1
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Voorneveld J, Kloet MS, Wijngaarden S, Kim RQ, Moutsiopoulou A, Verdegaal M, Misra M, Đikić I, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, van der Heden van Noort GJ. Arginine ADP-Ribosylation: Chemical Synthesis of Post-Translationally Modified Ubiquitin Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20582-20589. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Voorneveld
- Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Max S. Kloet
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Wijngaarden
- Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Q. Kim
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angeliki Moutsiopoulou
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix Verdegaal
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mohit Misra
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ivan Đikić
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbrand J. van der Heden van Noort
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Hagino R, Mozaki K, Komura N, Imamura A, Ishida H, Ando H, Tanaka HN. Straightforward Synthesis of the Poly(ADP-ribose) Branched Core Structure. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32795-32804. [PMID: 36119971 PMCID: PMC9476175 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification that produces poly(ADP-ribose) with a branched structure every 20-50 units; such branching structure has been previously suggested to be involved in regulating chromatin remodeling. To elucidate its detailed functions, we developed a straightforward method for the synthesis of the poly(ADP-ribose) branched core structure, α-d-ribofuranosyl-(1‴ → 2″)-α-d-ribofuranosyl-(1″ → 2')-adenosine 5',5'',5‴-trisphosphate 1, from 6-chloropurine ribofuranoside 4 in 10 steps and 6.1% overall yield. The structure poses synthetic challenges for constructing iterative α-1,2-cis-glycosidic bonds in the presence of a purine base and the installation of three phosphate groups at primary hydroxyl groups. Iterative glycosidic bonds were formed by α-1,2-cis-selective ribofuranosylation using 2-O-(2-naphthylmethyl)-protected thioglycoside donor 6 and a thiophilic bismuth promoter. After the construction of diribofuranosyl adenosine 5 had been constructed, it was chemo- and regioselectively phosphorylated at a later stage. Subsequent deprotection provided the synthetic target 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hagino
- The
United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department
of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Keita Mozaki
- Department
of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Naoko Komura
- Institute
for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Institute
for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- The
United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department
of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Institute
for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- The
United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department
of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Institute
for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- The
United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hide-Nori Tanaka
- Institute
for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- The
United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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3
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Wasyluk W, Zwolak A. PARP Inhibitors: An Innovative Approach to the Treatment of Inflammation and Metabolic Disorders in Sepsis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1827-1844. [PMID: 33986609 PMCID: PMC8110256 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s300679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is not only a threat to the health of individual patients but also presents a serious epidemiological problem. Despite intensive research, modern sepsis therapy remains based primarily on antimicrobial treatment and supporting the functions of failing organs. Finding a cure for sepsis represents a great and as yet unfulfilled need in modern medicine. Research results indicate that the activity of poly (adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerase (PARP) may play an important role in the inflammatory response and the cellular metabolic disorders found in sepsis. Mechanisms by which PARP-1 may contribute to inflammation and metabolic disorders include effects on the regulation of gene expression, impaired metabolism, cell death, and the release of alarmins. These findings suggest that inhibition of this enzyme may be a promising solution for the treatment of sepsis. In studies using experimental sepsis models, inhibition of PARP-1 has been shown to ameliorate the inflammatory response and increase survival. This action was described, among others, for olaparib, a PARP-1 inhibitor approved for use in oncology. While the results of current research are promising, the use of PARP inhibitors in non-oncological diseases raises some concerns, mainly related to the enzyme's role in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair. However, the results of studies on experimental models indicate the effectiveness of even short-term PARP-1 inhibition and do not confirm concerns regarding its impact on the integrity of nuclear DNA. Current research presents PARP inhibition as a potential solution for the treatment of sepsis and indicates the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Wasyluk
