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Vahdani A, Moemeni M, Holmes D, Lunt RR, Jackson JE, Borhan B. Mechanistic Insight into the Thermal "Blueing" of Cyanine Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19756-19767. [PMID: 38989979 PMCID: PMC11273608 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In recent work to develop cyanine dyes with especially large Stokes shifts, we encountered a "blueing" reaction, in which the heptamethine cyanine dye Cy7 (IUPAC: 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-((1E,3E,5E)-7-((E)-1,3,3-trimethylindolin-2-ylidene)hepta-1,3,5-trien-1-yl)-3H-indol-1-ium) undergoes shortening in two-carbon steps to form the pentamethine (Cy5) and trimethine (Cy3) analogs. Each step blue-shifts the resulting absorbance wavelength by ca. 100 nm. Though photochemical and oxidative chain-shortening reactions had been noted previously, it is simple heating alone or with amine bases that effects this unexpected net C2H2 excision. Explicit acetylene loss would be too endothermic to merit consideration. Our mechanistic studies using 2H labeling, mass spectrometric and NMR spectroscopic analyses, and quantum chemical modeling point instead to electrocyclic closure and aromatization of the heptamethine chain in Cy7 forming Fischer's base FB (1,3,3-trimethyl-2-methyleneindoline), a reactive carbon nucleophile that initiates chain shortening of the cyanine dyes by attack on their polymethine backbones. The byproduct is the cationic indolium species TMP (IUPAC: 1,3,3 trimethyl-2-phenyl indolium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Vahdani
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mehdi Moemeni
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Daniel Holmes
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Richard R. Lunt
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - James E. Jackson
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Babak Borhan
- Department
of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Wang L, Lin W, Sun W, Yan M, Zhao J, Guan L, Deng W, Zhang Y. Meso-Substituent-Directed Aggregation Behavior and Water Solubility: Direct Functionalization of Methine Chain in Thiazole Orange and Biological Applications in Aqueous Buffer. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3960-3967. [PMID: 30834752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy is presented to preclude aggregation and enhance water solubility of cyanine dyes. Namely, a heteroatom-containing substituent, for distorting molecular plane and increasing interaction with water molecules, is introduced to the methine chain of 2-thiazole orange (1, a monocyanine) via one-step, and 2-thiazole orange derivatives 2a-g are prepared accordingly. The X-ray crystal structures show that the molecular plane of 2a-g is drastically twisted, which reduces intermolecular π-π stacking. The derivatives 2a-g exhibit good to excellent water solubility and can be dissolved in aqueous phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at concentrations suitable for biomedical applications. No aggregation in aqueous PBS, relatively high molar extinction coefficients, and low solvatochromism of 2a-g are reflected by the UV-vis spectra. Compound 2b shows fast response and high selectivity for biothiols (Cys, Hcy, and GSH) in aqueous PBS and is further employed to detect endogenous biothiols with decent biocompatibility as demonstrated by live cell fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Wenxia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Mengqi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Li Guan
- School of Science , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an 710055 , P.R. China
| | - Wenting Deng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P.R. China
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Zhang Q, Xu S, Lai F, Wang Y, Zhang N, Nazare M, Hu HY. Rapid Synthesis of γ-Halide/Pseudohalide-Substituted Cyanine Sensors with Programmed Generation of Singlet Oxygen. Org Lett 2019; 21:2121-2125. [PMID: 30860384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A range of γ-halide/pseudohalide-substituted cyanine-based photosensitizers with programmed levels of singlet oxygen generation capability have been developed as theranostic agents for photodynamic therapy of cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Shengnan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Fangfang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Marc Nazare
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) , Campus Berlin-Buch , Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10 , 13125 Berlin , Germany
| | - Hai-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
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Zhang X, Wang B, Xia Y, Zhao S, Tian Z, Ning P, Wang Z. In Vivo and in Situ Activated Aggregation-Induced Emission Probes for Sensitive Tumor Imaging Using Tetraphenylethene-Functionalized Trimethincyanines-Encapsulated Liposomes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25146-25153. [PMID: 29984571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The design and exploration of fluorescent probes with high-sensitivity and low-background are essential for noninvasive optical molecular imaging. The in vivo and in situ activated aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probes were found to be ideal for achieving higher signal-to-background ratios for tumor detections. We herein developed novel tetraphenylethene-encapsulated liposomes (TPE-LPs) constructed by loading TPE-trimethincyanine into liposomes for the first time, and the probes were applied to tumor bioimaging in vivo. TPE-functionalized trimethincyanines were synthesized with a new and efficient one-pot reaction. In TPE-LPs, TPE-functionalized bicarboxylic acids benzoindole trimethinecyanine (TPE-BICOOH) fluorophores were found to be well dispersed in lipid bilayers (with non-restricted rotation) during the blood circulation, and then aggregated (with restriction of intramolecular rotation) upon liposome rupture in the tumor tissue, achieving a low-background and high-target signal for tumor imaging. The in situ activated AIE probes not only had great accumulation at the tumor site after intravenous injection in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice but also demonstrated excellent signal-to-background ratios, as well as low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility. The proposed strategy is believed to be a simple and powerful tool for the sensitive detection of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-Imaging and Neuro-Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xidian University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710026 , China
| | - Bo Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-Imaging and Neuro-Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xidian University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710026 , China
| | - Yuqiong Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-Imaging and Neuro-Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xidian University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710026 , China
| | - Sumei Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-Imaging and Neuro-Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xidian University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710026 , China
| | - Zuhong Tian
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710032 , China
| | - Pengbo Ning
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-Imaging and Neuro-Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xidian University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710026 , China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular-Imaging and Neuro-Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xidian University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710026 , China
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