1
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Möllers PV, Urban AJ, De Feyter S, Yamamoto HM, Zacharias H. Probing the Roles of Temperature and Cooperative Effects in Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity: Photoelectron Spin Polarization in Helical Tetrapyrroles. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:9620-9629. [PMID: 39277813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the roles of molecular vibrations and intermolecular interactions in the mechanism underlying chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) in monolayers of helical tetrapyrrole (TPBT) molecules. The spin polarization of photoelectrons emitted from TPBT-functionalized Cu(111) surfaces was measured as a function of the temperature and the surface coverage. We employed DFT calculations to determine the energy and temperature-dependent population of vibrational modes which vary either the molecular pitch and/or the molecular radius. In combination, the data demonstrate that molecular vibrations do not play a significant role for CISS in the TPBT layers. Submonolayer coverages were created by gradual thermal desorption of the molecules from the surface during the spin polarization measurements. While the spin polarization scales nonlinearly with the surface coverage, this behavior can be rationalized entirely through changes of the photoelectron yield upon surface functionalization, and therefore represents no evidence for cooperative effects involved in CISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Möllers
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Adrian J Urban
- Institute for Molecular Science, Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems, Division of Functional Molecular Systems, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture 444-8585, Japan
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi M Yamamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science, Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems, Division of Functional Molecular Systems, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture 444-8585, Japan
| | - Helmut Zacharias
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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2
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Wang C, Liang ZR, Chen XF, Guo AM, Ji G, Sun QF, Yan Y. Transverse Spin Selectivity in Helical Nanofibers Prepared without Any Chiral Molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:108001. [PMID: 39303270 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.108001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade, chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) has undergone intensive study. However, there remain several critical issues, such as the microscopic mechanism of CISS, especially transverse CISS where electrons are injected perpendicular to the helix axis of chiral molecules, quantitative agreement between experiments and theory, and at which level the molecular handedness is key to the CISS. Here, we address these issues by performing a combined experimental and theoretical study on conducting polyaniline helical nanofibers which are synthesized in the absence of any chiral species. Large spin polarization is measured in both left- and right-handed nanofibers for electrons injected perpendicular to their helix axis, and it will be reversed by switching the nanofiber handedness. We first develop a theoretical model to study this transverse CISS and quantitatively explain the experiment. Our results reveal that our theory provides a unifying scheme to interpret a number of CISS experiments, quantitative agreement between experiments and numerical calculations can be achieved by weak spin-orbit coupling, and the supramolecular handedness is sufficient for spin selectivity without any chiral species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qing-Feng Sun
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yong Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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3
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Liu T, Adhikari Y, Wang H, Jiang Y, Hua Z, Liu H, Schlottmann P, Gao H, Weiss PS, Yan B, Zhao J, Xiong P. Chirality-Induced Magnet-Free Spin Generation in a Semiconductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406347. [PMID: 38926947 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Electrical generation and transduction of polarized electron spins in semiconductors (SCs) are of central interest in spintronics and quantum information science. While spin generation in SCs is frequently realized via electrical injection from a ferromagnet (FM), there are significant advantages in nonmagnetic pathways of creating spin polarization. One such pathway exploits the interplay of electron spin with chirality in electronic structures or real space. Here, utilizing chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS), the efficient creation of spin accumulation in n-doped GaAs via electric current injection from a normal metal (Au) electrode through a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of chiral molecules (α-helix l-polyalanine, AHPA-L), is demonstrated. The resulting spin polarization is detected as a Hanle effect in the n-GaAs, which is found to obey a distinct universal scaling with temperature and bias current consistent with chirality-induced spin accumulation. The experiment constitutes a definitive observation of CISS in a fully nonmagnetic device structure and demonstration of its ability to generate spin accumulation in a conventional SC. The results thus place key constraints on the physical mechanism of CISS and present a new scheme for magnet-free SC spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Liu
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuwaraj Adhikari
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yiyang Jiang
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Zhenqi Hua
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Haoyang Liu
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Pedro Schlottmann
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Hanwei Gao
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute and Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Binghai Yan
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Xiong
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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4
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Day PN, Pachter R, Nguyen KA, Hong G. Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity: Analysis of Density Functional Theory Calculations. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:5475-5486. [PMID: 38888590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS), which was demonstrated in several molecular and material systems, has drawn much interest recently. The phenomenon, described in electron transport by the difference in the transport rate of electrons of opposite spins through a chiral system, is however not fully understood. Herein, we employed density functional theory in conjunction with spin-orbit coupling to evaluate the percent spin-polarization in a device setup with finite electrodes at zero bias, using an electron transport program developed in-house. To study the interface effects and the level of theory considered, we investigated a helical oligopeptide chain, an intrinsically chiral gold cluster, and a helicene model system that was previously studied (Zöllner et al. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2020, 16, 7357-7371). We find that the magnitude of the spin-polarization depends on the chiral system-electrode interface that is modeled by varying the interface boundary between the system's regions, on the method of calculating spin-orbit coupling, and on the exchange-correlation functional, e.g., the amount of exact exchange in the hybrid functionals. In addition, to assess the effects of bias, we employ the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism in the Quantum Atomistix Toolkit program, showing that the spin-flip terms could be important in calculating the CISS effect. Although understanding CISS in comparison to experiment is still not resolved, our study provides intrinsic responses from first-principles calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Day
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Kiet A Nguyen
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Gongyi Hong
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
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5
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Chen S, Wu R, Fu HH. Persistent Chirality-Induced Spin-Selectivity Effect in Circular Helix Molecules. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6210-6217. [PMID: 38709107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The spin-orbit coupling (SOC), the dynamics of the nonequilibrium transport process, and the breaking of time-reversal and space-inversion symmetries have been regarded as key factors for the emergence of chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) and chirality-dependent spin currents in helix molecules. In this work, we demonstrated the generation of persistent CISS currents in various circular single-stranded DNAs and 310-helix proteins for the first time, regardless of whether an external magnetic flux is applied or not. This new CISS effect presents only in equilibrium transport processes, distinct from the traditional CISS observed in nonequilibrium transport processes and linear helix molecules; we term it as the PCISS effect. Notably, PCISS manifests irrespective of whether the SOC is chirality-driven or stems from heavy-metal substrates, making it an efficient way to generate chirality-locked pure spin currents. Our research establishes a novel paradigm for examining the underlying physics of the CISS effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqian Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States
| | - Hua-Hua Fu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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6
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Yao J, Wang Z, Huang Y, Xue J, Zhang D, Chen J, Chen X, Dong SC, Lu H. Efficient Green Spin Light-Emitting Diodes Enabled by Ultrafast Energy- and Spin-Funneling in Chiral Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14157-14165. [PMID: 38727602 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Introducing molecular chirality into perovskite crystal structures has enabled the control of carrier spin states, giving rise to circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in thin films and circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL) in LEDs. Spin-LEDs can be fabricated either through a spin-filtering layer enabled by chiral-induced spin selectivity or a chiral emissive layer. The former requires a high degree of spin polarization and a compatible spinterface for efficient spin injection, which might not be easily integrated into LEDs. Alternatively, a chiral emissive layer can also generate circularly polarized electroluminescence, but the efficiency remains low and the fundamental mechanism is elusive. In this work, we report an efficient green LED based on quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) chiral perovskites as the emitting layer (EML), where CPEL is directly produced without separate carrier spin injection. The optimized chiral perovskite thin films exhibited strong CPL at 535 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 91% and a photoluminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) of 8.6 × 10-2. Efficient green spin-LEDs were successfully demonstrated, with a large EL dissymmetry factor (gEL) of 7.8 × 10-2 and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 13.5% at room temperature. Ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopic study shows that the CPEL is generated from a rapid energy transfer accompanied by spin transfer from 2D to 3D perovskites. Our study not only demonstrates a reliable approach to achieve high performance spin-LEDs but also reveals the fundamental mechanism of CPEL with an emissive layer of chiral perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yao