- Chair of Internal Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.,Doctoral School, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zwolak
- Chair of Internal Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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4
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Nilov DK, Pushkarev SV, Gushchina IV, Manasaryan GA, Kirsanov KI, Švedas VK. Modeling of the Enzyme-Substrate Complexes of Human Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:99-107. [PMID: 32079521 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is a key DNA repair enzyme and an important target in cancer treatment. Conventional methods of studying the reaction mechanism of PARP-1 have limitations because of the complex structure of PARP-1 substrates; however, the necessary data can be obtained by molecular modeling. In this work, a molecular dynamics model for the PARP-1 enzyme-substrate complex containing NAD+ molecule and the end of the poly(ADP-ribose) chain in the form of ADP molecule was obtained for the first time. Interactions with the active site residues have been characterized where Gly863, Lys903, Glu988 play a crucial role, and the SN1-like mechanism for the enzymatic ADP-ribosylation reaction has been proposed. Models of PARP-1 complexes with more sophisticated two-unit fragments of the growing polymer chain as well as competitive inhibitors 3-aminobenzamide and 7-methylguanine have been obtained by molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Nilov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - S V Pushkarev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I V Gushchina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - G A Manasaryan
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - K I Kirsanov
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - V K Švedas
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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5
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Mikhailov SN, Drenichev MS, Oslovsky VE, Kulikova IV, Herdewijn P. Synthesis of Poly(ADP-ribose) Monomer Containing 2'-O-α-D-Ribofuranosyl Adenosine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 78:e92. [PMID: 31529780 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the earlier reported procedure for the synthesis of 2'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyl nucleosides was extended to the synthesis of 2'-O-α-D-ribofuranosyl adenosine, a monomeric unit of poly(ADP-ribose). It consists in condensation of a small excess of 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-α,β-D-arabinofuranose activated with tin tetrachloride with 3',5'-O-tetra-isopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl-ribonucleosides in 1,2-dichloroethane. The following debenzoylation and silylation of arabinofuranosyl residue and inversion of configuration at C-2'' atom of arabinofuranosyl residue and final removal of silyl protective groups gave 2'-O-α-D-ribofuranosyl adenosine in overall 13% to 21% yield. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Kulikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Leung AKL. Poly(ADP-ribose): A Dynamic Trigger for Biomolecular Condensate Formation. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:370-383. [PMID: 32302549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a nucleic acid-like protein modification that can seed the formation of microscopically visible cellular compartments that lack enveloping membranes, recently termed biomolecular condensates. These PAR-mediated condensates are linked to cancer, viral infection, and neurodegeneration. Recent data have shown the therapeutic potential of modulating PAR conjugation (PARylation): PAR polymerase (PARP) inhibitors can modulate the formation and dynamics of these condensates as well as the trafficking of their components - many of which are key disease factors. However, the way in which PARylation facilitates these functions remains unclear, partly because of our lack of understanding of the fundamental parameters of intracellular PARylation, including the sites that are conjugated, PAR chain length and structure, and the physicochemical properties of the conjugates. This review first introduces the role of PARylation in regulating biomolecular condensates, followed by discussion of current knowledge gaps, potential solutions, and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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7
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van
der Heden van
Noort GJ. Chemical Tools to Study Protein ADP-Ribosylation. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1743-1751. [PMID: 32039309 PMCID: PMC7003193 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of substrate proteins plays crucial roles in the regulation of their activity, cellular localization, and ability to be recognized by other proteins. One of those modifications involves the installment of adenosine-diphosphate-ribose (ADPr) onto nucleophilic side-chain groups of amino acid residues. This highly dynamic process is regulated by ADP-ribosyl transferases (ARTs) that install the ADPr-molecules on selected proteins and poly(ADP-ribosyl) glycohydrolases (PARGs) and (ADP-ribosyl)hydrolases (ARHs) that trim down and remove ADPr-chains. In this mini-review, the most recent advances in the chemical synthesis of ADPr-conjugates, poly-ADP-ribose, ADPr-peptides, and -proteins, and other tools to investigate ADPr-biology are discussed.
