1
|
Li S, Tsakmakidis KL, Jiang T, Shen Q, Zhang H, Yan J, Sun S, Shen L. Unidirectional guided-wave-driven metasurfaces for arbitrary wavefront control. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5992. [PMID: 39013869 PMCID: PMC11252367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces are capable of fully reshaping the wavefronts of incident beams in desired manners. However, the requirement for external light excitation and the resonant nature of their meta-atoms, make challenging their on-chip integration. Here, we introduce the concept and design of a fresh class of metasurfaces, driven by unidirectional guided waves, capable of arbitrary wavefront control based on the unique dispersion properties of unidirectional guided waves rather than resonant meta-atoms. Upon experimentally demonstrating the feasibility of our designs in the microwave regime, we numerically validate the introduced principle through the design of several microwave meta-devices using metal-air-gyromagnetic unidirectional surface magneto-plasmons, agilely converting unidirectional guided modes into the wavefronts of 3D Bessel beams, focused waves, and controllable vortex beams. We, further, numerically demonstrate sub-diffraction focusing, which is beyond the capability of conventional metasurfaces. Our unfamiliar yet practical designs may enable full, broadband manipulation of electromagnetic waves on deep subwavelength scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Kosmas L Tsakmakidis
- Section of Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimioupolis, Athens, GR-157 84, Greece.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Applied Physics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Jinhua Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Ultra Precision Optical Manufacturing, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Linfang Shen
- Department of Applied Physics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ni H, Ping A, Cai T, Ni B, Chang J, Krasavin AV. Tunable polarization control with self-assembled arrays of anisotropic plasmonic coaxial nanocavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:16901-16912. [PMID: 38858886 DOI: 10.1364/oe.519827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Polarization control with nanostructures having a tunable design and allowing inexpensive large-scale fabrication is important for many nanophotonic applications. For this purpose, we developed and experimentally demonstrated nanostructured plasmonic surfaces based on hexagonal arrays of anisotropic coaxial nanocavities, which can be fabricated by a low-cost self-assembled nanosphere lithography method. Their high polarization sensitivity is achieved by engineering anisotropy of the coaxial nanocavities, while the optical response is enhanced by the excitation of surface plasmon resonances. Particularly, varying the geometrical parameters of the coaxial nanocavities, namely the height and tilt angle of their central core nanoellipsoids, the plasmonic resonance wavelengths as well as the polarization-selective behavior can be individually tuned in the entire visible and near-infrared spectral regions, which makes such nanostructures good candidates for the implementation of polarization-controlled optical switches and polarization-tunable filters. Moreover, the developed nanostructures demonstrate sensitivity up to 1335 nm/RIU in refractive index sensing.
Collapse
|
3
|
Li YB, Li H, Wang HP, Cui TJ. Wavelength-dependent holographic impedance metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:17330-17342. [PMID: 34154278 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Impedance metasurface can establish a link between an electromagnetic surface wave and spatial wave and hence has attracted much attention of researchers in recent years. The holographic method, which is well known in the optical area, has also the great ability to shape the radiated beams in the microwave band by introducing the concept of surface impedance. Here, we propose a method to shape the radiated beams at two different wavelengths using single-layer multiplexing holographic impedance metasurface with in-plane feeding. For one wavelength, the generated broadside beam in the far field has the left-hand circular polarization, while the broadside beam in the other wavelength has the right-hand circular polarization. The radiation performance under different wavelengths are controlled independently due to the novel design of two eigen-modes in the impedance unit cell, in which the ratio of the two wavelengths can be large enough. To verify the proposed design experimentally, we fabricate a metasurface sample, and good agreement is observed between the simulation and measurement results.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao X, Zhu A, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X. Sunflower-Like Nanostructure with Built-In Hotspots for Alpha-Fetoprotein Detection. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041197. [PMID: 33672380 PMCID: PMC7926938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a sunflower-like nanostructure array composed of a series of synaptic nanoparticles and nanospheres was manufactured through an efficient and low-cost colloidal lithography technique. The primary electromagnetic field contribution generated by the synaptic nanoparticles of the surface array structures was also determined by a finite-difference time-domain software to simulate the hotspots. This structure exhibited high repeatability and excellent sensitivity; hence, it was used as a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active substrate to achieve a rapid detection of ultra-low concentrations of Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). This study demonstrates the design of a plasmonic structure with strong electromagnetic coupling, which can be used for the rapid detection of AFP concentration in clinical medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- School of Material and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Aonan Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Yaxin Wang
- School of Material and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- School of Material and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ha Y, Guo Y, Pu M, Li X, Ma X, Zhang Z, Luo X. Monolithic‐Integrated Multiplexed Devices Based on Metasurface‐Driven Guided Waves. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Ha