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
- Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Yuling Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jie Xue
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Dengliang Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jiangshan Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Xihan Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shou-Cheng Dong
- Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Haipeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
- Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
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7
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Guo L, Hu S, Gu X, Zhang R, Wang K, Yan W, Sun X. Emerging Spintronic Materials and Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301854. [PMID: 37309258 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The explosive growth of the information era has put forward urgent requirements for ultrahigh-speed and extremely efficient computations. In direct contrary to charge-based computations, spintronics aims to use spins as information carriers for data storage, transmission, and decoding, to help fully realize electronic device miniaturization and high integration for next-generation computing technologies. Currently, many novel spintronic materials have been developed with unique properties and multifunctionalities, including organic semiconductors (OSCs), organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs), and 2D materials (2DMs). These materials are useful to fulfill the demand for developing diverse and advanced spintronic devices. Herein, these promising materials are systematically reviewed for advanced spintronic applications. Due to the distinct chemical and physical structures of OSCs, OIHPs, and 2DMs, their spintronic properties (spin transport and spin manipulation) are discussed separately. In addition, some multifunctionalities due to photoelectric and chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) are overviewed, including the spin-filter effect, spin-photovoltaics, spin-light emitting devices, and spin-transistor functions. Subsequently, challenges and future perspectives of using these multifunctional materials for the development of advanced spintronics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shunhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xianrong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG9 2RD, UK
| | - Xiangnan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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8
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Lim S, Singh S, Huang FT, Pan S, Wang K, Kim J, Kim J, Vanderbilt D, Cheong SW. Magnetochiral tunneling in paramagnetic Co 1/3NbS 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318443121. [PMID: 38412131 PMCID: PMC10927506 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318443121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Electric currents have the intriguing ability to induce magnetization in nonmagnetic crystals with sufficiently low crystallographic symmetry. Some associated phenomena include the non-linear anomalous Hall effect in polar crystals and the nonreciprocal directional dichroism in chiral crystals when magnetic fields are applied. In this work, we demonstrate that the same underlying physics is also manifested in the electronic tunneling process between the surface of a nonmagnetic chiral material and a magnetized scanning probe. In the paramagnetic but chiral metallic compound Co1/3NbS2, the magnetization induced by the tunneling current is shown to become detectable by its coupling to the magnetization of the tip itself. This results in a contrast across different chiral domains, achieving atomic-scale spatial resolution of structural chirality. To support the proposed mechanism, we used first-principles theory to compute the chirality-dependent current-induced magnetization and Berry curvature in the bulk of the material. Our demonstration of this magnetochiral tunneling effect opens up an avenue for investigating atomic-scale variations in the local crystallographic symmetry and electronic structure across the structural domain boundaries of low-symmetry nonmagnetic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjoon Lim
- Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Sobhit Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY14627
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY14627
| | - Fei-Ting Huang
- Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Shangke Pan
- Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Function Materials and Preparation Science, School of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Kefeng Wang
- Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Jinwoong Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - David Vanderbilt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Sang-Wook Cheong
- Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854
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9
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Tirion SH, van Wees BJ. Mechanism for Electrostatically Generated Magnetoresistance in Chiral Systems without Spin-Dependent Transport. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6028-6037. [PMID: 38353652 PMCID: PMC10906072 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Significant attention has been drawn to electronic transport in chiral materials coupled to ferromagnets in the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. A large magnetoresistance (MR) is usually observed, which is widely interpreted to originate from spin (dependent) transport. However, there are severe discrepancies between the experimental results and the theoretical interpretations, most notably the apparent failure of the Onsager reciprocity relations in the linear response regime. We provide an alternative mechanism for the two terminal MR in chiral systems coupled to a ferromagnet. For this, we point out that it was observed experimentally that the electrostatic contact potential of chiral materials on a ferromagnet depends on the magnetization direction and chirality. The mechanism that we provide causes the transport barrier to be modified by the magnetization direction, already in equilibrium, in the absence of a bias current. This strongly alters the charge transport through and over the barrier, not requiring spin transport. This provides a mechanism that allows the linear response resistance to be sensitive to the magnetization direction and also explains the failure of the Onsager reciprocity relations. We propose experimental configurations to confirm our alternative mechanism for MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytze H. Tirion
- Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. van Wees
- Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Chen S, Fu HH. Spin-Dependent Destructive and Constructive Quantum Interference Associated with Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity in Single Circular Helix Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:11076-11083. [PMID: 38048754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in straight helical molecules has received intense studies in past decade; however, the CISS effect in circular helical molecules (CHMs) has still rarely been explored. Here, we have constructed single CHMs having chirality-induced spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and connected by two nonmagnetic leads and successfully gained the required conditions for CISS effect occurring in CHMs for the first time. Our results uncover that only when the CHMs form a closed loop and when the lattice positions are coupled asymmetrically with both leads does the CISS effect occur. More importantly, the CISS-associated spin-dependent destructive and constructive quantum interference (QI) together with their phase transition appears in CHMs. The combination of CISS effect and spin-dependent QI phenomena opens up a new door to understand the underlying physics of the CISS effect in helical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Hua Fu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
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11
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Liu T, Weiss PS. Spin Polarization in Transport Studies of Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19502-19507. [PMID: 37793070 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) is a recently discovered effect in which structural chirality can result in different conductivities for electrons with opposite spins. In the CISS community, the degree of spin polarization is commonly used to describe the efficiency of the spin filtering/polarizing process, as it represents the fraction of spins aligned along the chiral axis of chiral materials originating from non-spin-polarized currents. However, the methods of defining, calculating, and analyzing spin polarization have been inconsistent across various studies, hindering advances in this field. In this Perspective, we connect the relevant background and the definition of spin polarization, discuss its calculation in different contexts in the CISS, and propose a practical and meaningful figure of merit by quantitative analysis of magnetoresistance in CISS transport studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bioengineering, and Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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12
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Firouzeh S, Illescas-Lopez S, Hossain MA, Cuerva JM, Álvarez de Cienfuegos L, Pramanik S. Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity in Supramolecular Chirally Functionalized Graphene. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20424-20433. [PMID: 37668559 PMCID: PMC10604086 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral graphene hybrid materials have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their various applications in the areas of chiral catalysis, chiral separation and recognition, enantioselective sensing, etc. On the other hand, chiral materials are also known to exhibit chirality-dependent spin transmission, commonly dubbed "chirality induced spin selectivity" or CISS. However, CISS properties of chiral graphene materials are largely unexplored. As such, it is not clear whether graphene is even a promising material for the CISS effect given its weak spin-orbit interaction. Here, we report the CISS effect in chiral graphene sheets, in which a graphene derivative (reduced graphene oxide or rGO) is noncovalently functionalized with chiral Fmoc-FF (Fmoc-diphenylalanine) supramolecular fibers. The graphene flakes acquire a "conformational chirality" postfunctionalization, which, combined with other factors, is presumably responsible for the CISS signal. The CISS signal correlates with the supramolecular chirality of the medium, which depends on the thickness of graphene used. Quite interestingly, the noncovalent supramolecular chiral functionalization of conductive materials offers a simple and straightforward methodology to induce chirality and CISS properties in a multitude of easily accessible advanced conductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedamin Firouzeh
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Sara Illescas-Lopez
- Universidad
de Granada, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina
y Medioambiente, C. U.
Fuentenueva, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Md Anik Hossain
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Juan Manuel Cuerva
- Universidad
de Granada, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina
y Medioambiente, C. U.
