1
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Li Z, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Tang S. Mechanochemical Backbone Editing for Controlled Degradation of Vinyl Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408225. [PMID: 38801168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The chemically inert nature of fully saturated hydrocarbon backbones endows vinyl polymers with desirable durability, but it also leads to their significant environmental persistence. Enhancing the sustainability of these materials requires a pivotal yet challenging shift: transforming the inert backbone into one that is degradable. Here, we present a versatile platform for mechanochemically editing the fully saturated backbone of vinyl polymers towards degradable polymer chains by integrating cyclobutene-fused succinimide (CBS) units along backbone through photo-iniferter reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) copolymerization. Significantly, the evenly insertion of CBS units does not compromise thermal or chemical stability but rather offers a means to adjust the properties of polymethylacrylate (PMA). Meanwhile, reactive acyclic imide units can be selectively introduced to the backbone through mechanochemical activation (pulse ultrasonication or ball-milling grinding) when required. Subsequent hydrolysis of the acyclic imide groups enables efficient degradation, yielding telechelic oligomers. This approach holds promise for inspiring the design and modification of more environmentally friendly vinyl polymers through backbone editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yajun Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shan Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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2
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Liu P, Jimaja S, Immel S, Thomas C, Mayer M, Weder C, Bruns N. Mechanically triggered on-demand degradation of polymers synthesized by radical polymerizations. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1184-1192. [PMID: 38609710 PMCID: PMC11230896 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Polymers that degrade on demand have the potential to facilitate chemical recycling, reduce environmental pollution and are useful in implant immolation, drug delivery or as adhesives that debond on demand. However, polymers made by radical polymerization, which feature all carbon-bond backbones and constitute the most important class of polymers, have proven difficult to render degradable. Here we report cyclobutene-based monomers that can be co-polymerized with conventional monomers and impart the resulting polymers with mechanically triggered degradability. The cyclobutene residues act as mechanophores and can undergo a mechanically triggered ring-opening reaction, which causes a rearrangement that renders the polymer chains cleavable by hydrolysis under basic conditions. These cyclobutene-based monomers are broadly applicable in free radical and controlled radical polymerizations, introduce functional groups into the backbone of polymers and allow the mechanically gated degradation of high-molecular-weight materials or cross-linked polymer networks into low-molecular-weight species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Sètuhn Jimaja
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Immel
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Synthetic Biology, University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Michael Mayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Synthetic Biology, University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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3
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Hu Y, Lin Y, Craig SL. Mechanically Triggered Polymer Deconstruction through Mechanoacid Generation and Catalytic Enol Ether Hydrolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2876-2881. [PMID: 38265762 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Polymers that amplify a transient external stimulus into changes in their morphology, physical state, or properties continue to be desirable targets for a range of applications. Here, we report a polymer comprising an acid-sensitive, hydrolytically unstable enol ether backbone onto which is embedded gem-dichlorocyclopropane (gDCC) mechanophores through a single postsynthetic modification. The gDCC mechanophore releases HCl in response to large forces of tension along the polymer backbone, and the acid subsequently catalyzes polymer deconstruction at the enol ether sites. Pulsed sonication of a 61 kDa PDHF with 77% gDCC on the backbone in THF with 100 mM H2O for 10 min triggers the subsequent degradation of the polymer to a final molecular weight of less than 3 kDa after 24 h of standing, whereas controls lacking either the gDCC or the enol ether reach final molecular weights of 38 and 27 kDa, respectively. The process of sonication, along with the presence of water and the existence of gDCC on the backbone, significantly accelerates the rate of polymer chain deconstruction. Both acid generation and the resulting triggered polymer deconstruction are translated to bulk, cross-linked polymer networks. Networks formed via thiol-ene cross-linking and subjected to unconstrained quasi-static uniaxial compression dissolve on time scales that are at least 3 times faster than controls where the mechanophore is not covalently coupled to the network. We anticipate that this concept can be extended to other acid-sensitive polymer networks for the stress-responsive deconstruction of gels and solvent-free elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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4
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Ditzler RAJ, King AJ, Towell SE, Ratushnyy M, Zhukhovitskiy AV. Editing of polymer backbones. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:600-615. [PMID: 37542179 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are at the epicentre of modern technological progress and the associated environmental pollution. Considerations of both polymer functionality and lifecycle are crucial in these contexts, and the polymer backbone - the core of a polymer - is at the root of these considerations. Just as the meaning of a sentence can be altered by editing its words, the function and sustainability of a polymer can also be transformed via the chemical modification of its backbone. Yet, polymer modification has primarily been focused on the polymer periphery. In this Review, we focus on the transformations of the polymer backbone by defining some concepts fundamental to this topic (for example, 'polymer backbone' and 'backbone editing') and by collecting and categorizing examples of backbone editing scattered throughout a century's worth of chemical literature, and outline critical directions for further research. In so doing, we lay the foundation for the field of polymer backbone editing and hope to accelerate its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A J Ditzler
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J King
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sydney E Towell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maxim Ratushnyy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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5
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Ouchi T, Bowser BH, Kouznetsova TB, Zheng X, Craig SL. Strain-triggered acidification in a double-network hydrogel enabled by multi-functional transduction of molecular mechanochemistry. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:585-593. [PMID: 36484385 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that force-triggered mechanochemical reactions within a polymeric material are capable of inducing measurable changes in macroscopic material properties, but examples of bulk property changes without irreversible changes in shape or structure are rare. Here, we report a double-network hydrogel that undergoes order-of-magnitude increases in acidity when strained, while recovering its initial shape after large deformation. The enabling mechanophore design is a 2-methoxy-gem-dichlorocyclopropane mechanoacid that is gated within a fused methyl methoxycyclobutene carboxylate mechanophore structure. This gated mechanoacid is incorporated via radical co-polymerization into linear and network polymers. Sonication experiments confirm the mechanical release of HCl, and single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals enhanced single-molecular toughness in the covalent strand. These mechanochemical functions are incorporated into a double-network hydrogel, leading to mechanically robust and thermally stable materials that undergo strain-triggered acid release. Both quasi-static stretching and high strain rate uniaxial compression result in substantial acidification of the hydrogel, from pH ∼ 7 to ∼5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | - Brandon H Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | | | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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6
