1
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de Heer Kloots MHP, Schoustra SK, Dijksman JA, Smulders MMJ. Phase separation in supramolecular and covalent adaptable networks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2857-2877. [PMID: 37060135 PMCID: PMC10131172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation phenomena have been studied widely in the field of polymer science, and were recently also reported for dynamic polymer networks (DPNs). The mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks are of particular interest as the reversible nature of the network can participate in the structuring of the micro- and macroscale domains. In this review, we highlight the underlying mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks, distinguishing between supramolecular polymer networks and covalent adaptable networks (CANs). Also, we address the synergistic effects between phase separation and reversible bond exchange. We furthermore discuss the effects of phase separation on the material properties, and how this knowledge can be used to enhance and tune material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H P de Heer Kloots
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren K Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joshua A Dijksman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Feng H, Chae CG, Eom C, Craig GSW, Rowan SJ, Nealey PF. Synthesis and Characterization of Amine-Epoxy-Functionalized Polystyrene- block-Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) to Manage Morphology and Covarying Properties for Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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3
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Xu Y, Hickey RJ. Templating Polymer/Chromophore Crystallization in a Gyroid Matrix. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Robert J. Hickey
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
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4
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Li L, Xu Z, Li W. Emergence of Connected Binary Spherical Structures from the Self-assembly of an AB 2C Four-Arm Star Terpolymer. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhanwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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He G, Wang P, Gao N, Yin X, Sun F, Li W, Zhao H, Wang C, Li G. Pyrrole-Containing ABA Triblock Brush Polymers as Dual Functional Molecules to Facilely Access Diverse Mesostructured Materials. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guokang He
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Aerospace Research Institute of Special Material and Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, P. R. China
| | - Ning Gao
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xianpeng Yin
- Aerospace Research Institute of Special Material and Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, P. R. China
| | - Fuwei Sun
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wenyun Li
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | | | - Chen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guangtao Li
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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6
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Park SJ, Bates FS, Dorfman KD. Alternating Gyroid in Block Polymer Blends. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:643-650. [PMID: 35570813 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alternating gyroid is a lower symmetry variant of the double gyroid morphology, where the left-handed and right-handed chiral networks are physically distinct. This structure is of particular interest for photonic applications owing to predictions of a complete photonic band gap subject to the requirement of a large dielectric contrast between the individual networks and sufficient optical matching between one of the networks and the matrix. We provide evidence, via self-consistent field theory (SCFT), that stoichiometric blends of double-gyroid-forming AB and BC diblock copolymers with relatively immiscible A and C blocks should form an alternating gyroid morphology with complementary three-dimensional A and C networks that have a free energy that is nearly degenerate with two phase-separated double gyroid states. Solvent casting offers the potential for trapping this binary mixture of diblock copolymers in this metastable alternating gyroid phase. Theory further predicts that the addition of a minuscule amount (<1%) of ABC triblock terpolymer will open an alternating gyroid stability window in the resulting ternary-phase diagram. The surfactant-like stabilization produced by the triblock is relatively insensitive to its exact composition provided the B-block forms a sufficiently long bridge between the A-rich and C-rich networks. This blending strategy provides significant synthetic and material processing advantages compared to prevailing methods to produce an alternating gyroid phase in block polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jung Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kevin D. Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Competitive hydrogen bonding induced phase separation in supramolecular comb-shaped diblock copolymer. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Akbar S, Elliott JM, Squires AM, Anwar A. Use of cubic structure with primitive nanochannels for fabrication of free standing 3D nanowire network of Pt with Pm3msymmetry. