1
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Cook EN, Davis AE, Hilinski MK, Machan CW. Metal-Free Homogeneous O 2 Reduction by an Iminium-Based Electrocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7931-7935. [PMID: 38488290 PMCID: PMC10979433 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is important for alternative energy and industrial oxidation processes. Herein, an iminium-based organoelectrocatalyst (im+) for the ORR with trifluoroacetic acid as a proton source in acetonitrile solution under both electrochemical and spectrochemical conditions using decamethylferrocene as a chemical reductant is reported. Under spectrochemical conditions, H2O2 is the primary reaction product, while under electrochemical conditions H2O is produced. This difference in selectivity is attributed to the interception of the free superoxide intermediate under electrochemical conditions by the reduced catalyst, accessing an alternate inner-sphere pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United
States
| | - Anna E. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United
States
| | - Michael K. Hilinski
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United
States
| | - Charles W. Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United
States
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2
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Poursaitidis ET, Gkizis PL, Triandafillidi I, Kokotos CG. Organocatalytic activation of hydrogen peroxide: towards green and sustainable oxidations. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1177-1203. [PMID: 38274062 PMCID: PMC10806817 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05618j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of organocatalysis provided an additional option in every researcher's arsenal, towards the development of elegant and sustainable protocols for various organic transformations. Oxidation reactions are considered to be key in organic synthesis since oxygenated functionalities appear in many natural products. Hydrogen peroxide is categorized as a green oxidant, since its only by-product is water, offering novel opportunities for the development of green and sustainable protocols. In this review article, we intend to present recent developments in the field of the organocatalytic activation of hydrogen peroxide, providing useful insight into the applied oxidative protocols. At the same time, we will present some interesting mechanistic studies, providing information on the oxygen transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios T Poursaitidis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
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3
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Chen J, Song W, Yao J, Wu Z, Lee YM, Wang Y, Nam W, Wang B. Hydrogen Bonding-Assisted and Nonheme Manganese-Catalyzed Remote Hydroxylation of C-H Bonds in Nitrogen-Containing Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5456-5466. [PMID: 36811463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of catalytic systems capable of oxygenating unactivated C-H bonds with excellent site-selectivity and functional group tolerance under mild conditions remains a challenge. Inspired by the secondary coordination sphere (SCS) hydrogen bonding in metallooxygenases, reported herein is an SCS solvent hydrogen bonding strategy that employs 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a strong hydrogen bond donor solvent to enable remote C-H hydroxylation in the presence of basic aza-heteroaromatic rings with a low loading of a readily available and inexpensive manganese complex as a catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as a terminal oxidant. We demonstrate that this strategy represents a promising compliment to the current state-of-the-art protection approaches that rely on precomplexation with strong Lewis and/or Brønsted acids. Mechanistic studies with experimental and theoretical approaches reveal the existence of a strong hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen-containing substrate and HFIP, which prevents the catalyst deactivation by nitrogen binding and deactivates the basic nitrogen atom toward oxygen atom transfer and the α-C-H bonds adjacent to the nitrogen center toward H-atom abstraction. Moreover, the hydrogen bonding exerted by HFIP has also been demonstrated not only to facilitate the O-O bond heterolytic cleavage of a putative MnIII-OOH precursor to generate MnV(O)(OC(O)CH2Br) as an active oxidant but also to affect the stability and the activity of MnV(O)(OC(O)CH2Br).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Wenxun Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jinping Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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4
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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5
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Hahn PL, Lowe JM, Xu Y, Burns KL, Hilinski MK. Amine Organocatalysis of Remote, Chemoselective C(sp 3)-H Hydroxylation. ACS Catal 2022; 12:4302-4309. [PMID: 35529672 PMCID: PMC9075503 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We introduce an organocatalytic approach for oxaziridinium-mediated C-H hydroxylation that employs secondary amines as catalysts. We also demonstrate the advantages of this operationally simple catalytic strategy for achieving high yielding and highly selective remote hydroxylation of compounds bearing oxidation-sensitive functional groups such as alcohols, ethers, carbamates, and amides. By employing hexafluoroisopropanol as the solvent in the absence of water, a proposed hydrogen bonding effect leads to, among other advantages, as high as ≥99:1 chemoselectivity for remote aliphatic hydroxylation of 2° alcohols, an otherwise unsolved synthetic challenge normally complicated by substantial amounts of alcohol oxidation. Initial studies of the reaction mechanism indicate the formation of an oxaziridinium salt as the active oxidant, and a C-H oxidation step that proceeds in a stereospecific manner via concerted insertion or hydrogen atom transfer/radical rebound. Furthermore, preliminary results indicate that site selectivity can be affected by amine catalyst structure. In the long term, we anticipate that this will enable new strategies for catalyst control of selectivity based on the abundance of catalytic scaffolds that have proliferated over the last twenty years as a result of Nobel Prize-winning discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L. Hahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Jared M. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Yubo Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Kevin L. Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Michael K. Hilinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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6
