1
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Xie H, Zhang M, Fang X, Yan Z, Yao H. Synthesis of meta-arylphenol derivatives via acid-promoted rearrangement of cyclohexadienones. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8573-8578. [PMID: 37853805 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01363d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
A highly effective strategy for the synthesis of meta-arylphenol derivatives through the selective rearrangement of 4-alkyl-4-aryl-2,5-cyclohexadienones under metal-free conditions was developed, in which acid-promoted [1,2]-migration of the aryl group at C-4 occurred exclusively when the alkyl group at C-4 was a methyl group. Treatment of 4-methyl-4-aryl-2,5-cyclohexadienones with 37% HCl in Ac2O at room temperature provided polysubstituted meta-arylphenyl acetates in 75-94% yields. The application of this protocol in the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic compounds was also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Minxiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Xueyu Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Zhaohua Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Hua Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
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2
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Baronas P, Elholm JL, Moth-Poulsen K. Efficient degassing and ppm-level oxygen monitoring flow chemistry system. REACT CHEM ENG 2023; 8:2052-2059. [PMID: 37496729 PMCID: PMC10366651 DOI: 10.1039/d3re00109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen levels are critical for a long range of chemical transformations carried out in both flow and batch chemistry. Here, we present an inline continuous flow degassing system based on a gas-permeable membrane inside a vacuum chamber for achieving and monitoring ppm-level oxygen concentrations in solutions. The oxygen presence was monitored with a molecular oxygen probe and a continuously running UV-vis spectrometer. An automated setup for discovering optimal reaction conditions for minimal oxygen presence was devised. The parameters tested were: flow rate, vacuum pressure, solvent back-pressure, tube material, tube length and solvent oxygen solubility. The inline degassing system was proven to be effective in removing up to 99.9% of ambient oxygen from solvents at a flow rate of 300 μl min-1 and 4 mbar vacuum pressure inside the degassing chamber. Reaching lower oxygen concentrations was limited by gas permeation in the tubing following the degassing unit, which could be addressed by purging large volume flow reactors with an inert gas after degassing or by using tubing with lower gas permeability, such as stainless steel tubing. Among all factors, oxygen solubility in solvents was found to play a significant role in achieving efficient degassing of solvents. The data presented here can be used to choose optimal experimental parameters for oxygen-sensitive reactions in flow chemistry reaction setups. The data were also fitted to an analytically derived model from simple differential equations in physical context of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Baronas
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jacob Lynge Elholm
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain https://www.moth-poulsen.com
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3
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O'Brien M, Moraru R. An Automated Computer-Vision "Bubble-Counting" Technique to Characterise CO 2 Dissolution into an Acetonitrile Flow Stream in a Teflon AF-2400 Tube-in-Tube Flow Device. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200167. [PMID: 35997644 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A Teflon AF-2400 based tube-in-tube device was used to generate flow streams of CO2 in acetonitrile and a computer-vision based 'bubble counting' technique was used to estimate the amount of CO2 that had passed into solution whilst in the tube-in-tube device by quantifying the amount of CO2 that left solution (forming separate gas-phase segments) downstream of the back-pressure regulator. For both CO2 pressures used, there appeared to be a minimum residence time below which no CO2 was observed to leave solution. This was assumed to be due to residual CO2 below (or close to) the saturation concentration at atmospheric pressure and, by taking this into account, we were able to fit curves corresponding to simple gradient-driven diffusion and which closely matched previously obtained colorimetric titration data for the same system. The estimated value for the residual concentration of CO2 (0.37 M) is higher than, but in reasonable general correspondence with, saturation concentrations previously reported for CO2 in acetonitrile (0.27 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O'Brien
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ruxandra Moraru
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
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4
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Koóš P, Markovič M, Lopatka P, Gracza T. Recent Applications of Continuous Flow in Homogeneous Palladium Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made using continuous flow chemistry as an enabling tool in organic synthesis. Consequently, the number of articles reporting continuous flow methods has increased significantly in recent years. This review covers the progress achieved in homogeneous palladium catalysis using continuous flow conditions over the last five years, including C–C/C–N cross-coupling reactions, carbonylations and reductive/oxidative transformations.1 Introduction2 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions3 C–N Coupling Reactions4 Carbonylation Reactions5 Miscellaneous Reactions6 Key to Schematic Symbols7 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Koóš
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology
- Georganics Ltd
| | - Martin Markovič
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology
- Georganics Ltd
| | | | - Tibor Gracza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology
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6
