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Yu Z, He W, Hu S, Ren Z, Wan S, Cheng X, Hu Y, Jiang T. Creating Anti-Chiral Exceptional Points in Non-Hermitian Metasurfaces for Efficient Terahertz Switching. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402615. [PMID: 38757557 PMCID: PMC11267315 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Non-Hermitian degeneracies, also known as exceptional points (EPs), have presented remarkable singular characteristics such as the degeneracy of eigenvalues and eigenstates and enable limitless opportunities for achieving fascinating phenomena in EP photonic systems. Here, the general theoretical framework and experimental verification of a non-Hermitian metasurface that holds a pair of anti-chiral EPs are proposed as a novel approach for efficient terahertz (THz) switching. First, based on the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase and unitary transformation, it is discovered that the coupling variation of ±1 spin eigenstates will lead to asymmetric modulation in two orthogonal linear polarizations (LP). Through loss-induced merging of a pair of anti-chiral EPs, the decoupling of ±1 spin eigenstates are then successfully realized in a non-Hermitian metasurface. Final, the efficient THz modulation is experimentally demonstrated, which exhibits modulation depth exceeding 70% and Off-On-Off switching cycle less than 9 ps in one LP while remains unaffected in another one. Compared with conventional THz modulation devices, the metadevice shows several figures of merits, such as a single frequency operation, high modulation depth, and ultrafast switching speed. The proposed theory and loss-induced non-Hermitian device are general and can be extended to numerous photonic systems varying from microwave, THz, infrared, to visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Yu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Ziheng Ren
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Shun Wan
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Yuze Hu
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
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Yeung C, Pham B, Zhang Z, Fountaine KT, Raman AP. Hybrid supervised and reinforcement learning for the design and optimization of nanophotonic structures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:9920-9930. [PMID: 38571216 DOI: 10.1364/oe.512159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
From higher computational efficiency to enabling the discovery of novel and complex structures, deep learning has emerged as a powerful framework for the design and optimization of nanophotonic circuits and components. However, both data-driven and exploration-based machine learning strategies have limitations in their effectiveness for nanophotonic inverse design. Supervised machine learning approaches require large quantities of training data to produce high-performance models and have difficulty generalizing beyond training data given the complexity of the design space. Unsupervised and reinforcement learning-based approaches on the other hand can have very lengthy training or optimization times associated with them. Here we demonstrate a hybrid supervised learning and reinforcement learning approach to the inverse design of nanophotonic structures and show this approach can reduce training data dependence, improve the generalizability of model predictions, and significantly shorten exploratory training times. The presented strategy thus addresses several contemporary deep learning-based challenges, while opening the door for new design methodologies that leverage multiple classes of machine learning algorithms to produce more effective and practical solutions for photonic design.
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Sharma M, Tal M, McDonnell C, Ellenbogen T. Electrically and all-optically switchable nonlocal nonlinear metasurfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2353. [PMID: 37585536 PMCID: PMC10431712 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonlocal effects on metasurfaces play an important role to achieve high-Q spectral selectivity, beneficial for development of multifunctional, multispectral integrated optics. In addition, they enhance the optical interaction and promote a variety of nonlinear effects, including frequency conversion and stimulated scattering. Active tuning of nonlocal nonlinearity is highly desirable for sensing and signal processing but was hardly explored until now. Here, we show drastic electric and all-optical tunability of nonlocal second-harmonic generation (SHG) from nonlinear metasurface, functionalized with a twisted nematic liquid-crystal (LC) layer. The addition of LC results in the emergence of strong nonlocal SHG, due to a surface lattice resonance of the system. We demonstrate a notable enhancement of SHG on resonance, more than 25 dB electrical switching amplitude, and all-optically induced phase transition imprinted on SHG. Our results on dynamic nonlocal effects introduce a very promising route for active nonlinear optical metadevices at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Sharma
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Mai Tal
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Cormac McDonnell
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
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Sideris S, Zixian H, McDonnell C, Li G, Ellenbogen T. Holographic THz Beam Generation by Nonlinear Plasmonic Metasurface Emitters. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:2972-2979. [PMID: 37602295 PMCID: PMC10436349 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of terahertz (THz) technology hinges on the progress made in the development of efficient sources capable of generating and shaping the THz emission. However, the currently available THz sources provide limited control over the generated field. Here, we use near-field interactions in nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry phase plasmonic metasurfaces to achieve deep subwavelength, precise, and continuous control over the local amplitude of the emitted field. We show that this new ability can be used for holographic THz beam generation. Specifically, we demonstrate the generation of precisely shaped Hermite-Gauss, Top-Hat, and triangular beams. We show that using this method, higher-order modes are completely suppressed, indicating optimal nonlinear diffraction efficiency. In addition, we demonstrate the application of the generated structured beams for obtaining enhanced imaging resolution and contrast. These demonstrations hold immense potential to address challenges associated with a broad range of new applications employing THz technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symeon Sideris
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Hu Zixian
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cormac McDonnell
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Guixin Li
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute
for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