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Galeotti M, Salamone M, Bietti M. Electronic control over site-selectivity in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based C(sp 3)-H functionalization promoted by electrophilic reagents. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2171-2223. [PMID: 35229835 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds represents one of the most investigated approaches to develop new synthetic methodology. Among the available strategies for intermolecular C-H bond functionalization, increasing attention has been devoted to hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based procedures promoted by radical or radical-like reagents, that offer the opportunity to introduce a large variety of atoms and groups in place of hydrogen under mild conditions. Because of the large number of aliphatic C-H bonds displayed by organic molecules, in these processes control over site-selectivity represents a crucial issue, and the associated factors have been discussed. In this review article, attention will be devoted to the role of electronic effects on C(sp3)-H bond functionalization site-selectivity. Through an analysis of the recent literature, a detailed description of the HAT reagents employed in these processes, the associated mechanistic features and the selectivity patterns observed in the functionalization of substrates of increasing structural complexity will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
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7
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Masferrer‐Rius E, Borrell M, Lutz M, Costas M, Klein Gebbink RJM. Aromatic C−H Hydroxylation Reactions with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Bulky Manganese Complexes. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Masferrer‐Rius
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Margarida Borrell
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Campus Montilivi E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Martin Lutz
- Structural Biochemistry Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Campus Montilivi E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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8
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Cai M, Xu K, Li Y, Nie Z, Zhang L, Luo S. Chiral Primary Amine/Ketone Cooperative Catalysis for Asymmetric α-Hydroxylation with Hydrogen Peroxide. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1078-1087. [PMID: 33399468 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyls and amines are yin and yang in organocatalysis as they mutually activate and transform each other. These intrinsically reacting partners tend to condense with each other, thus depleting their individual activity when used together as cocatalysts. Though widely established in many prominent catalytic strategies, aminocatalysis and carbonyl catalysis do not coexist well, and, as such, a cooperative amine/carbonyl dual catalysis remains essentially unknown. Here we report a cooperative primary amine and ketone dual catalytic approach for the asymmetric α-hydroxylation of β-ketocarbonyls with H2O2. Besides participating in the typical enamine catalytic cycle, the chiral primary amine catalyst was found to work cooperatively with a ketone catalyst to activate H2O2 via an oxaziridine intermediate derived from an in-situ-generated ketimine. Ultimately, this enamine-oxaziridine coupling facilitated the highly controlled α-hydroxylation of several β-ketocarbonyls in excellent yield and enantioselectivity. Notably, late-stage hydroxylation for peptidyl amide or chiral esters can also be achieved with high stereoselectivity. In addition to its operational simplicity and mild conditions, this cooperative amine/ketone catalytic approach also provides a new strategy for the catalytic activation of H2O2 and expands the domain of typical amine and carbonyl catalysis to include this challenging transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Cai
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaini Xu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuze Li
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Masferrer-Rius E, Li F, Lutz M, Klein Gebbink RJM. Exploration of highly electron-rich manganese complexes in enantioselective oxidation catalysis; a focus on enantioselective benzylic oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01642c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of highly electron-rich manganese complexes for enantioselective benzylic oxidation (and asymmetric epoxidation) is described, to provide chiral benzylic alcohols and epoxides in good yields and enantioselectivites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Masferrer-Rius
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fanshi Li
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Borrell M, Gil-Caballero S, Bietti M, Costas M. Site-Selective and Product Chemoselective Aliphatic C–H Bond Hydroxylation of Polyhydroxylated Substrates. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Borrell
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia Spain
| | - Sergio Gil-Caballero
- Serveis Tècnics de Recerca (NMR), Universitat de Girona, Parc científic i tecnològic de la UdG, Pic de Peguera 15, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia Spain
