation of fresh water and the extraction of energy elements. This Review encapsulates recent advancements in the selective ion transport of covalent organic framework (COF) membranes, accomplished by strategically pairing diverse monomers to create membranes with various pore sizes and environments for specific purposes. We first discuss the merits of using COF materials as a basis for fabricating membranes for ion separation. We then explore the development of COF membranes in areas such as desalination, acid recovery, and energy element extraction, with a particular emphasis on the fundamental principles of membrane design. Lastly, we address both theoretical and practical challenges, as well as potential opportunities in the targeted design of ion-selective membranes. The goal of this Review is to stimulate future investigative efforts in this field, which is of significant scientific and strategic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of, Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of, Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Sai Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of, Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Qi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of, Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
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Zhu T, Kong Y, Lyu B, Cao L, Shi B, Wang X, Pang X, Fan C, Yang C, Wu H, Jiang Z. 3D covalent organic framework membrane with fast and selective ion transport. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5926. [PMID: 37739946 PMCID: PMC10517170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
3D ionic covalent organic framework (COF) membranes, which are envisioned to be able to break the trade-off between ion conductivity and ion selectivity, are waiting for exploitation. Herein, we report the fabrication of a 3D sulfonic acid-functionalized COF membrane (3D SCOF) for efficient and selective ion transport, using dual acid-mediated interfacial polymerization strategy. The 3D SCOF membranes possess highly interconnected ion transport channels, ultramicroporous pore sizes (0.97 nm), and abundant sulfonate groups (with a high ion exchange capacity of 4.1 mmol g-1), leading to high proton conductivity of 843 mS cm-1 at 90 °C. When utilized in osmotic energy conversion, a high power density of 21.2 W m-2, and a remarkable selectivity of 0.976 and thus an exceptional energy conversion efficiency of 45.3% are simultaneously achieved. This work provides an alternative approach to 3D ionic COF membranes and promotes the applications of 3D COFs in ion transport and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Bohui Lyu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Li Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Benbing Shi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiao Pang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chunyang Fan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China.
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Xue R, Liu YS, Huang SL, Yang GY. Recent Progress of Covalent Organic Frameworks Applied in Electrochemical Sensors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2124-2148. [PMID: 37276465 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging porous crystalline organic material, the covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are given more and more attention in many fields, such as gas storage and separation, catalysis, energy storage and conversion, luminescent devices, drug delivery, pollutant adsorption and removal, analysis and detection due to their special advantages of high crystallinity, flexible designability, controllable porosities and topologies, intrinsic chemical and thermal stability. In recent years, the COFs are applied in analytical chemistry, for instance, chromatography, solid-phase microextraction, luminescent and colorimetric sensing, surface-enhanced Raman scattering and electroanalytical chemistry. The COFs decorated electrodes show high performance for detecting trace substances with remarkable selectivity and sensitivity, such as heavy metal ions, glucose, hydrogen peroxide, drugs, antibiotics, explosives, phenolic compounds, pesticides, disease metabolites and so on. This review mainly summarized the application of COF based electrochemical sensor according to different target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yin-Sheng Liu
- Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Eco-Environments Related Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Li Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Shi X, Zhang Z, Yin C, Zhang X, Long J, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Design of Three‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Fast and Robust Organic Solvent Nanofiltration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207559. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiansong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Congcong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jianghai Long
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | | | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu P. R. China
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Mohamed MG, Chang WC, Kuo SW. Crown Ether- and Benzoxazine-Linked Porous Organic Polymers Displaying Enhanced Metal Ion and CO 2 Capture through Solid-State Chemical Transformation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gamal Mohamed
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Functional Polymers and Supramolecular Materials, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chun Chang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Functional Polymers and Supramolecular Materials, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Functional Polymers and Supramolecular Materials, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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8
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Shi X, Zhang Z, Yin C, Zhang X, Long J, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Design of Three‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Fast and Robust Organic Solvent Nanofiltration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiansong Shi
- Nanjing Tech University College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Nanjing Tech University College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Congcong Yin
- Nanjing Tech University College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Nanjing Tech University College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jianghai Long
- Nanjing Tech University College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Nanjing Tech University College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yong Wang
- Nanjing Tech University College of Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering 30, Puzhu South 211816 Nanjing CHINA
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