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:195602. [PMID: 35081522 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4f16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a lipid mixture based on phytantriol / polyoxyethylene surfactant (Brij-56) that forms aIm3msymmetry bicontinuous cubic phase based on the Schwartz primitive surface (QIIP), from which we templated highly ordered 3D nanoporous platinum with a novel 'single primitive' morphology (Pm3msymmetry). TheQIIPtemplate phase is obtained by incorporation of 17.5% w/w Brij-56 (C16EO10) (a type-I surfactant) into phytantriol under excess hydration conditions. Phytantriol alone forms the double diamondQIID(Pn3m) phase, and in previous studies incorporating Brij-56 at different compositions the cubic phase maintained this morphology, but increased its lattice parameter; mesoporous metals templated from theseQIIDlipid templates all exhibited the 'single diamond' (Fd3m) morphology. In contrast, the current paper presents the availability of ourQIIPcubic phases to template nanoporous materials of single primitivePm3mmorphology via chemical and electrochemical methods. To explore the structure porosity and morphological features of the templated Pt material, x-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy are used. The resulting 3D nanoporous Pt materials are found to exhibit a regular network of Pt nanowires of ∼4 nm in diameter with a unit cell dimension of 14.8 ± 0.8 nm, reflecting the aqueous network within theQIIPtemplate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Akbar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, University of Engineering and Technology New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Joanne M Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M Squires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Aneela Anwar
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, University of Engineering and Technology New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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9
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Buchanan N, Browka K, Ketcham L, Le H, Padmanabhan P. Conformational and topological correlations in non-frustated triblock copolymers with homopolymers. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:758-768. [PMID: 33232430 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01612h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The phase behavior of non-frustrated ABC block copolymers polymers, modeling poly(isoprene-b-styrene-b-ethylene oxide) (ISO), is studied using dissipative particle dynamic (DPD) simulations. The phase diagram showed a wide composition range for the alternating gyroid morphology, which can be transformed to a chiral metamaterial. A quantitative analysis of topology was developed, that correlates the location of a block relative to the interface with the block's end-to-end distance. This analysis showed that the A-blocks stretched as they were located deeper in the A-rich region. To further expand the stability of the alternating gyroid phase, A-selective homopolymers of different lengths were co-assembled with the ABC copolymer at several compositions. Topological analysis showed that homopolymers with lengths shorter than or equal to the A-block length filled the middle of the networks, decreasing packing frustration and stabilizing them, while longer homopolymers stretched across the network but allowed for the formation of stable, novel morphologies. Adding homopolymers to triblock copolymer melts increases tunability of the network, offering greater control over the final stable phase and bridging two separate regions in the phase diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Buchanan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA. and Microsystems Engineering PhD Program, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Krysia Browka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Lianna Ketcham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Hillary Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Poornima Padmanabhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
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10
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Llandro J, Love DM, Kovács A, Caron J, Vyas KN, Kákay A, Salikhov R, Lenz K, Fassbender J, Scherer MRJ, Cimorra C, Steiner U, Barnes CHW, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Fukami S, Ohno H. Visualizing Magnetic Structure in 3D Nanoscale Ni-Fe Gyroid Networks. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3642-3650. [PMID: 32250635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of interacting 2D nanomagnets display unprecedented electromagnetic properties via collective effects, demonstrated in artificial spin ices and magnonic crystals. Progress toward 3D magnetic metamaterials is hampered by two challenges: fabricating 3D structures near intrinsic magnetic length scales (sub-100 nm) and visualizing their magnetic configurations. Here, we fabricate and measure nanoscale magnetic gyroids, periodic chiral networks comprising nanowire-like struts forming three-connected vertices. Via block copolymer templating, we produce Ni75Fe25 single-gyroid and double-gyroid (an inversion pair of single-gyroids) nanostructures with a 42 nm unit cell and 11 nm diameter struts, comparable to the exchange length in Ni-Fe. We visualize their magnetization distributions via off-axis electron holography with nanometer spatial resolution and interpret the patterns using finite-element micromagnetic simulations. Our results suggest an intricate, frustrated remanent state which is ferromagnetic but without a unique equilibrium configuration, opening new possibilities for collective phenomena in magnetism, including 3D magnonic crystals and unconventional computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Llandro
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - David M Love
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - András Kovács
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan Caron
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kunal N Vyas
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruslan Salikhov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kilian Lenz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fassbender
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Haeckelstrasse 3, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maik R J Scherer
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Cimorra
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Crispin H W Barnes
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Shunsuke Fukami
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Innovative Integrated Electronic Systems, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845 Japan
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohno