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐Engineering Institute of Optics and Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences P. O. Box 350 Chengdu 610209 China
- School of Optoelectronics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yinghui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐Engineering Institute of Optics and Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences P. O. Box 350 Chengdu 610209 China
- School of Optoelectronics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Mingbo Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐Engineering Institute of Optics and Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences P. O. Box 350 Chengdu 610209 China
- School of Optoelectronics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐Engineering Institute of Optics and Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences P. O. Box 350 Chengdu 610209 China
- School of Optoelectronics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaoliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐Engineering Institute of Optics and Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences P. O. Box 350 Chengdu 610209 China
- School of Optoelectronics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zuojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐Engineering Institute of Optics and Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences P. O. Box 350 Chengdu 610209 China
- School of Optoelectronics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiangang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐Engineering Institute of Optics and Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences P. O. Box 350 Chengdu 610209 China
- School of Optoelectronics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo X, Ding Y, Chen X, Duan Y, Ni X. Molding free-space light with guided wave-driven metasurfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb4142. [PMID: 32832643 PMCID: PMC7439608 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces with unparalleled controllability of light have shown great potential to revolutionize conventional optics. However, they mainly require external light excitation, which makes it difficult to fully integrate them on-chip. On the other hand, integrated photonics enables packing optical components densely on a chip, but it has limited free-space light controllability. Here, by dressing metasurfaces onto waveguides, we molded guided waves into any desired free-space modes to achieve complex free-space functions, such as out-of-plane beam deflection and focusing. This metasurface also breaks the degeneracy of clockwise- and counterclockwise-propagating whispering gallery modes in an active microring resonator, leading to on-chip direct orbital angular momentum lasing. Our study shows a viable route toward complete control of light across integrated photonics and free-space platforms and paves a way for creating multifunctional photonic integrated devices with agile access to free space, which enables a plethora of applications in communications, remote sensing, displays, etc.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tan Q, Xu Z, Zhang DH, Yu T, Zhang S, Luo Y. Polarization-Controlled Plasmonic Structured Illumination. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2602-2608. [PMID: 32155084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Structured light in the subwavelength scale is important for a broad range of applications ranging from lithography to imaging. Of particular importance is the ability to dynamically shift the pattern of the fields, which has led to the development of structured illumination microscopy. Further extension of structured illumination to plasmonic systems has enabled imaging beyond diffraction limit. However, structured illumination usually requires complicated optical setups entailing moving mechanical parts. Here a polarization tunable structured plasmonic field (SPF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The SPF is formed by surface plasmon interference (SPI) generated by a fishbone-shaped metasurface on a thin gold film. Importantly, the SPF can be continuously shifted by merely varying the linear polarization state of an incident beam. The precise control of the fringes of structured illumination and elimination of mechanical control will have great potential in subdiffractional imaging for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Tan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengji Xu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634, Singapore
| | - Dao Hua Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Yu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ha Y, Guo Y, Pu M, Zhang F, Li X, Ma X, Xu M, Luo X. Minimized two- and four-step varifocal lens based on silicon photonic integrated nanoapertures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:7943-7952. [PMID: 32225429 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Integration of optical waveguide and subwavelength structure may help address the problems of large footprint, low robustness, and small operation bandwidth, those of that are typically inborn in traditional integrated optical devices. Here, a design method of an ultra-compact small footprint lens is proposed. Combing particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with spatial multiplexing technology, we successfully integrated two- and four-step varifocal lenses on SOIs chips with small footprint of 35×35 µm2, non-mechanically leading to 2.5× and 3.4× zoom capacity, respectively. The proposed designed method may shed a new light on compact on-chip display devices and offer an alternative approach to design integrated optical communication with high information storage capacity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang Z, Marks DL, Smith DR. Polarization-selective waveguide holography in the visible spectrum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:35631-35645. [PMID: 31878732 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.035631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a polarization-selective waveguide hologram at optical wavelengths, based on an all-dielectric metamaterial multilayer system. We show that two spatially separated or overlapped holographic images can be produced with two orthogonally polarized beams, incorporated into a binary computer generated hologram (CGH). These two images can be combined into a single 3D stereoscopic image observable using linearly or circularly polarized glasses. The two polarized beams can also be utilized to construct radially and azimuthally polarized "vortex" beams. The fundamental and first higher-order TM and TE modes of an optical waveguide are used to guide the two polarization states with distinct propagation constants. The two guided waves act as spatially distinct reference waves such that the integrated, on-chip hologram can distinguish the two and provide two independent images corresponding to the two polarizations. Polarization selective waveguide holograms can be used in a diverse set of applications, from chip-scale displays and augmented reality (AR) to optical trapping.