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Han S, Kashfipour MA, Ramezani M, Abolhasani M. Accelerating gas-liquid chemical reactions in flow. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10593-10606. [PMID: 32785297 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03511d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, continuous flow reactors have emerged as a powerful tool for accelerated fundamental and applied studies of gas-liquid reactions, offering facile gas delivery and process intensification. In particular, unique features of highly gas-permeable tubular membranes in flow reactors (i.e., tube-in-tube flow reactor configuration) have been exploited as (i) an efficient analytic tool for gas-liquid solubility and diffusivity measurements and (ii) reliable gas delivery/generation strategy, providing versatile adaptability for a wide range of gas-liquid processes. The tube-in-tube flow reactors have been successfully adopted for rapid exploration of a wide range of gas-liquid reactions (e.g., amination, carboxylation, carbonylation, hydrogenation, ethylenation, oxygenation) using gaseous species both as the reactant and the product, safely handling toxic and flammable gases or unstable intermediate compounds. In this highlight, we present an overview of recent developments in the utilization of such intensified flow reactors within modular flow chemistry platforms for different gas-liquid processes involving carbon dioxide, oxygen, and other gases. We provide a detailed step-by-step guideline for robust assembly and safe operation of tube-in-tube flow reactors. We also discuss the current challenges and potential future directions for further development and utilization of tubular membrane-based flow reactors for gas-liquid processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyong Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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7
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Pd-catalyzed protecting-group-free cross-couplings of iodophenols with atom-economic triarylbismuth reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Zeng H, Yu J, Li CJ. Palladium-catalyzed aerobic synthesis of ortho-substituted phenols from cyclohexanones and primary alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1239-1242. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09347h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An aerobic palladium catalyzed site-specific synthesis of ortho-substituted phenols from cyclohexanones and primary alcohols via an oxidation/aldol/dehydration/aromatization process has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jianjin Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
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9
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Campbell Brewer A, Hoffman PC, Martinelli JR, Kobierski ME, Mullane N, Robbins D. Development and Scale-Up of a Continuous Aerobic Oxidative Chan–Lam Coupling. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Campbell Brewer
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Philip C. Hoffman
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Joseph R. Martinelli
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael E. Kobierski
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nessa Mullane
- Eli Lilly Kinsale Limited, Dunderrow, Kinsale, P17 NY71 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - David Robbins
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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10
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Wang Z, Zeng H, Li CJ. Dearomatization–Rearomatization Strategy for Reductive Cross-Coupling of Indoles with Ketones in Water. Org Lett 2019; 21:2302-2306. [PMID: 30908058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiying Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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11
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Hone CA, Kappe CO. The Use of Molecular Oxygen for Liquid Phase Aerobic Oxidations in Continuous Flow. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 377:2. [PMID: 30536152 PMCID: PMC6290733 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is the ultimate “green” oxidant for organic synthesis. There has been recent intensive research within the synthetic community to develop new selective liquid phase aerobic oxidation methodologies as a response to the necessity to reduce the environmental impact of chemical synthesis and manufacture. Green and sustainable chemical processes rely not only on effective chemistry but also on the implementation of reactor technologies that enhance reaction performance and overall safety. Continuous flow reactors have facilitated safer and more efficient utilization of O2, whilst enabling protocols to be scalable. In this article, we discuss recent advancements in the utilization of continuous processing for aerobic oxidations. The translation of aerobic oxidation from batch protocols to continuous flow processes, including process intensification (high T/p), is examined. The use of “synthetic air”, typically consisting of less than 10% O2 in N2, is compared to pure O2 (100% O2) as an oxidant source in terms of process efficiency and safety. Examples of homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous (packed bed) catalysis are provided. The application of flow photoreactors for the in situ formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) for use in organic reactions, as well as the implementation of membrane technologies, green solvents and recent reactor solutions for handling O2 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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12
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Schroeter F, Lerch S, Strassner T. Oxidative and Reductive Cross-Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by an Anionic “Ligandless” Palladium Complex. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schroeter
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, TU Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Swantje Lerch
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, TU Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, TU Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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13
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Dimitriou E, Jones RH, Pritchard RG, Miller GJ, O'Brien M. Gas-liquid flow hydrogenation of nitroarenes: Efficient access to a pharmaceutically relevant pyrrolobenzo[1,4]diazepine scaffold. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Le Bras J, Muzart J. Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Dehydrogenation/Heck-Type Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Le Bras
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312; CNRS - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; B.P. 1039 51687 Reims Cedex 2 France
| | - Jacques Muzart
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312; CNRS - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; B.P. 1039 51687 Reims Cedex 2 France
