1
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Chang CH, Yen CT, Goncalves TP, Lin YS, Wang YC, Basha RS, Chen BY, Fu CH, Chen LW, Jhou ML, Huang KW, Chou CM. Substrate-directed regioselective alkene functionalizations of ( E)-β,γ-unsaturated carboxylic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39301691 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03581j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
A carboxylate-directed regioselective Heck-type alkenylation and alkenylative lactonization of (E)-β,γ-unsaturated carboxylic acids by simply substrate control is reported. (E)- and (Z)-alkenyl bromides reacted to give energetically more favorable palladacyles, allowing access to fully stereocontrolled conjugated 1,3-dienes and alkenyled γ-lactones. Mechanistic studies suggest that excellent regioselectivity may be strongly influenced by the steric factors of reactants involved in the palladacycle intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hao Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung 700, Kaohsiung University Road Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Ting Yen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung 700, Kaohsiung University Road Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Théo P Goncalves
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung 700, Kaohsiung University Road Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung 700, Kaohsiung University Road Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - R Sidick Basha
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung 700, Kaohsiung University Road Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Yan Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung 700, Kaohsiung University Road Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hao Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung 700, Kaohsiung University Road Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung 700, Kaohsiung University Road Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Li Jhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung 700, Kaohsiung University Road Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung 700, Kaohsiung University Road Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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2
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Pal T, Ghosh P, Islam M, Guin S, Maji S, Dutta S, Das J, Ge H, Maiti D. Tandem dehydrogenation-olefination-decarboxylation of cycloalkyl carboxylic acids via multifold C-H activation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5370. [PMID: 38918374 PMCID: PMC11199700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dehydrogenation chemistry has long been established as a fundamental aspect of organic synthesis, commonly encountered in carbonyl compounds. Transition metal catalysis revolutionized it, with strategies like transfer-dehydrogenation, single electron transfer and C-H activation. These approaches, extended to multiple dehydrogenations, can lead to aromatization. Dehydrogenative transformations of aliphatic carboxylic acids pose challenges, yet engineered ligands and metal catalysis can initiate dehydrogenation via C-H activation, though outcomes vary based on substrate structures. Herein, we have developed a catalytic system enabling cyclohexane carboxylic acids to undergo multifold C-H activation to furnish olefinated arenes, bypassing lactone formation. This showcases unique reactivity in aliphatic carboxylic acids, involving tandem dehydrogenation-olefination-decarboxylation-aromatization sequences, validated by control experiments and key intermediate isolation. For cyclopentane carboxylic acids, reluctant to aromatization, the catalytic system facilitates controlled dehydrogenation, providing difunctionalized cyclopentenes through tandem dehydrogenation-olefination-decarboxylation-allylic acyloxylation sequences. This transformation expands carboxylic acids into diverse molecular entities with wide applications, underscoring its importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanay Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Premananda Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Minhajul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Suman Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Suparna Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayabrata Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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3
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Zhu Y, Wang Y, Shen W, Chen X, Liu Q, Yang L, Zhong G, Zhang J. Stereoselective Synthesis of Complex Polyenes through Sequential α-/β-C-H Functionalization of trans-Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315273. [PMID: 38217399 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Sequential C-H functionalization of molecules containing multiple C-H bonds can efficiently lead to structural diversity. Herein we present the first chelation-assisted sequential α-/β-C-H functionalization of E-styrenes with simple alkenes and alkynes in excellent regio- and stereo-selectivity. The process involves α C-H functionalization by six-membered exo-cyclopalladation to result in tri- and tetrasubstituted 1,3-dienes and β C-H functionalization through seven-membered endo-cyclopalladation to produce tetra- and pentasubstituted 1,3,5-trienes in up to 97 % yield with up to >99/1 E/Z selectivity, both enabled by the chelation assistance of pyrazinamide. The protocol is demonstrated to be widely applicable, tolerant to a wide range of functional groups and bioactive fragments, and suitable for gram-scale synthesis as well as one-pot and two step preparation of trienes. Mechanistic experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to elucidate the selectivity and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yini Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenzhou Shen
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo, 315200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Limin Yang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guofu Zhong
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo, 315200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