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Lloyd EM, Vakil JR, Yao Y, Sottos NR, Craig SL. Covalent Mechanochemistry and Contemporary Polymer Network Chemistry: A Marriage in the Making. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:751-768. [PMID: 36599076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the field of polymer mechanochemistry has amassed a toolbox of mechanophores that translate mechanical energy into a variety of functional responses ranging from color change to small-molecule release. These productive chemical changes typically occur at the length scale of a few covalent bonds (Å) but require large energy inputs and strains on the micro-to-macro scale in order to achieve even low levels of mechanophore activation. The minimal activation hinders the translation of the available chemical responses into materials and device applications. The mechanophore activation challenge inspires core questions at yet another length scale of chemical control, namely: What are the molecular-scale features of a polymeric material that determine the extent of mechanophore activation? Further, how do we marry advances in the chemistry of polymer networks with the chemistry of mechanophores to create stress-responsive materials that are well suited for an intended application? In this Perspective, we speculate as to the potential match between covalent polymer mechanochemistry and recent advances in polymer network chemistry, specifically, topologically controlled networks and the hierarchical material responses enabled by multi-network architectures and mechanically interlocked polymers. Both fundamental and applied opportunities unique to the union of these two fields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Jafer R Vakil
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Yunxin Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
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7
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Abstract
AbstractThis Account covers the recent progress made on heterocyclic mechanophores in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. In particular, the types of such mechanophores as well as the mechanisms and applications of their force-induced structural transformations are discussed and related perspectives and future challenges proposed.1 Introduction2 Types of Mechanophores3 Methods to Incorporate Heterocycle Mechanophores into Polymer Systems4 Mechanochemical Reactions of Heterocyclic Mechanophores4.1 Three-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.2 Four-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.3 Six-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.4 Bicyclic Mechanophores5 Applications5.1 Cross-Linking of Polymer5.2 Degradable Polymer5.3 Mechanochromic Polymer6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
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8
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Wang Z, Zheng X, Ouchi T, Kouznetsova TB, Beech HK, Av-Ron S, Matsuda T, Bowser BH, Wang S, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Gong JP, Rubinstein M, Craig SL. Toughening hydrogels through force-triggered chemical reactions that lengthen polymer strands. Science 2021; 374:193-196. [PMID: 34618576 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Haley K Beech
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Av-Ron
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takahiro Matsuda
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Brandon H Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Chemistry, MIT, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia A Kalow
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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9
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Bowser BH, Wang S, Kouznetsova TB, Beech HK, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M, Craig SL. Single-Event Spectroscopy and Unravelling Kinetics of Covalent Domains Based on Cyclobutane Mechanophores. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5269-5276. [PMID: 33783187 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions that lead to an increase in polymer contour length have the potential to serve as covalent synthetic mimics of the mechanical unfolding of noncovalent "stored length" domains in structural proteins. Here we report the force-dependent kinetics of stored length release in a family of covalent domain polymers based on cis-1,2-substituted cyclobutane mechanophores. The stored length is determined by the size (n) of a fused ring in an [n.2.0] bicyclic architecture, and it can be made sufficiently large (>3 nm per event) that individual unravelling events are resolved in both constant-velocity and constant-force single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) experiments. Replacing a methylene in the pulling attachment with a phenyl group drops the force necessary to achieve rate constants of 1 s-1 from ca. 1970 pN (dialkyl handles) to 630 pN (diaryl handles), and the substituent effect is attributed to a combination of electronic stabilization and mechanical leverage effects. In contrast, the kinetics are negligibly perturbed by changes in the amount of stored length. The independent control of unravelling force and extension holds promise as a probe of molecular behavior in polymer networks and for optimizing the behaviors of materials made from covalent domain polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H Bowser
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Physics, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Premier Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Stephen L Craig
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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10
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Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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11
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Klein IM, Husic CC, Kovács DP, Choquette NJ, Robb MJ. Validation of the CoGEF Method as a Predictive Tool for Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16364-16381. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Klein
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dávid P. Kovács
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Choquette
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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12
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13
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Izak-Nau E, Campagna D, Baumann C, Göstl R. Polymer mechanochemistry-enabled pericyclic reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemical pericyclic reactions are reviewed with regard to their structural features and substitution prerequisites to the polymer framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Davide Campagna
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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14
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Galan NJ, Burroughs JM, Maroon CR, Long BK, Brantley JN. Vinyl-addition polymerizations of cycloallenes: synthetic access to congeners of cyclic-olefin polymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vinyl-addition polymerizations of cyclic allenes were investigated. Copolymers of cyclic and acyclic allenes were prepared, and the impact of cycloallene feed ratio on bulk material properties was explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian K. Long
- University of Tennessee Department of Chemistry
- Knoxville
- USA
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