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15
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Lamb CJC, Nderitu BG, McMurdo G, Tobin JM, Vilela F, Lee AL. Auto-Tandem Catalysis: Pd II -Catalysed Dehydrogenation/Oxidative Heck Reaction of Cyclopentane-1,3-diones. Chemistry 2017; 23:18282-18288. [PMID: 29105890 PMCID: PMC5767738 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A PdII catalyst system has been used to successfully catalyse two mechanistically distinct reactions in a one-pot procedure: dehydrogenation of 2,2-disubstituted cyclopentane-1,3-diones and the subsequent oxidative Heck coupling. This auto-tandem catalytic reaction is applicable to both batch and continuous flow processes, with the latter being the first example of a tandem aerobic dehydrogenation/oxidative Heck in flow. In addition, a telescoped reaction involving enantioselective desymmetrisation of the all-C quaternary centre was successfully achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J C Lamb
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan G Nderitu
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma McMurdo
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - John M Tobin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Ai-Lan Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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16
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O’Brien M. An automated colorimetric inline titration of CO2 concentrations in solvent flow streams using a Teflon AF-2400 tube-in-tube device. J CO2 UTIL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Wang Z, Orellana A. Convenient Access to meta
-Substituted Phenols by Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling and Oxidation. Chemistry 2017; 23:11445-11449. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry; York University; 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry; York University; 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
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18
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Jia Z, Wang K, Tan B, Gu Y. Hollow Hyper-Cross-Linked Nanospheres with Acid and Base Sites as Efficient and Water-Stable Catalysts for One-Pot Tandem Reactions. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Jia
- Key
Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage,
Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry
and Service Failure, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
| | - Kewei Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage,
Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry
and Service Failure, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
| | - Bien Tan
- Key
Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage,
Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry
and Service Failure, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanlong Gu
- Key
Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage,
Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry
and Service Failure, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
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20
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Hone CA, Roberge DM, Kappe CO. The Use of Molecular Oxygen in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Is Flow the Way to Go? CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:32-41. [PMID: 27863103 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen is arguably the greenest reagent available to the organic chemist. Most commonly, a diluted form of oxygen gas, consisting of less than 10 % O2 in N2 ("synthetic air"), is used in pharmaceutical and fine chemical batch manufacturing to effectively address safety concerns when handling molecular oxygen. Concentrations of O2 in N2 below 10 % are generally required to prevent the risk of combustions in the presence of flammable organic solvents ("limiting oxygen concentration"). Nonetheless, the use of pure oxygen is more efficient than using O2 diluted with N2 and can often provide enhanced reaction rates, resulting in significant improvements in product quality and process efficiency. This Concept takes into account recent studies to make the argument that, for liquid-phase aerobic oxidations, pure oxygen can indeed be handled safely on large scale by employing continuous-flow reactors, while also providing highly convincing synthetic and manufacturing benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hone
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
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21
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Iosub AV, Stahl SS. Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Dehydrogenation of Cyclic Hydrocarbons for the Synthesis of Substituted Aromatics and Other Unsaturated Products. ACS Catal 2016; 6:8201-8213. [PMID: 28154785 PMCID: PMC5279950 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic dehydrogenation of saturated or partially saturated six-membered carbocycles into aromatic rings represents an appealing strategy for the synthesis of substituted arenes. Particularly effective methods have been developed for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanones and cyclohexenes into substituted phenol, aniline, and benzene derivatives, respectively. In this Perspective, we present the contributions of our research group to the discovery and development of palladium-based catalysts for aerobic oxidative dehydrogenation methods, including general methods for conversion of cyclohexanones and cyclohexenones into substituted phenols and a complementary method for partial dehydrogenation cyclohexanones to cyclohexenones. The mechanistic basis for chemoselective conversion of cyclohexanones to phenols or enones is presented. These results are presented within the context of recent methods developed by others for the synthesis of aryl ethers, anilines and other substituted arenes. Overall, Pd-catalyzed dehydrogenation methods provide a compelling strategy for selective synthesis of aromatic and related unsaturated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V. Iosub
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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Samadi S, Orellana A. A New Route to Phenols: Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclization and Oxidation of γ,δ-Unsaturated Ketones. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Samadi
- Department of Chemistry; York University; 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry; York University; 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
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