Fuentenueva, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez de Cienfuegos
- Universidad
de Granada, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina
y Medioambiente, C. U.
Fuentenueva, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs., Avda. De Madrid, 15, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Sandipan Pramanik
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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13
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Nair AN, Fernandez S, Marcos-Hernández M, Romo DR, Singamaneni SR, Villagran D, Sreenivasan ST. Spin-Selective Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Chiral Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synergistic Impact of Inherent Magnetic Moment and Chirality. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9042-9049. [PMID: 37737823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Electron spin polarization is identified as a promising avenue for enhancing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which is the bottleneck that limits the energy efficiency of water-splitting. Here, we report that both ferrimagnetic (f-Fe3O4) and superparamagnetic iron oxide (s-Fe3O4) catalysts can exhibit external magnetic field (Hext)-induced OER enhancement, and the activity is proportional to their intrinsic magnetic moment. Additionally, the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect was utilized in synergy with Hext to get a maximum enhancement of up to 89% improvement in current density (at 1.8 V vs RHE) with a low onset potential of 270 mV in s-Fe3O4 catalysts. Spin polarization and the resultant spin selectivity suppress the production of H2O2 and promote the formation of ground state triplet O2 during the OER. Furthermore, the design of chiral s-Fe3O4 with synergistic spin potential effect demonstrates a high spin polarization of ∼42%, as measured using conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Narayanan Nair
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Sara Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Mariana Marcos-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Daniel Rascon Romo
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | | | - Dino Villagran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Sreeprasad T Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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14
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Zhang Y, Wang G, Liu F, Shang Z, Li T, Yang Q, Zhai T, Wang X. Chirality detection of biological molecule through spin selectivity effect. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114703. [PMID: 37721328 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately monitor chiral biological molecules is of great significance for their potential applications in disease diagnosis and virus detection. As the existing chiral detection technologies are mainly relying on an optical method by using left/right circularly polarized light, the universality is low and the operation is complicated. Moreover, large quantity of chiral molecules is required, causing low detection efficiency. Here, a self-assembled monolayer of polypeptides has been fabricated to realize trace detection of chirality based on spin selectivity of photon-electron interaction. We have utilized Kerr technique to detect the rotation angle by the molecular monolayer, which indicates the chirality of polypeptides. The chiral structure of a biological molecule could result in spin-selectivity of electrons and thus influence the interaction between electron spin and light polarization. A Kerr rotation angle of ∼3° has been obviously observed, equivalent to the magneto-optic Kerr effect without magnetic material or magnetic field. Furthermore, we have provided a novel solution to achieve chirality discrimination and amplification simultaneously through an optical fiber. The proposed design is applicable for chiral detection via increasing their differential output signal, which clearly demonstrates a useful strategy toward chirality characterization of biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guangcheng Wang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zixuan Shang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tianhao Li
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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15
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Hedegård P. Spin dynamics and chirality induced spin selectivity. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:104104. [PMID: 37694743 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
By now, it is well known that chiral molecules can affect the spin of electrons passing through. In addition, the magnetization of, e.g., nanomagnets covered by chiral molecules can be affected by the presence of molecules. We are studying the mechanisms that explain various observations involving combinations of magnets and chiral molecules. We find that there exists a molecule induced contribution to the magnetic anisotropy of the magnets. Out of equilibrium, when electrons are actually being transported through a nano-magnet covered with chiral molecules, a molecule induced torque acting on the magnetization is emerging. It is of the spin-transfer-torque kind, already discussed in other parts of spintronics. This current induced torque can help explain the observed breaking of the Onsager reciprocity principle in experiments involving magnets and chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Hedegård
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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16
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Alhyder R, Cappellaro A, Lemeshko M, Volosniev AG. Achiral dipoles on a ferromagnet can affect its magnetization direction. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:104103. [PMID: 37694742 DOI: 10.1063/5.0165806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the possibility of a coupling between the magnetization direction of a ferromagnet and the tilting angle of adsorbed achiral molecules. To illustrate the mechanism of the coupling, we analyze a minimal Stoner model that includes Rashba spin-orbit coupling due to the electric field on the surface of the ferromagnet. The proposed mechanism allows us to study magnetic anisotropy of the system with an extended Stoner-Wohlfarth model and argue that adsorbed achiral molecules can change magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the substrate. Our research aims to motivate further experimental studies of the current-free chirality induced spin selectivity effect involving both enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragheed Alhyder
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Alberto Cappellaro
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Mikhail Lemeshko
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Artem G Volosniev
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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17
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Theiler PM, Ritz C, Hofmann R, Stemmer A. Detection of a Chirality-Induced Spin Selective Quantum Capacitance in α-Helical Peptides. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8280-8287. [PMID: 37650519 PMCID: PMC10510583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Advanced Kelvin probe force microscopy simultaneously detects the quantum capacitance and surface potential of an α-helical peptide monolayer. These indicators shift when either the magnetic polarization or the enantiomer is toggled. A model based on a triangular quantum well in thermal and chemical equilibrium and electron-electron interactions allows for calculating the electrical potential profile from the measured data. The combination of the model and the measurements shows that no global charge transport is required to produce effects attributed to the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect. These experimental findings support the theoretical model of Fransson et al. Nano Letters 2021, 21 (7), 3026-3032. Measurements of the quantum capacitance represent a new way to test and refine theoretical models used to explain strong spin polarization due to chirality-induced spin selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius Markus Theiler
- Nanotechnology
Group, ETH Zürich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ritz
- Nanotechnology
Group, ETH Zürich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Hofmann
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Stemmer
- Nanotechnology
Group, ETH Zürich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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18
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García-Blázquez MA, Dednam W, Palacios JJ. Nonequilibrium Magneto-Conductance as a Manifestation of Spin Filtering in Chiral Nanojunctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7931-7939. [PMID: 37646507 PMCID: PMC10494227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that spin-dependent electron transmission may appear in chiral systems, even without magnetic components, as long as significant spin-orbit coupling is present in some of its elements. However, how this chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) manifests in experiments, where the system is taken out of equilibrium, is still debated. Aided by group theoretical considerations and nonequilibrium DFT-based quantum transport calculations, here we show that when spatial symmetries that forbid a finite spin polarization in equilibrium are broken, a net spin accumulation appears at finite bias in an arbitrary two-terminal nanojunction. Furthermore, when a suitably magnetized detector is introduced into the system, the net spin accumulation, in turn, translates into a finite magneto-conductance. The symmetry prerequisites are mostly analogous to those for the spin polarization at any bias with the vectorial nature given by the direction of magnetization, hence establishing an interconnection between these quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. García-Blázquez
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - W. Dednam
- Department
of Physics, Science Campus, University of
South Africa, Florida
Park, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - J. J. Palacios
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Zhang FY, Liu S, Huang A, Li YN, Liu XY, Zhang P. A Theoretical Analysis of the Differential Chemical Reaction Results Caused by Chirality Induction. Molecules 2023; 28:6286. [PMID: 37687114 PMCID: PMC10489138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The theory of electron spin has been proposed for a century, but the study of quantum effects in biological molecules is still in its infancy. Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) is a very modern theory that can explain many biochemical phenomena. In this paper, we propose a new theoretical model based on CISS theory and quantum chemistry theory, which can well explain the theoretical explanation of the chiral selectivity of chiral proteins. Moreover, this theory can predict the spin state of corresponding chiral molecules. Taking the L-DOPA and AADC enzymes as examples, this theoretical model elucidates the AADC enzyme's chiral catalysis selectivity and successfully predicts the spin state of L-DOPA and D-DOPA's valence electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yu Zhang
- School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (F.-Y.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (X.-Y.L.)
| | - Sicheng Liu
- School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (F.-Y.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (X.-Y.L.)
| | - Anwei Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China;
| | - Yi-Ning Li
- School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (F.-Y.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (X.-Y.L.)