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8
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Liu Q, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV. Chemical ADP-ribosylation: mono-ADPr-peptides and oligo-ADP-ribose. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 17:5460-5474. [PMID: 31112180 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00501c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is an important post-translational modification that plays a pivotal role in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, DNA repair, gene regulation and apoptosis. Although chemical synthesis of mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylated biomolecules is extremely difficult due to the challenges in regio- and stereoselective glycosylation, suitable protective group manipulations and pyrophosphate construction, synthetic procedures towards these bio-related targets have been reported in recent years. Chemically synthesized well-defined ADP-ribose derivatives serve as useful tools in biological experiments aimed to further elucidate native ADP-ribosylation. In this review, we will discuss the synthetic studies on mono-ADP-ribosylated proteins and oligo-ADP-ribose chains. Future possible synthetic targets and upcoming new methods for the synthesis of these molecules are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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9
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The Enigmatic Function of PARP1: From PARylation Activity to PAR Readers. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121625. [PMID: 31842403 PMCID: PMC6953017 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is catalysed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs, also known as ARTDs) and then rapidly removed by degrading enzymes. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is produced from PARylation and provides a delicate and spatiotemporal interaction scaffold for numerous target proteins. The PARylation system, consisting of PAR synthesizers and erasers and PAR itself and readers, plays diverse roles in the DNA damage response (DDR), DNA repair, transcription, replication, chromatin remodeling, metabolism, and cell death. Despite great efforts by scientists in biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, genetics, and pharmacology over the last five decades, the biology of PARPs and PARylation remains enigmatic. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biological function of PARP1 (ARTD1), the founding member of the PARP family, focusing on the inter-dependent or -independent nature of different functional domains of the PARP1 protein. We also discuss the readers of PAR, whose function may transduce signals and coordinate the cellular processes, which has recently emerged as a new research avenue for PARP biology. We aim to provide some perspective on how future research might disentangle the biology of PARylation by dissecting the structural and functional relationship of PARP1, a major effector of the PARPs family.
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10
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Morihiro K. Fine Chemical Synthesis of Poly(ADP-Ribose). J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2018. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.76.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Hems ES, Nepogodiev SA, Rejzek M, Field RA. Synthesis of glyceryl glycosides related to A-type prymnesin toxins. Carbohydr Res 2018; 463:14-23. [PMID: 29698849 PMCID: PMC5999359 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A suite of glycosylated glycerol derivatives representing various fragments of the glycosylated ichthyotoxins called prymnesins were chemically synthesised. Glycerol was used to represent a small fragment of the prymnesin backbone, and was glycosylated at the 2° position with the sugars currently reported to be present on prymnesin toxins. Neighbouring group participation was utilised to synthesise 1,2-trans-glycosides. SnCl2-promoted glycosylation with furanosyl fluorides gave 1,2-cis-furanosides with moderate stereocontrol, whilst TMSOTf promoted glycosylation with a furanosyl imidate gave a 1,2-cis-furanoside with good stereocontrol. The chemical synthesis of two larger glyceryl diglycoside fragments of prymnesin-1, glycosylated with α-ʟ-arabinopyranose and α-ᴅ-ribofuranose, is also described. As the stereochemistry of the prymnesin backbones at this region is undefined, both the 2R- and 2S- glycerol isomers were synthesised. The separated diastereoisomers were distinguished by comparing NOESY NMR with computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Hems
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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12
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Liu Q, Kistemaker HAV, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV. Synthesis of ribosyl-ribosyl-adenosine-5',5'',5'''(triphosphate)-the naturally occurring branched fragment of poly(ADP ribose). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:10255-10258. [PMID: 28868552 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05755e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Poly-adenosine diphosphate ribose (PAR) is a branched biopolymer that occurs as a result of post-translational modification of proteins. In 1981 Miwa et al. determined the structure of enzymatically prepared branched PAR. We present the first synthesis of the same branched PAR fragment and have shown by NMR that the structure proposed by Miwa is correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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13
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Drenichev MS, Mikhailov SN. Poly(ADP-ribose): From chemical synthesis to drug design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3395-403. [PMID: 27318540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is an important biopolymer, which is involved in various life processes such as DNA repair and replication, modulation of chromatin structure, transcription, cell differentiation, and in pathogenesis of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, ischemia and inflammations. PAR is the most electronegative biopolymer and this property is essential for its binding with a wide range of proteins. Understanding of PAR functions in cell on molecular level requires chemical synthesis of regular PAR oligomers. Recently developed methodologies for chemical synthesis of PAR oligomers, will facilitate the study of various cellular processes, involving PAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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14
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Kistemaker HA, Meeuwenoord NJ, Overkleeft HS, Marel GA, Filippov DV. Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Oligo‐ADP‐Ribose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 64:4.68.1-4.68.27. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0468s64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans A.V. Kistemaker
- Department of Bio‐organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Nico J. Meeuwenoord
- Department of Bio‐organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio‐organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. Marel
- Department of Bio‐organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Department of Bio‐organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
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