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Pettine J, Padmanabhan P, Sirica N, Prasankumar RP, Taylor AJ, Chen HT. Ultrafast terahertz emission from emerging symmetry-broken materials. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:133. [PMID: 37258515 PMCID: PMC10232484 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01163-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical spectroscopies are powerful tools for investigating both static material properties and light-induced dynamics. Terahertz (THz) emission spectroscopy has emerged in the past several decades as a versatile method for directly tracking the ultrafast evolution of physical properties, quasiparticle distributions, and order parameters within bulk materials and nanoscale interfaces. Ultrafast optically-induced THz radiation is often analyzed mechanistically in terms of relative contributions from nonlinear polarization, magnetization, and various transient free charge currents. While this offers material-specific insights, more fundamental symmetry considerations enable the generalization of measured nonlinear tensors to much broader classes of systems. We thus frame the present discussion in terms of underlying broken symmetries, which enable THz emission by defining a system directionality in space and/or time, as well as more detailed point group symmetries that determine the nonlinear response tensors. Within this framework, we survey a selection of recent studies that utilize THz emission spectroscopy to uncover basic properties and complex behaviors of emerging materials, including strongly correlated, magnetic, multiferroic, and topological systems. We then turn to low-dimensional systems to explore the role of designer nanoscale structuring and corresponding symmetries that enable or enhance THz emission. This serves as a promising route for probing nanoscale physics and ultrafast light-matter interactions, as well as facilitating advances in integrated THz systems. Furthermore, the interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic material symmetries, in addition to hybrid structuring, may stimulate the discovery of exotic properties and phenomena beyond existing material paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pettine
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Prashant Padmanabhan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Nicholas Sirica
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Rohit P Prasankumar
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
- Deep Science Fund, Intellectual Ventures, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | - Antoinette J Taylor
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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Minerbi E, Sideris S, Ellenbogen T. Enhancing THz emission from nonlinear metasurfaces by a Bragg perfect absorber. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2853-2856. [PMID: 37262227 DOI: 10.1364/ol.489887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear plasmonic metasurfaces were demonstrated recently as ultracompact tetrahertz (THz) sources, emitting relatively strong single-cycle THz pulses after femtosecond laser illumination. There has been great progress in their ability to generate controlled THz wavepackets; however, their overall emission strength has not yet been optimized. Here we numerically show that by designing a Bragg assisted perfect absorber we can improve the coupling of the pumping laser to the nonlinear metasurface. This results in over an order of magnitude enhancement of the THz signal. Moreover, we show that this method can be combined with other independent optimization schemes to further enhance the radiated THz, reaching over two orders of magnitude emission enhancement compared with previously studied plasmonic metasurfaces.
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Wang S, Qin W, Zhang S, Lou Y, Liu C, Wu T, He Q, Tian C, Zhou L, Wu Y, Tao Z. Nanoengineered Spintronic-Metasurface Terahertz Emitters Enable Beam Steering and Full Polarization Control. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10111-10119. [PMID: 36512804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The demand for emerging applications at the terahertz frequencies motivates the development of novel and multifunctional devices for the generation and manipulation of terahertz waves. In this work, we report the realization of multifunctional spintronic-metasurface emitters, which allow simultaneous beam-steering and full polarization control over a broadband terahertz beam. This is achieved through engineering individual meta-atoms with nanoscale magnetic heterostructures and, thus, implementing microscopical control over the laser-induced spin and charge dynamics. By arranging the spintronic meta-atoms in the metagrating geometry, the generated terahertz beam can be flexibly steered in space between different orders of diffraction. Furthermore, we demonstrate a simultaneous control over the terahertz polarization states at different emission angles and show that the two control capabilities are mutually independent of each other. The nanoengineered multifunctional terahertz emitter demonstrated in this work can provide a solution to the challenge associated with a growing variety of applications of terahertz technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Wentao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Yuchen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Changqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Qiong He
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Chuanshan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Yizheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Zhensheng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
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Sideris S, Minerbi E, McDonnell C, Ellenbogen T. THz Radiation Efficiency Enhancement from Metal-ITO Nonlinear Metasurfaces. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:3981-3986. [PMID: 36573163 PMCID: PMC9782780 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Strong single-cycle THz emission has been demonstrated from nonlinear plasmonic metasurfaces, when excited by femtosecond laser pulses. In order to invoke a higher nonlinear response, such metasurfaces have been coupled to thin indium-tin-oxide (ITO) films, which exhibit an epsilon-near zero (ENZ) behavior in the excitation wavelength range and enhance the nonlinear conversion. However, the THz conductivity of the ITO film also reduces the radiation efficiency of the meta-atoms constituting the metasurface. To overcome this, we etch the ITO layer around the plasmonic meta-atoms, which allows harnessing of the enhanced localized fields due to the ENZ behavior of the remaining ITO film, while improving the THz radiation efficiency. We report an increase of more than 1 order of magnitude in the emitted THz spectral power density, while the energy conversion efficiency approaches 10-6. This simple yet very effective fabrication scheme provides important progress toward increasing the range of applications of nonlinear plasmonic metasurface THz emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symeon Sideris
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light−Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel Aviv6779801, Israel
| | - Eviatar Minerbi
- Center
for Light−Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel Aviv6779801, Israel
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Physics &
Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6779801, Israel
| | - Cormac McDonnell
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light−Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel Aviv6779801, Israel
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light−Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel Aviv6779801, Israel
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