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dong F, Chu W. Multichannel-Independent Information Encoding with Optical Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804921. [PMID: 30556627 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces, as an emerging platform, have been shown to be capable of effectively manipulating the local properties (amplitude, phase, and polarization) of the reflected or transmitted light and have unique strengths in high-density optical storage, holography, display, etc. The reliability and flexibility of wavefront manipulation makes optical metasurfaces suitable for information encryption by increasing the possibility of encoding combinations of independent channels and the capacity of encryption, and thus the security level. Here, recent progress in metasurface-based information encoding is reviewed, in which the independent channels for information encoding are built with wavelength and/or polarization in one-dimensional/two-dimensional (1D/2D) modes. The way to increase information encoding capacity and security level is proposed, and the opportunities and challenges of information encoding with independent channels based on metasurfaces are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengliang Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, Nanofabrication Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Weiguo Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, Nanofabrication Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deng J, Li Z, Zheng G, Tao J, Dai Q, Deng L, He P, Deng Q, Mao Q. Depth perception based 3D holograms enabled with polarization-independent metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11843-11849. [PMID: 29716101 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces consist of dielectric nanobrick arrays with different dimensions in the long and short axes can be used to generate different phase delays, predicting a new way to manipulate an incident beam in the two orthogonal directions separately. Here we demonstrate the concept of depth perception based three-dimensional (3D) holograms with polarization-independent metasurfaces. 4-step dielectric metasurfaces-based fan-out optical elements and holograms operating at 658 nm were designed and simulated. Two different holographic images with high fidelity were generated at the same plane in the far field for different polarization states. One can observe the 3D effect of target objects with polarized glasses. With the advantages of ultracompactness, flexibility and replicability, the polarization-independent metasurfaces open up depth perception based stereoscopic imaging in a holographic way.
Collapse
|
12
|
Guo Y, Pu M, Li X, Ma X, Gao P, Wang Y, Luo X. Functional metasurfaces based on metallic and dielectric subwavelength slits and stripes array. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:144003. [PMID: 29339578 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaa84a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Starting with the early works of extraordinary optical transmission and extraordinary Young's interference, researchers have been fascinated by the unusual optical properties displayed by metallic holes/slits and subsequently found similar abnormities in dielectric counterparts. Benefiting from the shrinking wavelength of surface plasmon polaritons excited in metallic slits and high refractive index of dielectric stripes, one can realize local phase modulation and approach desired dispersion by engineering the geometries of a slits and stripes array. In this review, we review recent developments in functional metasurfaces composed of various metallic and dielectric subwavelength slits and stripes arrays, with special emphasis on achromatic, ultra-broadband, quasi-continuous, multifunctional and reconfigurable metasurfaces. Particular attention is paid to provide insight into the design strategies for these devices. Finally, we give an outlook of the development in this fascinating area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 350, Chengdu 610209, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Leo E, Cocina A, Tiwari P, Poulikakos LV, Marqués-Gallego P, le Feber B, Norris DJ, Prins F. Polarization Multiplexing of Fluorescent Emission Using Multiresonant Plasmonic Antennas. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12167-12173. [PMID: 29161502 PMCID: PMC5772889 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Combining the ability to localize electromagnetic fields at the nanoscale with a directional response, plasmonic antennas offer an effective strategy to shape the far-field pattern of coupled emitters. Here, we introduce a family of directional multiresonant antennas that allows for polarization-resolved spectral identification of fluorescent emission. The geometry consists of a central aperture surrounded by concentric polygonal corrugations. By varying the periodicity of each axis of the polygon individually, this structure can support multiple resonances that provide independent control over emission directionality for multiple wavelengths. Moreover, since each resonant wavelength is directly mapped to a specific polarization orientation, spectral information can be encoded in the polarization state of the out-scattered beam. To demonstrate the potential of such structures in enabling simplified detection schemes and additional functionalities in sensing and imaging applications, we use the central subwavelength aperture as a built-in nanocuvette and manipulate the fluorescent response of colloidal-quantum-dot emitters coupled to the multiresonant antenna.
Collapse
|