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11
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Cianfanelli M, Olivo G, Milan M, Klein Gebbink RJM, Ribas X, Bietti M, Costas M. Enantioselective C–H Lactonization of Unactivated Methylenes Directed by Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:1584-1593. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cianfanelli
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Milan
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xavi Ribas
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
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12
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Johnson SL, Hilinski MK. Organocatalytic Olefin Aziridination via Iminium-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer: Scope, Limitations, and Mechanistic Insight. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8589-8595. [PMID: 31173691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Olefin aziridination via organocatalytic nitrene transfer offers potential complementarity to metal-catalyzed methods; however there is a lack of reports of such reactions in the literature. Herein is reported a method that employs an iminium salt to catalyze the aziridination of styrenes by [ N-( p-toluenesulfonyl)imino]phenyliodinane (PhINTs). These reactions are hypothesized to proceed via a diaziridinium salt as the active oxidant. In addition to outlining the scope and limitations of the method, evidence for a polar, stepwise mechanism is presented, which provides new insight into the nature of iminium catalysis of nitrene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , United States
| | - Michael K Hilinski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , United States
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13
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Liang T, He X, Ji D, Wu H, Xu Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Xu Y, Zhu Q. Transition Metal-Free C5 Tosyloxylation of 8-Aminoquinolines with Phenyliodine Bistrifluoroacetate and Substituted 1,2-Disulfonyl Hydrazides. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization; Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
- Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering; Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Dezhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization; Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Huanhuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Yizhu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Yuyan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization; Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization; Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Yungen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization; Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Qihua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization; Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 China
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14
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Bietti M. Anwendung von Mediumeffekten in Aktivierungs‐ und Deaktivierungsstrategien zur selektiven Funktionalisierung aliphatischer C‐H‐Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità “Tor Vergata” Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome Italien
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15
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Lesieur M, Battilocchio C, Labes R, Jacq J, Genicot C, Ley SV, Pasau P. Direct Oxidation of Csp
3
−H bonds using in Situ Generated Trifluoromethylated Dioxirane in Flow. Chemistry 2018; 25:1203-1207. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lesieur
- UCB Biopharma Avenue de l'industrie 1420 Braine l'Alleud Belgium
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Labes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Jérôme Jacq
- UCB Biopharma Avenue de l'industrie 1420 Braine l'Alleud Belgium
| | | | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Patrick Pasau
- UCB Biopharma Avenue de l'industrie 1420 Braine l'Alleud Belgium
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16
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Bietti M. Activation and Deactivation Strategies Promoted by Medium Effects for Selective Aliphatic C-H Bond Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16618-16637. [PMID: 29873935 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective functionalization of unactivated aliphatic C-H bonds represents an important goal of modern synthetic chemistry. Differentiating between such bonds in organic molecules with high levels of selectivity remains a crucial issue, and a profound understanding of even the subtlest reactivity trends is needed. Among the methods that have been developed, those based on hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) have attracted considerable interest. Within this framework, medium effects have proved effective in altering the reactivity and site selectivity in synthetically useful C-H functionalization procedures. In this Review, the mechanistic features behind the available strategies are discussed. It is shown that hydrogen bonding and acid-base interactions can promote C-H bond activation or deactivation toward HAT reagents, thereby providing fine-control over the site selectivity and product chemoselectivity as well as useful guidelines for future development and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
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17