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (F.-Y.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (X.-Y.L.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (F.-Y.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (X.-Y.L.)
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20
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Adhikari Y, Liu T, Wang H, Hua Z, Liu H, Lochner E, Schlottmann P, Yan B, Zhao J, Xiong P. Interplay of structural chirality, electron spin and topological orbital in chiral molecular spin valves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5163. [PMID: 37620378 PMCID: PMC10449876 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality has been a property of central importance in physics, chemistry and biology for more than a century. Recently, electrons were found to become spin polarized after transmitting through chiral molecules, crystals, and their hybrids. This phenomenon, called chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS), presents broad application potentials and far-reaching fundamental implications involving intricate interplays among structural chirality, topological states, and electronic spin and orbitals. However, the microscopic picture of how chiral geometry influences electronic spin remains elusive, given the negligible spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in organic molecules. In this work, we address this issue via a direct comparison of magnetoconductance (MC) measurements on magnetic semiconductor-based chiral molecular spin valves with normal metal electrodes of contrasting SOC strengths. The experiment reveals that a heavy-metal electrode provides SOC to convert the orbital polarization induced by the chiral molecular structure to spin polarization. Our results illustrate the essential role of SOC in the metal electrode for the CISS spin valve effect. A tunneling model with a magnetochiral modulation of the potential barrier is shown to quantitatively account for the unusual transport behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwaraj Adhikari
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Tianhan Liu
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqi Hua
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Haoyang Liu
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Eric Lochner
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Pedro Schlottmann
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Binghai Yan
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Xiong
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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21
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Kapon Y, Kammerbauer F, Yochelis S, Kläui M, Paltiel Y. Magneto-optical imaging of magnetic-domain pinning induced by chiral molecules. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:064701. [PMID: 37578062 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral molecules have the potential for creating new magnetic devices by locally manipulating the magnetic properties of metallic surfaces. When chiral polypeptides chemisorb onto ferromagnets, they can induce magnetization locally by spin exchange interactions. However, direct imaging of surface magnetization changes induced by chiral molecules was not previously realized. Here, we use magneto-optical Kerr microscopy to image domains in thin films and show that chiral polypeptides strongly pin domains, increasing the coercive field locally. In our study, we also observe a rotation of the easy magnetic axis toward the out-of-plane, depending on the sample's domain size and the adsorption area. These findings show the potential of chiral molecules to control and manipulate magnetization and open new avenues for future research on the relationship between chirality and magnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Kapon
- Institute of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Fabian Kammerbauer
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shira Yochelis
- Institute of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Institute of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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22
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Porsev VV, Evarestov RA. Current State of Computational Modeling of Nanohelicenes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2295. [PMID: 37630880 PMCID: PMC10458037 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This review considers the works that focus on various aspects of the theoretical description of nanohelicenes (other equivalent names are graphene spirals, graphene helicoid, helical graphene nanoribbon, or helical graphene)-a promising class of one-dimensional nanostructures. The intrinsic helical topology and continuous π-system lead to the manifestation of unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties that are also highly dependent on axial and torsion strains. In this paper, it was shown that the properties of nanohelicenes are mainly associated with the peripheral modification of the nanohelicene ribbon. We have proposed a nomenclature that enables the classification of all nanohelicenes as modifications of some prototype classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V. Porsev
- Quantum Chemistry Department, Saint-Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Robert A. Evarestov
- Quantum Chemistry Department, Saint-Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
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23
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Malatong R, Sato T, Kumsampao J, Minato T, Suda M, Promarak V, Yamamoto HM. Highly Durable Spin Filter Switching Based on Self-Assembled Chiral Molecular Motor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302714. [PMID: 37154235 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chiral molecules have recently received renewed interest as highly efficient sources of spin-selective charge emission known as chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS), which potentially offers a fascinating utilization of organic chiral materials in novel solid-state spintronic devices. However, a practical use of CISS remains far from completion, and rather fundamental obstacles such as (i) external controllability of spin, (ii) function durability, and (iii) improvement of spin-polarization efficiency have not been surmounted to date. In this study, these issues are addressed by developing a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of overcrowded alkene (OCA)-based molecular motor. With this system, it is successfully demonstrated that the direction of spin polarization can be externally and repeatedly manipulated in an extremely stable manner by switching the molecular chirality, which is achieved by a formation of the covalent bonds between the molecules and electrode. In addition, it is found that a higher stereo-ordering architecture of the SAM of OCAs tailored by mixing them with simple alkanethiols considerably enhances the efficiency of spin polarization per a single OCA molecule. All these findings provide the creditable feasibility study for strongly boosting development of CISS-based spintronic devices that can simultaneously fulfill the controllability, durability, and high spin-polarization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruttapol Malatong
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Takuro Sato
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Jakkapan Kumsampao
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Taketoshi Minato
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Suda
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi M Yamamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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24
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Peralta M, Feijoo S, Varela S, Gutierrez R, Cuniberti G, Mujica V, Medina E. Spin-phonon coupling in a double-stranded model of DNA. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:024711. [PMID: 37449581 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We address the electron-spin-phonon coupling in an effective model Hamiltonian for DNA to assess its role in spin transfer involved in the Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity (CISS) effect. The envelope function approach is used to describe semiclassical electron transfer in a tight-binding model of DNA at half filling in the presence of intrinsic spin-orbit coupling. Spin-phonon coupling arises from the orbital-configuration dependence of the spin-orbit interaction. We find spin-phonon coupling only for the acoustic modes, while the optical modes exhibit electron-phonon interaction without coupling to spin. We derive an effective Hamiltonian whose eigenstates carry spin currents that are protected by spin-inactive stretching optical modes. As optical phonons interact more strongly than acoustic phonons, side buckling and tilting optical base modes will be more strongly associated with decoherence, which allows for the two terminal spin filtering effects found in CISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Peralta
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Steven Feijoo
- Theoretical Condensed Matter Group, School of Physical Science and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Solmar Varela
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimiro Mujica
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Ernesto Medina
- Departamento de Física, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
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25
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Xu Y, Mi W. Chiral-induced spin selectivity in biomolecules, hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites and inorganic materials: a comprehensive review on recent progress. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1924-1955. [PMID: 36989068 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The two spin states of electrons are degenerate in nonmagnetic materials. The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect provides a new strategy for manipulating electron's spin and a deeper understanding of spin selective processes in organisms. Here, we summarize the important discoveries and recent experiments performed during the development of the CISS effect, analyze the spin polarized transport in various types of materials and discuss the mechanisms, theoretical calculations, experimental techniques and biological significance of the CISS effect. The first part of this review concisely presents a general overview of the discoveries and importance of the CISS effect, laws and underlying mechanisms of which are discussed in the next section, where several classical experimental methods for detecting the CISS effect are also introduced. Based on the organic and inorganic properties of materials, the CISS effect of organic biomolecules, hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites and inorganic materials are reviewed in the third, fourth and fifth sections, especially the chiral transfer mechanism of hybrid materials and the relationship between the CISS effect and life science. In addition, conclusions and prospective future of the CISS effect are outlined at the end, where the development and applications of the CISS effect in spintronics are directly described, which is helpful for designing promising chiral spintronic devices and understanding the natural status of chirality from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdan Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
| | - Wenbo Mi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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26
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Huisman KH, Heinisch JBMY, Thijssen JM. Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity (CISS) Effect: Magnetocurrent-Voltage Characteristics with Coulomb Interactions I. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:6900-6905. [PMID: 37081995 PMCID: PMC10108364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c08807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the manifestations of chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) is the appearance of a magnetocurrent. Magnetocurrent is the observation that the charge currents at finite bias in a two terminal device for opposite magnetizations of one of the leads differ. Magnetocurrents can only occur in the presence of interactions of the electrons either with vibrational modes or among themselves through the Coulomb interaction. In experiments on chiral molecules assembled in monolayers, the magnetocurrent seems to be dominantly cubic (odd) in bias voltage while theory finds a dominantly even bias voltage dependence. Thus far, theoretical work has predicted a magnetocurrent which is even bias. Here we analyze the bias voltage dependence of the magnetocurrent numerically and analytically involving the spin-orbit and Coulomb interactions (through the Hartree-Fock and Hubbard One approximations). For both approximations it is found that for strong Coulomb interactions the magnetocurrent is dominantly odd in bias voltage, confirming the symmetry observed in experiment.
