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Tabatabaei S, Priyadarsi P, Singh N, Sahafi P, Tay D, Jordan A, Budakian R. Large-enhancement nanoscale dynamic nuclear polarization near a silicon nanowire surface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado9059. [PMID: 39167648 PMCID: PMC11338224 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado9059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has revolutionized the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, expanding its reach and capabilities to investigate diverse materials, biomolecules, and complex dynamic processes. Bringing high-efficiency DNP to the nanometer scale would open exciting avenues for studying nanoscale nuclear spin ensembles, such as single biomolecules, virus particles, and condensed matter systems. Combining pulsed DNP with nanoscale force-detected magnetic resonance measurements, we demonstrated a 100-fold enhancement in the Boltzmann polarization of proton spins in nanoscale sugar droplets at 6 kelvin and 0.33 tesla. Crucially, this enhancement corresponds to a factor of 200 reduction in the averaging time compared to measurements that rely on the detection of statistical fluctuations in nanoscale nuclear spin ensembles. These results substantially advance the capabilities of force-detected magnetic resonance detection as a practical tool for nanoscale imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahand Tabatabaei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
| | - Pritam Priyadarsi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
| | - Namanish Singh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
| | - Pardis Sahafi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
| | - Daniel Tay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
| | - Andrew Jordan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
| | - Raffi Budakian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L3G1
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2
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Budakian R, Finkler A, Eichler A, Poggio M, Degen CL, Tabatabaei S, Lee I, Hammel PC, Eugene SP, Taminiau TH, Walsworth RL, London P, Bleszynski Jayich A, Ajoy A, Pillai A, Wrachtrup J, Jelezko F, Bae Y, Heinrich AJ, Ast CR, Bertet P, Cappellaro P, Bonato C, Altmann Y, Gauger E. Roadmap on nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:412001. [PMID: 38744268 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4b23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The field of nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) was started 30 years ago. It was motivated by the desire to image single molecules and molecular assemblies, such as proteins and virus particles, with near-atomic spatial resolution and on a length scale of 100 nm. Over the years, the NanoMRI field has also expanded to include the goal of useful high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of molecules under ambient conditions, including samples up to the micron-scale. The realization of these goals requires the development of spin detection techniques that are many orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional NMR and MRI, capable of detecting and controlling nanoscale ensembles of spins. Over the years, a number of different technical approaches to NanoMRI have emerged, each possessing a distinct set of capabilities for basic and applied areas of science. The goal of this roadmap article is to report the current state of the art in NanoMRI technologies, outline the areas where they are poised to have impact, identify the challenges that lie ahead, and propose methods to meet these challenges. This roadmap also shows how developments in NanoMRI techniques can lead to breakthroughs in emerging quantum science and technology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffi Budakian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Amit Finkler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martino Poggio
- Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sahand Tabatabaei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Inhee Lee
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - P Chris Hammel
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - S Polzik Eugene
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 17, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Tim H Taminiau
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- University of Maryland 2218 Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Paz London
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ania Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
- Quantum Information Science Program, CIFAR, 661 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Yujeong Bae
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian R Ast
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrice Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Cristian Bonato
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Yoann Altmann
- Institute of Signals, Sensors and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Gauger
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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Zhang C, Liu Z, Li C, Cao J, Buijnsters JG. Templated Synthesis of Diamond Nanopillar Arrays Using Porous Anodic Aluminium Oxide (AAO) Membranes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:888. [PMID: 36903765 PMCID: PMC10004781 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diamond nanostructures are mostly produced from bulk diamond (single- or polycrystalline) by using time-consuming and/or costly subtractive manufacturing methods. In this study, we report the bottom-up synthesis of ordered diamond nanopillar arrays by using porous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO). Commercial ultrathin AAO membranes were adopted as the growth template in a straightforward, three-step fabrication process involving chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and the transfer and removal of the alumina foils. Two types of AAO membranes with distinct nominal pore size were employed and transferred onto the nucleation side of CVD diamond sheets. Subsequently, diamond nanopillars were grown directly on these sheets. After removal of the AAO template by chemical etching, ordered arrays of submicron and nanoscale diamond pillars with ~325 nm and ~85 nm diameters were successfully released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Josephus G. Buijnsters
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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Héritier M, Pachlatko R, Tao Y, Abendroth JM, Degen CL, Eichler A. Spatial Correlation between Fluctuating and Static Fields over Metal and Dielectric Substrates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:216101. [PMID: 34860104 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.216101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report spatially resolved measurements of static and fluctuating electric fields over conductive (Au) and nonconductive (SiO_{2}) surfaces. Using an ultrasensitive "nanoladder" cantilever probe to scan over these surfaces at distances of a few tens of nanometers, we record changes in the probe resonance frequency and damping that we associate with static and fluctuating fields, respectively. We find static and fluctuating fields to be spatially correlated. Furthermore, the fields are of similar magnitude for the two materials. We quantitatively describe the observed effects on the basis of trapped surface charges and dielectric fluctuations in an adsorbate layer. Our results are consistent with organic adsorbates significantly contributing to surface dissipation that affects nanomechanical sensors, trapped ions, superconducting resonators, and color centers in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Héritier
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Pachlatko
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ye Tao
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - John M Abendroth