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Kiyokawa K, Ito R, Takemoto K, Minakata S. C-H oxygenation at tertiary carbon centers using iodine oxidant. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7609-7612. [PMID: 29926057 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03735c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An oxidation system in which iodic acid (HIO3) is used as an oxidant in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) permitted the selective hydroxylation of tertiary C-H bonds and the lactonization of carboxylic acids containing a tertiary carbon center. These reactions are operationally simple and proceed under metal-free conditions using commercially available reagents, thus offering an ideal tool for the efficient oxidation of C-H bonds at tertiary carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kiyokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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18
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Dyer RMB, Hahn PL, Hilinski MK. Selective Heteroaryl N-Oxidation of Amine-Containing Molecules. Org Lett 2018; 20:2011-2014. [PMID: 29547294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of nonenzymatic N-oxidation of heteroarenes in the presence of amines are reported. Pyridine, quinoline, and isoquinoline N-oxides are selectively formed in the presence of more reactive aliphatic and alicyclic amines by use of an in situ protonation strategy and an iminium salt organocatalyst. Application to late-stage functionalization that mimics phase 1 metabolism of small-molecule drugs is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M B Dyer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , United States
| | - Philip L Hahn
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , United States
| | - Michael K Hilinski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , United States
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19
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Combee LA, Raya B, Wang D, Hilinski MK. Organocatalytic nitrenoid transfer: metal-free selective intermolecular C(sp 3)-H amination catalyzed by an iminium salt. Chem Sci 2018; 9:935-939. [PMID: 29629160 PMCID: PMC5874695 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03968a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This report details the first organocatalytic method for nitrenoid transfer and its application to intermolecular, site-selective C(sp3)-H amination. The method utilizes a trifluoromethyl iminium salt as the catalyst, iminoiodinanes as the nitrogen source, and substrate as the limiting reagent. Activated, benzylic, and aliphatic substrates can all be selectively functionalized in yields up to 87%. A mechanistic proposal for the observed reactivity supported by experimental evidence invokes the intermediacy of a diaziridinium salt or related organic nitrenoid, species that have not been previously explored for the purpose of C-H amination. Finally, examples of late-stage functionalization of complex molecules highlight the selectivity and potential utility of this catalytic method in synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan A Combee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , USA .
| | - Balaram Raya
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , USA .
| | - Daoyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , USA .
| | - Michael K Hilinski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , USA .
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20
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Yacob S, Caulfield MJ, Barckholtz TA. Partial oxidation of alkanes by dioxiranes formed in situ at low temperature. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2017.0055. [PMID: 29175986 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Partial oxidation catalysts capable of efficiently operating at low temperatures may limit the over-oxidation of alkane substrates and thereby improve selectivity. This work focuses on examining alkane oxidation using completely metal-free organocatalysts, dioxiranes. The dioxiranes employed here are synthesized by oxidation of a ketone using a terminal oxidant, such as hydrogen peroxide. Our work generates the dioxirane in situ, so that the process can be catalytic with respect to the ketone. To date, we have demonstrated selective partial oxidation of adamantane using ketone catalysts resulting in yields upwards of 60% towards 1-adamantanol with greater than 99% selectivity. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that changing the electrophilic character of the ketone R groups to contain more electron-donating ligands facilitates the dioxirane ring formation and improves overall oxidation yields. Isotopic labelling studies using H218O2 show the preferential incorporation of an 18O label into the parent ketone, providing evidence for a dioxirane intermediate formed in situ The isotopic labelling studies, along with solvent effect studies, suggest the formation of peracetic acid as a reactive intermediate.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Providing sustainable catalytic solutions for a rapidly changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Yacob
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Michael J Caulfield
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Timothy A Barckholtz
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
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21
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Dantignana V, Milan M, Cussó O, Company A, Bietti M, Costas M. Chemoselective Aliphatic C-H Bond Oxidation Enabled by Polarity Reversal. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:1350-1358. [PMID: 29296677 PMCID: PMC5746866 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methods for selective oxidation of aliphatic C-H bonds are called on to revolutionize organic synthesis by providing novel and more efficient paths. Realization of this goal requires the discovery of mechanisms that can alter in a predictable manner the innate reactivity of these bonds. Ideally, these mechanisms need to make oxidation of aliphatic C-H bonds, which are recognized as relatively inert, compatible with the presence of electron rich functional groups that are highly susceptible to oxidation. Furthermore, predictable modification of the relative reactivity of different C-H bonds within a molecule would enable rapid diversification of the resulting oxidation products. Herein we show that by engaging in hydrogen bonding, fluorinated alcohols exert a polarity reversal on electron rich functional groups, directing iron and manganese catalyzed oxidation toward a priori stronger and unactivated C-H bonds. As a result, selective hydroxylation of methylenic sites in hydrocarbons and remote aliphatic C-H oxidation of otherwise sensitive alcohol, ether, amide, and amine substrates is achieved employing aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Oxidations occur in a predictable manner, with outstanding levels of product chemoselectivity, preserving the first-formed hydroxylation product, thus representing an extremely valuable tool for synthetic planning and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Dantignana