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27
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Dednam W, García-Blázquez MA, Zotti LA, Lombardi EB, Sabater C, Pakdel S, Palacios JJ. A Group-Theoretic Approach to the Origin of Chirality-Induced Spin-Selectivity in Nonmagnetic Molecular Junctions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6452-6465. [PMID: 36947721 PMCID: PMC10100547 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spin-orbit coupling gives rise to a range of spin-charge interconversion phenomena in nonmagnetic systems where certain spatial symmetries are reduced or absent. Chirality-induced spin-selectivity (CISS), a term that generically refers to a spin-dependent electron transfer in nonmagnetic chiral systems, is one such case, appearing in a variety of seemingly unrelated situations ranging from inorganic materials to molecular devices. In particular, the origin of CISS in molecular junctions is a matter of an intense current debate. Here, we derive a set of geometrical conditions for this effect to appear, hinting at the fundamental role of symmetries beyond otherwise relevant quantitative issues. Our approach, which draws on the use of point-group symmetries within the scattering formalism for transport, shows that electrode symmetries are as important as those of the molecule when it comes to the emergence of a spin-polarization and, by extension, to the possible appearance of CISS. It turns out that standalone metallic nanocontacts can exhibit spin-polarization when relative rotations which reduce the symmetry are introduced. As a corollary, molecular junctions with achiral molecules can also exhibit spin-polarization along the direction of transport, provided that the whole junction is chiral in a specific way. This formalism also allows the prediction of qualitative changes of the spin-polarization upon substitution of a chiral molecule in the junction with its enantiomeric partner. Quantum transport calculations based on density functional theory corroborate all of our predictions and provide further quantitative insight within the single-particle framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Dednam
- Department
of Physics, Florida Science Campus, University
of South Africa, 1710 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M. A. García-Blázquez
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Linda A. Zotti
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. B. Lombardi
- Department
of Physics, Florida Science Campus, University
of South Africa, 1710 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C. Sabater
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada and Unidad asociada CSIC, Universidad de Alicante, E-03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - S. Pakdel
- CAMD, Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J. J. Palacios
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto
Nicolás Cabrera (INC) and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Hossain MA, Illescas-Lopez S, Nair R, Cuerva JM, Álvarez de Cienfuegos L, Pramanik S. Transverse magnetoconductance in two-terminal chiral spin-selective devices. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:320-330. [PMID: 36740957 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00502f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of chirality induced spin selectivity (CISS) has triggered significant activity in recent years, although many aspects of it remain to be understood. For example, most investigations are focused on spin polarizations collinear to the charge current, and hence longitudinal magnetoconductance (MC) is commonly studied in two-terminal transport experiments. Very little is known about the transverse spin components and transverse MC - their existence, as well as any dependence of this component on chirality. Furthermore, the measurement of the CISS effect via two-terminal MC experiments remains a controversial topic. Detection of this effect in the linear response regime is debated, with contradicting reports in the literature. Finally, the potential influence of the well-known electric magnetochiral effect on CISS remains unclear. To shed light on these issues, in this work we have investigated the bias dependence of the CISS effect using planar carbon nanotube networks functionalized with chiral molecules. We find that (a) transverse MC exists and exhibits tell-tale signs of the CISS effect, (b) transverse CISS MC vanishes in the linear response regime establishing the validity of Onsager's relation in two-terminal CISS systems, and finally (c) the CISS signal remains present even in the absence of electric magneto chiral effects, suggesting the existence of an alternative physical origin of CISS MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anik Hossain
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Sara Illescas-Lopez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, C. U. Fuentenueva, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Rahul Nair
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
- School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600127, India
| | - Juan Manuel Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, C. U. Fuentenueva, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez de Cienfuegos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, C. U. Fuentenueva, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Avda. De Madrid, 15, E-18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Sandipan Pramanik
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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29
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Naskar S, Mujica V, Herrmann C. Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity and Non-equilibrium Spin Accumulation in Molecules and Interfaces: A First-Principles Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:694-701. [PMID: 36638217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrons moving through chiral molecules are selected according to their spin orientation and the helicity of the molecule, an effect known as chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS). The underlying physical mechanism is not yet completely understood. To help elucidate this mechanism, a non-equilibrium Green's function method, combined with a Landauer approach and density functional theory, is applied to carbon helices contacted by gold electrodes, resulting in spin polarization of transmitted electrons. Spin polarization is also observed in the non-equilibrium electronic structure of the junctions. While this spin polarization is small, its sign changes with the direction of the current and with the handedness of the molecule. While these calculations were performed with a pure exchange-correlation functional, previous studies suggest that computationally more expensive hybrid functionals may lead to considerably larger spin polarization in the electronic structure. Thus, non-equilibrium spin polarization could be a key component in understanding the CISS mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Naskar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Harbor Building 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vladimiro Mujica
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center, Manuel de Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Harbor Building 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Vittmann C, Lim J, Tamascelli D, Huelga SF, Plenio MB. Spin-Dependent Momentum Conservation of Electron-Phonon Scattering in Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:340-346. [PMID: 36625481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of the mechanisms underpinning chirality-induced spin selectivity remains an outstanding scientific challenge. Here we consider the role of delocalized phonon modes in electron transport in chiral structures and demonstrate that spin selectivity can originate from spin-dependent energy and momentum conservation in electron-phonon scattering events. While this mechanism is robust to the specific nature of the vibrational modes, the degree of spin polarization depends on environmental factors, such as the specific temperature and phonon relaxation rates, as well as the presence of external driving fields. This parametric dependence is used to present experimentally testable predictions of our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Vittmann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081Ulm, Germany
| | - James Lim
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081Ulm, Germany
| | - Dario Tamascelli
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081Ulm, Germany
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133Milano, Italy
| | - Susana F Huelga
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081Ulm, Germany
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31
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Levy HM, Schneider A, Tiwari S, Zer H, Yochelis S, Goloubinoff P, Keren N, Paltiel Y. The effect of spin exchange interaction on protein structural stability. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29176-29185. [PMID: 36444947 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03331c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Partially charged chiral molecules act as spin filters, with preference for electron transport toward one type of spin ("up" or "down"), depending on their handedness. This effect is named the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. A consequence of this phenomenon is spin polarization concomitant with electric polarization in chiral molecules. These findings were shown by adsorbing chiral molecules on magnetic surfaces and investigating the spin-exchange interaction between the surface and the chiral molecule. This field of study was developed using artificial chiral molecules. Here we used such magnetic surfaces to explore the importance of the intrinsic chiral properties of proteins in determining their stability. First, proteins were adsorbed on paramagnetic and ferromagnetic nanoparticles in a solution, and subsequently urea was gradually added to induce unfolding. The structural stability of proteins was assessed using two methods: bioluminescence measurements used to monitor the activity of the Luciferase enzyme, and fast spectroscopy detecting the distance between two chromophores implanted at the termini of a Barnase core. We found that interactions with magnetic materials altered the structural and functional resilience of the natively folded proteins, affecting their behavior under varying mild denaturing conditions. Minor structural disturbances at low urea concentrations were impeded in association with paramagnetic nanoparticles, whereas at higher urea concentrations, major structural deformation was hindered in association with ferromagnetic nanoparticles. These effects were attributed to spin exchange interactions due to differences in the magnetic imprinting properties of each type of nanoparticle. Additional measurements of proteins on macroscopic magnetic surfaces support this conclusion. The results imply a link between internal spin exchange interactions in a folded protein and its structural and functional integrity on magnetic surfaces. Together with the accumulating knowledge on CISS, our findings suggest that chirality and spin exchange interactions should be considered as additional factors governing protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Manis Levy
- Applied Physics Department, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Avi Schneider
- Applied Physics Department, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Satyam Tiwari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hagit Zer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shira Yochelis
- Applied Physics Department, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Pierre Goloubinoff
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nir Keren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied Physics Department, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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32