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Toros A, Kiss M, Graziosi T, Sattari H, Gallo P, Quack N. Precision micro-mechanical components in single crystal diamond by deep reactive ion etching. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2018; 4:12. [PMID: 31057900 PMCID: PMC6161503 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-018-0014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding material properties of single crystal diamond have been at the origin of the long-standing interest in its exploitation for engineering of high-performance micro- and nanosystems. In particular, the extreme mechanical hardness, the highest elastic modulus of any bulk material, low density, and the promise for low friction have spurred interest most notably for micro-mechanical and MEMS applications. While reactive ion etching of diamond has been reported previously, precision structuring of freestanding micro-mechanical components in single crystal diamond by deep reactive ion etching has hitherto remained elusive, related to limitations in the etch processes, such as the need of thick hard masks, micromasking effects, and limited etch rates. In this work, we report on an optimized reactive ion etching process of single crystal diamond overcoming several of these shortcomings at the same time, and present a robust and reliable method to produce fully released micro-mechanical components in single crystal diamond. Using an optimized Al/SiO2 hard mask and a high-intensity oxygen plasma etch process, we obtain etch rates exceeding 30 µm/h and hard mask selectivity better than 1:50. We demonstrate fully freestanding micro-mechanical components for mechanical watches made of pure single crystal diamond. The components with a thickness of 150 µm are defined by lithography and deep reactive ion etching, and exhibit sidewall angles of 82°-93° with surface roughness better than 200 nm rms, demonstrating the potential of this powerful technique for precision microstructuring of single crystal diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Toros
- EPFL STI IMT GR-QUACK, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcell Kiss
- EPFL STI IMT GR-QUACK, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teodoro Graziosi
- EPFL STI IMT GR-QUACK, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hamed Sattari
- EPFL STI IMT GR-QUACK, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Gallo
- LakeDiamond SA, Rue Galilée 7, CH-1400 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland
| | - Niels Quack
- EPFL STI IMT GR-QUACK, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wu Z, Chun J, Chatterjee S, Li D. Fabrication of oriented crystals as force measurement tips via focused ion beam and microlithography methods. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wu
- School of Science; North University of China; Shanxi 030051 China
| | - Jaehun Chun
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; WA USA
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; WA USA
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; WA USA
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Castelletto S, Rosa L, Blackledge J, Al Abri MZ, Boretti A. Advances in diamond nanofabrication for ultrasensitive devices. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2017; 3:17061. [PMID: 31057885 PMCID: PMC6444997 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2017.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews some of the major recent advances in single-crystal diamond nanofabrication and its impact in nano- and micro-mechanical, nanophotonics and optomechanical components. These constituents of integrated devices incorporating specific dopants in the material provide the capacity to enhance the sensitivity in detecting mass and forces as well as magnetic field down to quantum mechanical limits and will lead pioneering innovations in ultrasensitive sensing and precision measurements in the realm of the medical sciences, quantum sciences and related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Castelletto
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Centre for Micro-Photonics (H74), Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Rosa
- Swinburne University of Technology, Centre for Micro-Photonics (H74), Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Parma, Parma 43121, Italy
| | - Jonathan Blackledge
- Military Technological College, Muscat 111, Sultanate of Oman
- Dublin Institute of Technology, Rathmines Road, Dublin 6, Ireland
| | - Mohammed Zaher Al Abri
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 33, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
- Water Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 17, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Albert Boretti
- Military Technological College, Muscat 111, Sultanate of Oman
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6106, 325 Engineering Sciences Building, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Yonezu Y, Wakui K, Furusawa K, Takeoka M, Semba K, Aoki T. Efficient Single-Photon Coupling from a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Embedded in a Diamond Nanowire Utilizing an Optical Nanofiber. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12985. [PMID: 29021540 PMCID: PMC5636877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising solid-state quantum emitters that can be utilized for photonic quantum applications. Various diamond nanophotonic devices have been fabricated for efficient extraction of single photons emitted from NV centers to a single guided mode. However, for constructing scalable quantum networks, further efficient coupling of single photons to a guided mode of a single-mode fiber (SMF) is indispensable and a difficult challenge. Here, we propose a novel efficient hybrid system between an optical nanofiber and a cylindrical-structured diamond nanowire. The maximum coupling efficiency as high as 75% for the sum of both fiber ends is obtained by numerical simulations. The proposed hybrid system will provide a simple and efficient interface between solid-state quantum emitters and a SMF suitable for constructing scalable quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Yonezu
- Department of Applied Physics, Waseda University, Okubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Nukui-kita 4-2-1, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Wakui
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Nukui-kita 4-2-1, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Furusawa
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Nukui-kita 4-2-1, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeoka
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Nukui-kita 4-2-1, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Semba
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Nukui-kita 4-2-1, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Aoki
- Department of Applied Physics, Waseda University, Okubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Focused ion beam-assisted fabrication of soft high-aspect ratio silicon nanowire atomic force microscopy probes. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 179:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tao Y, Eichler A, Holzherr T, Degen CL. Ultrasensitive mechanical detection of magnetic moment using a commercial disk drive write head. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12714. [PMID: 27647039 PMCID: PMC5034305 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive detection of weak magnetic moments is an essential capability in many areas of nanoscale science and technology, including nanomagnetism, quantum readout of spins and nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging. Here we show that the write head of a commercial hard drive may enable significant advances in nanoscale spin detection. By approaching a sharp diamond tip to within 5 nm from a write pole and measuring the induced diamagnetic moment with a nanomechanical force transducer, we demonstrate a spin sensitivity of 0.032 μB Hz(-1/2), equivalent to 21 proton magnetic moments. The high sensitivity is enabled in part by the pole's strong magnetic gradient of up to 28 × 10(6) T m(-1) and in part by the absence of non-contact friction due to the extremely flat writer surface. In addition, we demonstrate quantitative imaging of the pole field with ∼10 nm spatial resolution. We foresee diverse applications for write heads in experimental condensed matter physics, especially in spintronics, ultrafast spin manipulation and mesoscopic physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Tao
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. Eichler
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T. Holzherr
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C. L. Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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