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Schmitt A, Thompson BC. Relating Structure to Properties in Non-Conjugated Pendant Electroactive Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300219. [PMID: 37277618 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-conjugated pendant electroactive polymers (NCPEPs) are an emerging class of polymers that offer the potential of combining the desirable optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers with the superior synthetic methodologies and stability of traditional non-conjugated polymers. Despite an increasing number of studies focused on NCPEPs, particularly on understanding fundamental structure-property relationships, no attempts have been made to provide an overview on established relationships to date. This review showcases selected reports on NCPEP homopolymers and copolymers that demonstrate how optical, electronic, and physical properties of the polymers are affected by tuning of key structural variables such as the chemical structure of the polymer backbone, molecular weight, tacticity, spacer length, the nature of the pendant group, and in the case of copolymers the ratios between different comonomers and between individual polymer blocks. Correlation of structural features with improved π-stacking and enhanced charge carrier mobility serve as the primary figures of merit in evaluating impact on NCPEP properties. While this review is not intended to serve as a comprehensive summary of all reports on tuning of structural parameters in NCPEPs, it highlights relevant established structure-property relationships that can serve as a guideline for more targeted design of novel NCPEPs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1661, USA
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1661, USA
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2
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Oh S, Nikolaev A, Tagami K, Tran T, Lee D, Mukherjee S, Segalman RA, Han S, Read de Alaniz J, Chabinyc ML. Redox-Active Polymeric Ionic Liquids with Pendant N-Substituted Phenothiazine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:5319-5326. [PMID: 33480673 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that are elastic while supporting charge transport are desirable for flexible and soft electronics. Many polymers with bulky and conjugated redox-active pendant units have high glass transition temperatures (Tg) in their neutral form that will not lead to elasticity at room temperature. Their behavior in charged form in the solid state without an electrolyte has not been extensively studied. Here, the design strategy of polymeric ionic liquid where two weakly interacting ionic groups are used to maintain a low Tg is shown to lead to flexible redox active polymers. The use of a flexible ethylene backbone and redox-active phenothiazine (PTZ)-based pendant group resulted in polymers with relatively low Tg that are electrically conductive. PTZ that was N-substituted with 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl was found to promote solubility of the polymer and lower the Tg of the neutral polymer by ∼150 °C relative to that of the Tg of a variant without the N-substituent. Doping with trifluoromethanesulfonimide leads to an electrically conductive polymer without significantly increasing the Tg. Physical characterization by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy verified that the molecular design leads to an efficient charge hopping between the PTZ groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saejin Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrei Nikolaev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kan Tagami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thi Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Schroot R, Jäger M, Schubert US. Accumulative Charging of Redox-Active Side-Chain-Modified Polymers: Experimental and Computational Insights from Oligo- to Polymeric Triarylamines. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schroot
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Samples EM, Schuck JM, Joshi PB, Willets KA, Dobereiner GE. Synthesis and Properties of N-Arylpyrrole-Functionalized Poly(1-hexene- alt-CO). Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. Samples
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Schuck
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Padmanabh B. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Katherine A. Willets
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Graham E. Dobereiner
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Fuentes Pineda R, Lake BRM, Troughton J, Sanchez-Molina I, Chepelin O, Haque SA, Watson T, Shaver MP, Robertson N. Polymeric hole-transport materials with side-chain redox-active groups for perovskite solar cells with good reproducibility. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25738-25745. [PMID: 30281047 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04162h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two monomers, M:OO and M:ON, and their corresponding polymers, P:OO and P:ON, were prepared from styrene derivatives N,N-diphenyl-4-vinyl-aniline with different substituents (-OCH3 and -N(CH3)2) in the N-phenyl para positions. The polymers were synthesised and fully characterised to study their function as hole transport materials (HTMs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The thermal, optical and electrochemical properties and performance of these monomers and polymers as HTMs in PSCs were compared in terms of their structure. The polymers form more stable amorphous glassy states and showed higher thermal stability than the monomers. The different substituent in the para position influenced the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level, altering the oxidation potential. Both monomers and polymers were employed as HTMs in perovskite solar cells with a device configuration FTO/bl-TiO2/mp-TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/HTM/Au resulting in power conversion efficiencies of 7.48% for M:OO, 5.14% for P:OO, 5.28% for P:ON and 3.52% for M:ON. Although showing comparatively low efficiencies, the polymers showed much superior reproducibility in comparison with Spiro-OMeTAD or the monomers, suggesting further optimisation of polymeric HTMs with redox side groups is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosinda Fuentes Pineda
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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Schlotthauer T, Schroot R, Glover S, Hammarström L, Jäger M, Schubert US. A multidonor-photosensitizer-multiacceptor triad for long-lived directional charge separation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:28572-28578. [PMID: 29034949 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05593e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The modular assembly of a directional photoredox-active multidonor-photosensitizer-multiacceptor (Dn-P-Am) architecture is presented. The triad assembly features a central Ru(ii) sensitizer equipped with pendant polymer chains consisting of multiple triarylamine (pTARA) and naphthalene diimide (pNDI) units, respectively. Upon excitation, the efficient formation (>96%) of charge separation (CS) was observed featuring similar CS lifetimes (400 ns) as related molecular triads. In contrast, a significant additional longer-lived CS component (2400 ns, 30%) is observed indicating multiple contributing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schlotthauer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Schroot R, Schlotthauer T, Dietzek B, Jäger M, Schubert US. Extending Long-lived Charge Separation Between Donor and Acceptor Blocks in Novel Copolymer Architectures Featuring a Sensitizer Core. Chemistry 2017; 23:16484-16490. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schroot
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Tina Schlotthauer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology (IPHT); Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
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Lederle F, Hübner EG. Radical polymerization of styrene in presence of poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl-4-yl methacrylate) - formation of polymer brushes. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schroot R, Jäger M, Schubert US. Synthetic approaches towards structurally-defined electrochemically and (photo)redox-active polymer architectures. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2754-2798. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00811a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review details synthetic strategies leading to structurally-defined electrochemically and (photo)redox-active polymer architectures,e.g.block, graft and end functionalized (co)polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schroot
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
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Chen Z, Lin Y, Sun D, Han Y. Direct synthesis of triphenylamine-containing polyarylsulfones from commercially available aniline. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315606506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel triphenylamine-containing polyarylsulfone (PAS-TPA) was synthesized from commercially available aniline and 1,1′-sulfonylbis(4-fluorobenzene) via two-step N–C coupling reaction under nucleophilic substitution polycondensation condition. Subsequently, a new series of polysulfones with different TPA contents (PSU-TPAs) was developed by the same method. Both PAS-TPA and PSU-TPAs not only exhibited good thermal stability and solubility but also exhibited intense ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence and high fluorescence quantum yield (approximately 16–42%). Their ideal highest occupied molecular orbital level (approximately −5.5 to −5.6) indicated the potential application of these polymers in organic photoelectronic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Lab, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingjian Lin
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Lab, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daye Sun
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Lab, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Han
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Lab, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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Ahner J, Micheel M, Kötteritzsch J, Dietzek B, Hager MD. Thermally triggered optical tuning of π-conjugated graft copolymers based on reversible Diels–Alder reaction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21536j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymer films with tunable optical properties by thermally triggered activation of energy transfer after processing have been successfully prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ahner
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - M. Micheel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - J. Kötteritzsch
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - B. Dietzek
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
| | - M. D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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