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4
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Wu YY, Wu YL, Lin CL, Chen HC, Chuang YY, Chen CH, Chou CM. Butterfly-Shaped Dibenz[ a, j]anthracenes: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. Org Lett 2023; 25:7763-7768. [PMID: 37622587 PMCID: PMC10630963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for the synthesis of dibenz[a,j]anthracenes (DBAs) from cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1-carboxylic acids is presented. Our approach involves sequential C-H olefination, cycloaddition, and decarboxylative aromatization. In the key step for DBA skeleton construction, the bis-C-H olefination products, 1,3-dienes, are utilized as substrates for [4 + 2] cycloaddition with benzyne. This concise synthetic route allows for regioselective ring formation and functional group introduction. The structural features and photophysical properties of the resulting DBA molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ying Wu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National University
of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng-Lan Lin
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang
University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Cheng Chen
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National University
of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Yuan Chuang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National University
of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National University
of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
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5
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Zhu Y, Liao Y, Jin S, Ding L, Zhong G, Zhang J. Functionality-Directed Regio- and Enantio-Selective Olefinic C-H Functionalization of Aryl Alkenes. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300012. [PMID: 36892157 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Aryl alkenes represents one of the most widely occurring structural motif in countless drugs and natural products, and direct C-H functionalization of aryl alkenes provides atom- step efficient access toward valuable analogues. Among them, group-directed selective olefinic α- and β-C-H functionalization, bearing a directing group on the aromatic ring, has attracted remarkable attentions, including alkynylation, alkenylation, amino-carbonylation, cyanation, domino cyclization and so on. These transformations proceed by endo- and exo-C-H cyclometallation and provide aryl alkene derivatives in excellent site- stereo-selectivity. Enantio-selective α- and β- olefinic C-H functionalization were also covered to synthesis axially chiral styrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Yilei Liao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Shuqi Jin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Liyuan Ding
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Guofu Zhong
- Department of chemistry, Eastern Institute for Advanced Study, Ningbo, 315200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.,Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
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6
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Lu MZ, Goh J, Maraswami M, Jia Z, Tian JS, Loh TP. Recent Advances in Alkenyl sp 2 C-H and C-F Bond Functionalizations: Scope, Mechanism, and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:17479-17646. [PMID: 36240299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alkenes and their derivatives are featured widely in a variety of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials. Significant efforts have been made toward the development of new and practical methods to access this important class of compounds by selectively activating the alkenyl C(sp2)-H bonds in recent years. In this comprehensive review, we describe the state-of-the-art strategies for the direct functionalization of alkenyl sp2 C-H and C-F bonds until June 2022. Moreover, metal-free, photoredox, and electrochemical strategies are also covered. For clarity, this review has been divided into two parts; the first part focuses on currently available alkenyl sp2 C-H functionalization methods using different alkene derivatives as the starting materials, and the second part describes the alkenyl sp2 C-F bond functionalization using easily accessible gem-difluoroalkenes as the starting material. This review includes the scope, limitations, mechanistic studies, stereoselective control (using directing groups as well as metal-migration strategies), and their applications to complex molecule synthesis where appropriate. Overall, this comprehensive review aims to document the considerable advancements, current status, and emerging work by critically summarizing the contributions of researchers working in this fascinating area and is expected to stimulate novel, innovative, and broadly applicable strategies for alkenyl sp2 C-H and C-F bond functionalizations in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Lu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Goh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Manikantha Maraswami
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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7
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Carral-Menoyo A, Sotomayor N, Lete E. Palladium-catalyzed oxidative arene C–H alkenylation reactions involving olefins. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Liu M, Sun J, Engle KM. Recent advances in the generation and functionalization of C(alkenyl)–Pd species for synthesis of polysubstituted alkenes. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Zhang J, Jin S, Luo S, Shen C, Shen W, Xu L, Zhong G, Zhong L, Zhu Y. Access to axially chiral aryl 1,3-dienes by transient group directed asymmetric C-H alkenylations. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00161f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a Pd-catalyzed atroposelective preparation of aryl 1,3-dienes from readily available styrenes and olefins through aldehyde derived transient chiral auxiliary, proceeding by enantioselective olefinic C-H alkenylation of styrenes via...