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Tiwari Y, Poonia VS. Role of chiral-induced spin selectivity in the radical pair mechanism of avian magnetoreception. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:064409. [PMID: 36671157 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.064409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effect of chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) on the radical pair mechanism of avian magnetoreception. We examine the impact of spin selectivity on the avian compass sensitivity. In this analysis, we also consider the dipolar and exchange interactions and observe their interplay with CISS. We find that CISS results in a multifold increase in avian compass sensitivity. Interestingly, we also observe that CISS can counter the deleterious effect of dipolar interaction and increase system sensitivity. The analysis has been performed for the toy model (only one nucleus) and a more general case where we consider up to six nuclei from the cryptochrome radical pair system. We observe that the CISS allows the radical pair model to have more realistic recombination rates with good sensitivity. We also do an analysis of the functional window of the avian compass reported in behavioral experiments in the functional window. We could not find a parameter set where a functional window can be observed along with CISS. We also show the effect of spin relaxation on the system and show that under relaxation, CISS shows increased compass sensitivity compared to no CISS case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Tiwari
- Department of Electronics and Communication, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttrakhand 247667, India
| | - Vishvendra Singh Poonia
- Department of Electronics and Communication, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttrakhand 247667, India
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33
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Aragonès AC, Aravena D, Ugalde JM, Medina E, Gutierrez R, Ruiz E, Mujica V, Díez‐Pérez I. Magnetoresistive Single‐Molecule Junctions: the Role of the
Spinterface
and the
CISS
Effect. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Aragonès
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física Universitat de Barcelona Marti i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTC) Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Aravena
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile Casilla 40, Correo 33 Santiago 9170022 Chile
| | - Jesús M. Ugalde
- Kimika Fakultatea Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) P.K. 1072 20018 Donostia, Euskadi Spain
| | - Ernesto Medina
- Departamento de Física Colegio de Ciencias e Ingeniería Universidad San Francisco de Quito Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica Quito 170901 Ecuador
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden University of Technology 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTC) Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Vladimiro Mujica
- School of Molecular Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
| | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences King's College London Britannia House 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
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34
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Fransson J. The Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity Effect What It Is, What It Is Not, And Why It Matters. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Fransson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Uppsala University Box 516, 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
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35
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Wolf Y, Liu Y, Xiao J, Park N, Yan B. Unusual Spin Polarization in the Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18601-18607. [PMID: 36282509 PMCID: PMC9706810 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) refers to the fact that electrons get spin polarized after passing through chiral molecules in a nanoscale transport device or in photoemission experiments. In CISS, chiral molecules are commonly believed to be a spin filter through which one favored spin transmits and the opposite spin gets reflected; that is, transmitted and reflected electrons exhibit opposite spin polarization. In this work, we point out that such a spin filter scenario contradicts the principle that equilibrium spin current must vanish. Instead, we find that both transmitted and reflected electrons present the same type of spin polarization, which is actually ubiquitous for a two-terminal device. More accurately, chiral molecules play the role of a spin polarizer rather than a spin filter. The direction of spin polarization is determined by the molecule chirality and the electron incident direction. And the magnitude of spin polarization relies on local spin-orbit coupling in the device. Our work brings a deeper understanding on CISS and interprets recent experiments, for example, the CISS-driven anomalous Hall effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Wolf
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Yizhou Liu
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Jiewen Xiao
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Noejung Park
- Department
of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of
Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Binghai Yan
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
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36
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Do VH, Lee JM. Orbital Occupancy and Spin Polarization: From Mechanistic Study to Rational Design of Transition Metal-Based Electrocatalysts toward Energy Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17847-17890. [PMID: 36314471 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, development of electrocatalysts for energy applications has extensively transitioned from trial-and-error methodologies to more rational and directed designs at the atomic levels via either nanogeometric optimization or modulating electronic properties of active sites. Regarding the modulation of electronic properties, nonprecious transition metal-based materials have been attracting large interest due to the capability of versatile tuning d-electron configurations expressed through the flexible orbital occupancy and various possible degrees of spin polarization. Herein, recent advances in tailoring electronic properties of the transition-metal atoms for intrinsically enhanced electrocatalytic performances are reviewed. We start with discussions on how orbital occupancy and spin polarization can govern the essential atomic level processes, including the transport of electron charge and spin in bulk, reactive species adsorption on the catalytic surface, and the electron transfer between catalytic centers and adsorbed species as well as reaction mechanisms. Subsequently, different techniques currently adopted in tuning electronic structures are discussed with particular emphasis on theoretical rationale and recent practical achievements. We also highlight the promises of the recently established computational design approaches in developing electrocatalysts for energy applications. Lastly, the discussion is concluded with perspectives on current challenges and future opportunities. We hope this review will present the beauty of the structure-activity relationships in catalysis sciences and contribute to advance the rational development of electrocatalysts for energy conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Hung Do
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459
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37
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Möllers PV, Göhler B, Zacharias H. Chirality Induced Spin Selectivity – the Photoelectron View. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul V. Möllers
- Center for Soft Nanoscience University of Münster Busso-Peus-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Benjamin Göhler
- Center for Soft Nanoscience University of Münster Busso-Peus-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Helmut Zacharias
- Center for Soft Nanoscience University of Münster Busso-Peus-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
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38
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Naskar S, Saghatchi A, Mujica V, Herrmann C. Common Trends of Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity and Optical Dichroism with Varying Helix Pitch: A First‐Principles Study. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Naskar
- Department of Chemistry University of Hamburg, Harbor Bldg. 610 Luruper Chaussee 149 22761 Hamburg Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging Luruper Chaussee 149 Hamburg 22761 Germany
| | - Aida Saghatchi
- Department of Chemistry University of Hamburg, Harbor Bldg. 610 Luruper Chaussee 149 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | - Vladimiro Mujica
- School for Molecular Science Arizona State University Arizona, U.S.A
- Kimika Fakultatea Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU Manuel de Lardizabal Pasealekua 3 20018 Donostia, Euskadi Spain
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry University of Hamburg, Harbor Bldg. 610 Luruper Chaussee 149 22761 Hamburg Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging Luruper Chaussee 149 Hamburg 22761 Germany
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39
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Rahman MW, Mañas-Torres MC, Firouzeh S, Illescas-Lopez S, Cuerva JM, Lopez-Lopez MT, de Cienfuegos LÁ, Pramanik S. Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity in Heterochiral Short-Peptide-Carbon-Nanotube Hybrid Networks: Role of Supramolecular Chirality. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16941-16953. [PMID: 36219724 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular short-peptide assemblies have been widely used for the development of biomaterials with potential biomedical applications. These peptides can self-assemble in a multitude of chiral hierarchical structures triggered by the application of different stimuli, such as changes in temperature, pH, solvent, etc. The self-assembly process is sensitive to the chemical composition of the peptides, being affected by specific amino acid sequence, type, and chirality. The resulting supramolecular chirality of these materials has been explored to modulate protein and cell interactions. Recently, significant attention has been focused on the development of chiral materials with potential spintronic applications, as it has been shown that transport of charge carriers through a chiral environment polarizes the carrier spins. This effect, named chirality-induced spin selectivity or CISS, has been studied in different chiral organic molecules and materials, as well as carbon nanotubes functionalized with chiral molecules. Nevertheless, this effect has been primarily explored in homochiral systems in which the chirality of the medium, and hence the resulting spin polarization, is defined by the chirality of the molecule, with limited options for tunability. Herein, we have developed heterochiral carbon-nanotube-short-peptide materials made by the combination of two different chiral sources: that is, homochiral peptides (l/d) + glucono-δ-lactone. We show that the presence of a small amount of glucono-δ-lactone with fixed chirality can alter the supramolecular chirality of the medium, thereby modulating the sign of the spin signal from "up" to "down" and vice versa. In addition, small amounts of glucono-δ-lactone can even induce nonzero spin polarization in an otherwise achiral and spin-inactive peptide-nanotube composite. Such "chiral doping" strategies could allow the development of complementary CISS-based spintronic devices and circuits on a single material platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Wazedur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mari C Mañas-Torres
- Universidad de Granada, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, C. U. Fuentenueva, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071Granada, Spain
| | - Seyedamin Firouzeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Sara Illescas-Lopez