- Grup
de Química Bioinspirada, Supramolecular i Catàlisi (QBIS-CAT),
Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
and Departament de Química, Universitat
de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Milan
- Grup
de Química Bioinspirada, Supramolecular i Catàlisi (QBIS-CAT),
Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
and Departament de Química, Universitat
de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olaf Cussó
- Grup
de Química Bioinspirada, Supramolecular i Catàlisi (QBIS-CAT),
Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
and Departament de Química, Universitat
de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Company
- Grup
de Química Bioinspirada, Supramolecular i Catàlisi (QBIS-CAT),
Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
and Departament de Química, Universitat
de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Grup
de Química Bioinspirada, Supramolecular i Catàlisi (QBIS-CAT),
Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
and Departament de Química, Universitat
de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
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22
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Salamone M, Martin T, Milan M, Costas M, Bietti M. Electronic and Torsional Effects on Hydrogen Atom Transfer from Aliphatic C–H Bonds: A Kinetic Evaluation via Reaction with the Cumyloxyl Radical. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13542-13549. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Teo Martin
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Milan
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
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23
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Abstract
The application of small molecules as catalysts for the diversification of natural product scaffolds is reviewed. Specifically, principles that relate to the selectivity challenges intrinsic to complex molecular scaffolds are summarized. The synthesis of analogues of natural products by this approach is then described as a quintessential "late-stage functionalization" exercise wherein natural products serve as the lead scaffolds. Given the historical application of enzymatic catalysts to the site-selective alteration of complex molecules, the focus of this Review is on the recent studies of nonenzymatic catalysts. Reactions involving hydroxyl group derivatization with a variety of electrophilic reagents are discussed. C-H bond functionalizations that lead to oxidations, aminations, and halogenations are also presented. Several examples of site-selective olefin functionalizations and C-C bond formations are also included. Numerous classes of natural products have been subjected to these studies of site-selective alteration including polyketides, glycopeptides, terpenoids, macrolides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, and others. What emerges is a platform for chemical remodeling of naturally occurring scaffolds that targets virtually all known chemical functionalities and microenvironments. However, challenges for the design of very broad classes of catalysts, with even broader selectivity demands (e.g., stereoselectivity, functional group selectivity, and site-selectivity) persist. Yet, a significant spectrum of powerful, catalytic alterations of complex natural products now exists such that expansion of scope seems inevitable. Several instances of biological activity assays of remodeled natural product derivatives are also presented. These reports may foreshadow further interdisciplinary impacts for catalytic remodeling of natural products, including contributions to SAR development, mode of action studies, and eventually medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Shugrue
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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24
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Shuler WG, Johnson SL, Hilinski MK. Organocatalytic, Dioxirane-Mediated C–H Hydroxylation under Mild Conditions Using Oxone. Org Lett 2017; 19:4790-4793. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William G. Shuler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Shea L. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Michael K. Hilinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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25
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Abstract
This letter describes the development of a method for selective remote C(sp3)-H oxygenation of protonated aliphatic amines using aqueous potassium persulfate. Protonation serves to deactivate the proximal C(sp3)-H bonds of the amine substrates and also renders the amines soluble in the aqueous medium. These reactions proceed under relatively mild conditions (within 2 h at 80 °C with amine as limiting reagent) and do not require a transition metal catalyst. This method is applicable to a variety of types of C(sp3)-H bonds, including 3°, 2°, and benzylic C-H sites in primary, secondary, and tertiary amine substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lee
- University of Michigan , Department of Chemistry, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- University of Michigan , Department of Chemistry, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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