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Innovative Integrated Electronic Systems, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845 Japan
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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11
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Susca EM, Beaucage PA, Thedford RP, Singer A, Gruner SM, Estroff LA, Wiesner U. Preparation of Macroscopic Block-Copolymer-Based Gyroidal Mesoscale Single Crystals by Solvent Evaporation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902565. [PMID: 31441153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Properties arising from ordered periodic mesostructures are often obscured by small, randomly oriented domains and grain boundaries. Bulk macroscopic single crystals with mesoscale periodicity are needed to establish fundamental structure-property correlations for materials ordered at this length scale (10-100 nm). A solvent-evaporation-induced crystallization method providing access to large (millimeter to centimeter) single-crystal mesostructures, specifically bicontinuous gyroids, in thick films (>100 µm) derived from block copolymers is reported. After in-depth crystallographic characterization of single-crystal block copolymer-preceramic nanocomposite films, the structures are converted into mesoporous ceramic monoliths, with retention of mesoscale crystallinity. When fractured, these monoliths display single-crystal-like cleavage along mesoscale facets. The method can prepare macroscopic bulk single crystals with other block copolymer systems, suggesting that the method is broadly applicable to block copolymer materials assembled by solvent evaporation. It is expected that such bulk single crystals will enable fundamental understanding and control of emergent mesostructure-based properties in block-copolymer-directed metal, semiconductor, and superconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Susca
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Peter A Beaucage
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - R Paxton Thedford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sol M Gruner
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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12
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Chen Z, Lau KKS. Suppressing Crystallinity by Nanoconfining Polymers Using Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kenneth K. S. Lau
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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13
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Jung H, Shin WH, Park TW, Choi YJ, Yoon YJ, Park SH, Lim JH, Kwon JD, Lee JW, Kwon SH, Seong GH, Kim KH, Park WI. Hierarchical multi-level block copolymer patterns by multiple self-assembly. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8433-8441. [PMID: 30985848 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Uniform, well-ordered sub-20 nm patterns can be generated by the templated self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) with a high Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ). However, the self-assembled BCP monolayers remain limited in the possible structural geometries. Here, we introduce a multiple self-assembly method which uses di-BCPs to produce diverse morphologies, such as dot, dot-in-honeycomb, line-on-dot, double-dot, pondering, dot-in-pondering, and line-on-pondering patterns. To improve the diversity of BCP morphological structures, we employed sphere-forming and cylinder-forming poly(styrene-block-dimethylsiloxane) (PS-b-PDMS) BCPs with a high χ. The self-assembled mono-layer and double-layer SiOx dot patterns were modified at a high temperature (∼800 °C), showing hexagonally arranged (dot) and double-hexagonally arranged (pondering) SiOx patterns, respectively. We successfully obtained additional new nanostructures (big-dot, dot-in-honeycomb, line-on-dot, pondering, dot-in-pondering, and line-on-pondering types) through a second self-assembly of cylinder-forming BCPs using the dot and pondering patterns as guiding templates. This simple approach can likely be extended to the multiple self-assembly of many other BCPs with good functionality, significantly contributing to the development of various nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsung Jung
- Electronic Convergence Materials Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology (KICET) 101 Soho-ro, Jinju 52851, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Dolan JA, Dehmel R, Demetriadou A, Gu Y, Wiesner U, Wilkinson TD, Gunkel I, Hess O, Baumberg JJ, Steiner U, Saba M, Wilts BD. Metasurfaces Atop Metamaterials: Surface Morphology Induces Linear Dichroism in Gyroid Optical Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803478. [PMID: 30393994 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optical metamaterials offer the tantalizing possibility of creating extraordinary optical properties through the careful design and arrangement of subwavelength structural units. Gyroid-structured optical metamaterials possess a chiral, cubic, and triply periodic bulk morphology that exhibits a redshifted effective plasma frequency. They also exhibit a strong linear dichroism, the origin of which is not yet understood. Here, the interaction of light with gold gyroid optical metamaterials is studied and a strong correlation between the surface morphology and its linear dichroism is found. The termination of the gyroid surface breaks the cubic symmetry of the bulk lattice and gives rise to the observed wavelength- and polarization-dependent reflection. The results show that light couples into both localized and propagating plasmon modes associated with anisotropic surface protrusions and the gaps between such protrusions. The localized surface modes give rise to the anisotropic optical response, creating the linear dichroism. Simulated reflection spectra are highly sensitive to minute details of these surface terminations, down to the nanometer level, and can be understood with analogy to the optical properties of a 2D anisotropic metasurface atop a 3D isotropic metamaterial. This pronounced sensitivity to the subwavelength surface morphology has significant consequences for both the design and application of optical metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Dolan