- Universidad de Granada, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, C. U. Fuentenueva, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Cuerva
- Universidad de Granada, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, C. U. Fuentenueva, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071Granada, Spain
| | - Modesto T Lopez-Lopez
- Universidad de Granada, Departamento de Física Aplicada, C. U. Fuentenueva, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Avda. De Madrid, 15, E-18012Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez de Cienfuegos
- Universidad de Granada, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, C. U. Fuentenueva, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Avda. De Madrid, 15, E-18012Granada, Spain
| | - Sandipan Pramanik
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 1H9, Canada
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40
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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41
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Dubi Y. Spinterface chirality-induced spin selectivity effect in bio-molecules. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10878-10883. [PMID: 36320704 PMCID: PMC9491198 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02565e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, namely the dependence of current through a chiral molecule on spin of the electron, was discovered over two decades ago, and has been suggested for various spin- and chirality-related applications. Yet, quite surprisingly, its physical origin remains elusive, and no theoretical description can quantitatively describe it. Here, we propose a theory for the CISS effect in bio-molecular junctions, based on the interplay between spin-orbit coupling in the electrodes, molecular chirality and spin-transfer torque across the electrode-molecule interface. This theory leads to the first ever quantitative analysis of experimental data, and provides insights into the origin of the CISS effect. The theory presented here can be used to analyze past experiments and to design new experiments, which may lead to deeper understanding of what is considered one of the outstanding problems in molecular electronics and nano-scale transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Be'er Sheva Israel 8410501
- Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Be'er Sheva Israel 8410501
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42
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Clever C, Wierzbinski E, Bloom BP, Lu Y, Grimm HM, Rao SR, Horne WS, Waldeck DH. Benchmarking Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity Measurements ‐ Towards Meaningful Comparisons of Chiral Biomolecule Spin Polarizations. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Clever
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Emil Wierzbinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Brian P. Bloom
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Yiyang Lu
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Haley M. Grimm
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Silpa R. Rao
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - W. Seth Horne
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
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43
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Lee CU, Ma S, Ahn J, Kyhm J, Tan J, Lee H, Jang G, Park YS, Yun J, Lee J, Son J, Park JS, Moon J. Tailoring the Time-Averaged Structure for Polarization-Sensitive Chiral Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16020-16033. [PMID: 36036662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chiral perovskites have emerged as promising candidates for polarization-sensing materials. Despite their excellent chiroptical properties, the nature of their multiple-quantum-well structures is a critical hurdle for polarization-based and spintronic applications. Furthermore, as the origin of chiroptical activity in chiral perovskites is still illusive, the strategy for simultaneously enhancing the chiroptical activity and charge transport has not yet been reported. Here, we demonstrated that incorporating a Lewis base into the lattice can effectively tune the chiroptical response and electrical properties of chiral perovskites. Through solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurements and theoretical calculations, it was demonstrated that the material property manipulation resulted from the change in the time-averaged structure induced by the Lewis base. Finally, as a preliminary proof of concept, a vertical-type circularly polarized light photodetector based on chiral perovskites was developed, exhibiting an outstanding performance with a distinguishability of 0.27 and a responsivity of 0.43 A W-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Uk Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Technology Support Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunihl Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Technology Support Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Kyhm
- Technology Support Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeiwan Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsoo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyumin Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Juwon Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwoo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Son
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sang Park
- Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooho Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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44
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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45
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Shang Z, Liu T, Yang Q, Cui S, Xu K, Zhang Y, Deng J, Zhai T, Wang X. Chiral-Molecule-Based Spintronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203015. [PMID: 35836101 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spintronics and molecular chemistry have achieved remarkable achievements separately. Their combination can apply the superiority of molecular diversity to intervene or manipulate the spin-related properties. It inevitably brings in a new type of functional devices with a molecular interface, which has become an emerging field in information storage and processing. Normally, spin polarization has to be realized by magnetic materials as manipulated by magnetic fields. Recently, chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) was discovered surprisingly that non-magnetic chiral molecules can generate spin polarization through their structural chirality. Here, the recent progress of integrating the strengths of molecular chemistry and spintronics is reviewed by introducing the experimental results, theoretical models, and device performances of the CISS effect. Compared to normal ferromagnetic metals, CISS originating from a chiral structure has great advantages of high spin polarization, excellent interface, simple preparation process, and low cost. It has the potential to obtain high efficiency of spin injection into metals and semiconductors, getting rid of magnetic fields and ferromagnetic electrodes. The physical mechanisms, unique advantages, and device performances of CISS are sequentially clarified, revealing important issues to current scientific research and industrial applications. This mini-review points out a key technology of information storage for future spintronic devices without magnetic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Shang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Tianhan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Shuainan Cui
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Jinxiang Deng
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
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46
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Geyer M, Gutierrez R, Mujica V, Silva JFR, Dianat A, Cuniberti G. The contribution of intermolecular spin interactions to the London dispersion forces between chiral molecules. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:234106. [PMID: 35732515 DOI: 10.1063/5.0090266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispersion interactions are one of the components of van der Waals (vdW) forces that play a key role in the understanding of intermolecular interactions in many physical, chemical, and biological processes. The theory of dispersion forces was developed by London in the early years of quantum mechanics. However, it was only in the 1960s that it was recognized that for molecules lacking an inversion center, such as chiral and helical molecules, there are chirality-sensitive corrections to the dispersion forces proportional to the rotatory power known from the theory of circular dichroism and with the same distance scaling law R-6 as the London energy. The discovery of the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect in recent years has led to an additional twist in the study of chiral molecular systems, showing a close relation between spin and molecular geometry. Motivated by it, we propose in this investigation to describe the mutual induction of charge and spin-density fluctuations in a pair A-B of chiral molecules by a simple physical model. The model assumes that the same fluctuating electric fields responsible for vdW forces can induce a magnetic response via a Rashba-like term so that a spin-orbit field acting on molecule B is generated by the electric field arising from charge density fluctuations in molecule A (and vice versa). Within a second-order perturbative approach, these contributions manifest as an effective intermolecular exchange interaction. Although expected to be weaker than the standard London forces, these interactions display the same R-6 distance scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Geyer
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - R Gutierrez
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - V Mujica
- Arizona State University, School of Molecular Sciences, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - J F Rivas Silva
- Instituto de Física Luis Rivera Terrazas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J48, Col. San Manuel, Puebla Pue. C. P. 72570, Mexico
| | - A Dianat
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - G Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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47
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Abstract
The discovery of chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) opens up the possibility to manipulate spin orientation without external magnetic fields and enables new spintronic device designs1-4. Although many approaches have been explored for introducing CISS into solid-state materials and devices, the resulting systems so far are often plagued by high inhomogeneity, low spin selectivity or limited stability, and have difficulties in forming robust spintronic devices5-8. Here we report a new class of chiral molecular intercalation superlattices (CMIS) as a robust solid-state chiral material platform for exploring CISS. The CMIS were prepared by intercalating layered two-dimensional atomic crystals (2DACs) (such as TaS2 and TiS2) with selected chiral molecules (such as R-α-methylbenzylamine and S-α-methylbenzylamine). The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrate highly ordered superlattice structures with alternating crystalline atomic layers and self-assembled chiral molecular layers. Circular dichroism studies show clear chirality-dependent signals between right-handed (R-) and left-handed (S-) CMIS. Furthermore, by using the resulting CMIS as the spin-filtering layer, we create spin-selective tunnelling junctions with a distinct chirality-dependent tunnelling current, achieving a tunnelling magnetoresistance ratio of more than 300 per cent and a spin polarization ratio of more than 60 per cent. With a large family of 2DACs of widely tunable electronic properties and a vast selection of chiral molecules of designable structural motifs, the CMIS define a rich family of artificial chiral materials for investigating the CISS effect and capturing its potential for new spintronic devices.
