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Bogdanowicz KA, Lalik S, Ratajczyk P, Katrusiak A, Krysiak P, Pawłowska AI, Marzec M, Iwan A. A new look at imines and their mixture with PC 71BM for organic, flexible photovoltaics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13240. [PMID: 37580390 PMCID: PMC10425360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high electron affinity and electron mobility in a wide absorption range of the visible solar spectrum, [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) is often used as an efficient acceptor in organic photovoltaics. In turn, imines are additives to the active layer of organic solar cells, mainly due to the free electron pair of the imine nitrogen atom and the presence of various chemical groups affecting the polarity and conformations of molecules. However, the attainable efficiency is not as high as expected. Therefore, we have systematically investigated two imines and their mixtures with PC71BM by spectroscopic (the high pressure UV-Vis and frequency domain dielectric), thermoelectric, and mechanical methods for organic, flexible photovoltaics. Both the imines, (N,N'E,N,N'E)-N,N'-([2,2':5',2"-terthiophene]-5,5"-diylbis(methanylylidene))bis(benzo[d]thiazol-2-imine) (SC3) and (6E)-N-((5-(5-(5-((E)-(4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)phenylimino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)methylene)-4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)benzenamine (SC13), have the same core composed of three thiophene rings but different terminal chains of the molecules. In the imine SC3, the imine bond is followed by benzothiazole rings on both sides of the core, while in SC13, a thiazole ring separates two benzene rings, the terminal one F-substituted. The difference in molecular structure affects the electric properties of the neat imine and its mixed layers. An addition of PC71BM to the imines improves their electric conductivity. The mechanical studies focused on the stress at break and elongation showed superior behaviour compared to fullerene derivative. High pressure systematically reduces the band gap energy, Eg, from 1.68 eV at 0.16 GPa to 1.51 eV at 2.69 GPa for PC71BM, from 1.77 eV at 0.1 MPa to 1.53 eV at 4.15 GPa for SC3, and from 1.99 eV at 0.11 GPa to 1.8 eV at 3.10 GPa for SC13, as determined by the UV-Vis absorbance measurements in a diamond-anvil cell. These Eg reductions reflect the compressed intermolecular interactions that can be used to monitor the structural stability of these compounds. Based on the dielectric studies it was found that the relaxation processes registered for both imines are probably the grain boundary relaxation. Two processes also appear in the systems with PC71BM, but none of them is the one characteristic of imines. The high-frequency process has a dipole character while the low-frequency one is probably the grain boundary relaxation of these systems. The mechanism of quasi-DC conduction in various temperature ranges in the studied systems was also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Lalik
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Ratajczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Katrusiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Krysiak
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136, 50-961, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka I Pawłowska
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Marzec
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Iwan
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136, 50-961, Wrocław, Poland.
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Asandulesa M, Kostromin S, Aleksandrov A, Tameev A, Bronnikov S. The effect of PbS quantum dots on molecular dynamics and conductivity of PTB7:PC71BM bulk heterojunction as revealed by dielectric spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9589-9596. [PMID: 35403182 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00770c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ternary photovoltaic blend containing the PTB7 donor component, the PC71BM acceptor component, and colloidal quantum dots of lead sulfide (PbS QDs) was investigated using broadband dielectric spectroscopy. In the dielectric loss spectrum of PTB7:PC71BM:PbS QDs, γ- and β-relaxation processes in PTB7 were recognized and analyzed in terms of Arrhenius-type equations. To elucidate the effect of PbS QDs on molecular dynamics of PTB7, the activation energies of both processes were evaluated and compared with those obtained for the binary PTB7:PC71BM blend. Using the CELIV method, the charge carrier mobility was estimated. The PbS QD incorporation into the binary blend was shown to decrease both electron and hole mobility in the ternary PTB7:PC71BM:PbS QD blend. For evaluating the charge carrier lifetime in the ternary blend, the Cole-Cole diagrams derived from the dc conductivity data were plotted. The charge carrier lifetime was found to be much less than the hole extraction time, thus providing effective accumulation of charge carries at the electrodes in the ternary blend under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Asandulesa
- Romanian Academy, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iaşi 700487, Romania
| | - Sergei Kostromin
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexey Aleksandrov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Tameev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Bronnikov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation.
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Asandulesa M, Kostromin S, Podshivalov A, Tameev A, Bronnikov S. Relaxation processes in a polymer composite for bulk heterojunction: A dielectric spectroscopy study. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang C, Zhang Z, Pejić S, Li R, Fukuto M, Zhu L, Sauvé G. High Dielectric Constant Semiconducting Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s from Side Chain Modification with Polar Sulfinyl and Sulfonyl Groups. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upon, New York 11973, United States
| | - Masafumi Fukuto
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upon, New York 11973, United States
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Xu X, Kwon H, Gawlik B, Mohammadi Estakhri N, Alù A, Sreenivasan SV, Dodabalapur A. Enhanced Photoresponse in Metasurface-Integrated Organic Photodetectors. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3362-3367. [PMID: 29709192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we experimentally demonstrate metasurface-enhanced photoresponse in organic photodetectors. We have designed and integrated a metasurface with broadband functionality into an organic photodetector, with the goal of significantly increasing the absorption of light and generated photocurrent from 560 up to 690 nm. We discuss how the metasurface can be integrated with the fabrication of an organic photodiode. Our results show large gains in responsivity from 1.5× to 2× between 560 and 690 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Hoyeong Kwon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Brian Gawlik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Nasim Mohammadi Estakhri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Andrea Alù
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - S V Sreenivasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Ananth Dodabalapur
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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Cui J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez Á, Hernández M, García-Gutiérrez MC, Nogales A, Castillejo M, Moseguí González D, Müller-Buschbaum P, Ezquerra TA, Rebollar E. Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures on P3HT and on Its Photovoltaic Blend with PC 71BM. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:31894-31901. [PMID: 27805362 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe the conditions for optimal formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) over poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) spin-coated films. Optimal LIPSS on P3HT are observed within a particular range of thicknesses and laser fluences. These conditions can be translated to the photovoltaic blend formed by the 1:1 mixture of P3HT and [6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) when deposited on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode coated with (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Solar cells formed by using either a bilayer of P3HT structured by LIPSS covered by PC71BM or a bulk heterojunction with a P3HT:PC71BM blend structured by LIPSS exhibit generation of electrical photocurrent under light illumination. These results suggest that LIPSS could be a compatible technology with organic photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC) , Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Hernández
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC) , Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aurora Nogales
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC) , Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Castillejo
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR-CSIC) , Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Moseguí González
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tiberio A Ezquerra
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC) , Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Rebollar
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR-CSIC) , Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Qiao Y, Du Y, Liu Y, Li Y. Synthesis and optoelectronics properties of diblock copolymer of P3HT containing thiol-side chains and its hybrid nanocomposite. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19895c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DP-P3HT-SH in global, leaf-like and elliptical shape states exhibiting broad absorption spectra between 300 nm and 650 nm, and the conductivity values of a DP-P3HT-S-AuNPs hybrid nanoparticle film as a function of the weight content of AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisha Qiao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
| | - Yixuan Du
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
| | - Yinfeng Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
| | - Yunbo Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
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