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Dehmel
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Angela Demetriadou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yibei Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853-1501, USA
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853-1501, USA
| | - Timothy D Wilkinson
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ortwin Hess
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saba
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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15
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Van Horn RM, Steffen MR, O'Connor D. Recent progress in block copolymer crystallization. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Van Horn
- Department of Chemistry Allegheny College Meadville Pennsylvania
| | | | - Dana O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry Allegheny College Meadville Pennsylvania
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Dolan JA, Korzeb K, Dehmel R, Gödel KC, Stefik M, Wiesner U, Wilkinson TD, Baumberg JJ, Wilts BD, Steiner U, Gunkel I. Controlling Self-Assembly in Gyroid Terpolymer Films By Solvent Vapor Annealing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802401. [PMID: 30252206 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy with which solvent vapor annealing (SVA) can control block copolymer self-assembly has so far been demonstrated primarily for the simplest class of copolymer, the linear diblock copolymer. Adding a third distinct block-thereby creating a triblock terpolymer-not only provides convenient access to complex continuous network morphologies, particularly the gyroid phases, but also opens up a route toward the fabrication of novel nanoscale devices such as optical metamaterials. Such applications, however, require the generation of well-ordered 3D continuous networks, which in turn requires a detailed understanding of the SVA process in terpolymer network morphologies. Here, in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is employed to study the self-assembly of a gyroid-forming triblock terpolymer during SVA, revealing the effects of several key SVA parameters on the morphology, lateral order, and, in particular, its preservation in the dried film. The robustness of the terpolymer gyroid morphology is a key requirement for successful SVA, allowing the exploration of annealing parameters which may enable the generation of films with long-range order, e.g., for optical metamaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Dolan
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karolina Korzeb
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Dehmel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karl C Gödel
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Morgan Stefik
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 541 Main St, Horizon I BLDG, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Timothy D Wilkinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, 214 Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Sheng Q, Mao W, Han L, Che S. Fabrication of Photonic Bandgap Materials by Shifting Double Frameworks. Chemistry 2018; 24:17389-17396. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Sheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road 200240 Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Wenting Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road 200240 Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tongji University; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Shunai Che
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road 200240 Shanghai P.R. China
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tongji University; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P.R. China
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Nelson G, Drapes CS, Grant MA, Gnabasik R, Wong J, Baruth A. High-Precision Solvent Vapor Annealing for Block Copolymer Thin Films. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E271. [PMID: 30424204 PMCID: PMC6187827 DOI: 10.3390/mi9060271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite its efficacy in producing well-ordered, periodic nanostructures, the intricate role multiple parameters play in solvent vapor annealing has not been fully established. In solvent vapor annealing a thin polymer film is exposed to a vapor of solvent(s) thus forming a swollen and mobile layer to direct the self-assembly process at the nanoscale. Recent developments in both theory and experiments have directly identified critical parameters that govern this process, but controlling them in any systematic way has proven non-trivial. These identified parameters include vapor pressure, solvent concentration in the film, and the solvent evaporation rate. To explore their role, a purpose-built solvent vapor annealing chamber was designed and constructed. The all-metal chamber is designed to be inert to solvent exposure. Computer-controlled, pneumatically actuated valves allow for precision timing in the introduction and withdrawal of solvent vapor from the film. The mass flow controller-regulated inlet, chamber pressure gauges, in situ spectral reflectance-based thickness monitoring, and low flow micrometer relief valve give real-time monitoring and control during the annealing and evaporation phases with unprecedented precision and accuracy. The reliable and repeatable alignment of polylactide cylinders formed from polystyrene-b-polylactide, where cylinders stand perpendicular to the substrate and span the thickness of the film, provides one illustrative example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Nelson
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | - Chloe S Drapes
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | - Meagan A Grant
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | - Ryan Gnabasik
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Wong
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | - Andrew Baruth
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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