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48
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Abstract
The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect is usually associated with electrons passing through chiral molecules. There are a number of experiments where external electrical fields rearrange electrons inside otherwise isolated molecules, allegedly also generating spin polarization of the molecule. There are theoretical suggestions of pairs of molecules generating spin polarizations in each other due to fluctuating electrical dipoles. This paper critically theoretically evaluates such spin-dependent charge reorganization (SDCR) effects. We find that such effects are not ruled out in principle, but they are very small and probably not detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Hedegård
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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49
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Zhan G, Zhang J, Zhang L, Ou Z, Yang H, Qian Y, Zhang X, Xing Z, Zhang L, Li C, Zhong J, Yuan J, Cao Y, Zhou D, Chen X, Ma H, Song X, Zha C, Huang X, Wang J, Wang T, Huang W, Wang L. Stimulating and Manipulating Robust Circularly Polarized Photoluminescence in Achiral Hybrid Perovskites. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3961-3968. [PMID: 35507685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Circularly polarized light (CPL) is essential for optoelectronic and chiro-spintronic applications. Hybrid perovskites, as star optoelectronic materials, have demonstrated CPL activity, which is, however, mostly limited to chiral perovskites. Here, we develop a simple, general, and efficient strategy to stimulate CPL activity in achiral perovskites, which possess rich species, efficient luminescence, and tunable bandgaps. With the formation of van der Waals heterojunctions between chiral and achiral perovskites, a nonequilibrium spin population and thus CPL activity are realized in achiral perovskites by receiving spin-polarized electrons from chiral perovskites. The polarization degree of room-temperature CPL in achiral perovskites is at least one order of magnitude higher than in chiral ones. The CPL polarization degree and emission wavelengths of achiral perovskites can be flexibly designed by tuning chemical compositions, operating temperature, or excitation wavelengths. We anticipate that unlimited types of achiral perovskites can be endowed with CPL activity, benefiting their applications in integrated CPL sources and detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Junran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Linghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhenwei Ou
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yuchi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ziyue Xing
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Congzhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jingxian Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiaxiao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huifang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xuefen Song
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chenyang Zha
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jianpu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ti Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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50
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Aiello CD, Abendroth JM, Abbas M, Afanasev A, Agarwal S, Banerjee AS, Beratan DN, Belling JN, Berche B, Botana A, Caram JR, Celardo GL, Cuniberti G, Garcia-Etxarri A, Dianat A, Diez-Perez I, Guo Y, Gutierrez R, Herrmann C, Hihath J, Kale S, Kurian P, Lai YC, Liu T, Lopez A, Medina E, Mujica V, Naaman R, Noormandipour M, Palma JL, Paltiel Y, Petuskey W, Ribeiro-Silva JC, Saenz JJ, Santos EJG, Solyanik-Gorgone M, Sorger VJ, Stemer DM, Ugalde JM, Valdes-Curiel A, Varela S, Waldeck DH, Wasielewski MR, Weiss PS, Zacharias H, Wang QH. A Chirality-Based Quantum Leap. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4989-5035. [PMID: 35318848 PMCID: PMC9278663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the study of chiral degrees of freedom occurring in matter and in electromagnetic fields. Opportunities in quantum sciences will likely exploit two main areas that are the focus of this Review: (1) recent observations of the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in chiral molecules and engineered nanomaterials and (2) rapidly evolving nanophotonic strategies designed to amplify chiral light-matter interactions. On the one hand, the CISS effect underpins the observation that charge transport through nanoscopic chiral structures favors a particular electronic spin orientation, resulting in large room-temperature spin polarizations. Observations of the CISS effect suggest opportunities for spin control and for the design and fabrication of room-temperature quantum devices from the bottom up, with atomic-scale precision and molecular modularity. On the other hand, chiral-optical effects that depend on both spin- and orbital-angular momentum of photons could offer key advantages in all-optical and quantum information technologies. In particular, amplification of these chiral light-matter interactions using rationally designed plasmonic and dielectric nanomaterials provide approaches to manipulate light intensity, polarization, and phase in confined nanoscale geometries. Any technology that relies on optimal charge transport, or optical control and readout, including quantum devices for logic, sensing, and storage, may benefit from chiral quantum properties. These properties can be theoretically and experimentally investigated from a quantum information perspective, which has not yet been fully developed. There are uncharted implications for the quantum sciences once chiral couplings can be engineered to control the storage, transduction, and manipulation of quantum information. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the experimental and theoretical fundamentals of chiral-influenced quantum effects and presents a vision for their possible future roles in enabling room-temperature quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice D. Aiello
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - John M. Abendroth
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Muneer Abbas
- Department
of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Andrei Afanasev
- Department
of Physics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Shivang Agarwal
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Amartya S. Banerjee
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David N. Beratan
- Departments
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jason N. Belling
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bertrand Berche
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR Université de Lorraine-CNRS, 7019 54506 Vandœuvre les
Nancy, France
| | - Antia Botana
- Department
of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Justin R. Caram
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Giuseppe Luca Celardo
- Institute
of Physics, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma
de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-48, 72570, Mexico
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute
for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aitzol Garcia-Etxarri
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute
for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ismael Diez-Perez
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqi Guo
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Institute
for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Suneet Kale
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Philip Kurian
- Quantum
Biology Laboratory, Graduate School, Howard
University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Ying-Cheng Lai
- School
of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Tianhan Liu
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexander Lopez
- Escuela
Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, PO Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
| | - Ernesto Medina
- Departamento
de Física, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Av. Diego de Robles
y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Vladimiro Mujica
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mohammadreza Noormandipour
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- TCM Group,
Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Julio L. Palma
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, Lemont Furnace, Pennsylvania 15456, United States
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied
Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - William Petuskey
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - João Carlos Ribeiro-Silva
- Laboratory
of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, 05508-900 São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan José Saenz
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elton J. G. Santos
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Higgs Centre
for Theoretical Physics, The University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Solyanik-Gorgone
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Volker J. Sorger
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Dominik M. Stemer
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jesus M. Ugalde
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Ana Valdes-Curiel
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Solmar Varela
- School
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay
Tech University, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Helmut Zacharias
- Center
for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qing Hua Wang
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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