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10
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Shen C, Zhu Y, Jin S, Xu K, Luo S, Xu L, Zhong G, Zhong L, Zhang J. Regio- and stereo-selective olefinic C–H functionalization of aryl alkenes in ethanol. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01676h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on α- and β-olefinic C–H alkenylation of 2-alkenyl benzylamine/benzoic acid derivatives in ethanol to afford aryl dienes/trienes with excellent selectivities, proceeding through 6-/7-membered exo-/endo-cyclometallation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Shen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqi Jin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejie Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxin Luo
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Lixia Xu
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Guofu Zhong
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangjun Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
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11
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Tsai JJ, Huang YH, Chou CM. Carboxylate-Assisted Palladium-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Mizoroki-Heck Arylation of β-Cyclohexadienyl Acrylates and Styrenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:9468-9473. [PMID: 34881572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A carboxylate-assisted palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck arylation of electron-deficient internal alkenes is described herein. This protocol utilized a free carboxylic acid as the directing group for regio- and stereoselective Mizoroki-Heck arylation of β-cyclohexadienyl acrylates and styrenes with various aryl iodides. The synthetic application has been exhibited by decarboxylative aromatization and iodolactonization/hydrolysis of the resulting polyenes providing trisubstituted alkenes and structurally diverse hydroxyl lactones. Additionally, mechanistic studies have been performed to elucidate the reaction outcome of regio- and stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Jia Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
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12
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Sahoo SR, Dutta S, Al-Thabaiti SA, Mokhtar M, Maiti D. Transition metal catalyzed C-H bond activation by exo-metallacycle intermediates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11885-11903. [PMID: 34693418 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
exo-Metallacycles have become the key reaction intermediates in activating various remote C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds in the past decade and aided in achieving unusual site-selectivity. Various novel exo-chelating auxiliaries have assisted metals to reach desired remote C-H bonds of different alcohol and amine-derived substrates. As a result, a wide range of organic transformations of C-H bonds like halogenation, acetoxylation, amidation, sulfonylation, olefination, acylation, arylation, etc. were accessible using the exo-metallacycle strategy. In this review, we have summarized the developments in C-H bond activation via four-, five-, six-, seven- and eight-membered exo-metallacycles and the key reaction intermediates, including the mechanistic aspects, are discussed concisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Subhabrata Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Shaeel A Al-Thabaiti
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mokhtar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400076, India.
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13
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Wu Z, Fatuzzo N, Dong G. Palladium/norbornene-catalyzed distal alkenyl C-H arylation and alkylation of cis-olefins. Tetrahedron 2021; 90. [PMID: 34690377 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this full article, a detailed study of a distal alkenyl C-H arylation and alkylation through the palladium/norbornene (NBE) cooperative catalysis is described. Both aminopyridine- and oxime ether-type directing groups have been found effective for this transformation, allowing functionalization of diverse allyl amines and homoallyl alcohols. In addition, the C5,C6-substititued NBEs show optimal reactivity and selectivity. Various cis-olefins can be transformed to the corresponding arylated or alkylated trisubstituted alkenes with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the Catellani pathway instead of the Heck pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nina Fatuzzo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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14
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Jambu S, Shambhavi CN, Jeganmohan M. Aerobic Oxidative C-H Olefination of Arylamides with Unactivated Olefins via a Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation. Org Lett 2021; 23:2964-2970. [PMID: 33818094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient Rh(III)-catalyzed aerobic oxidative C-H alkenylation of arylamides with unactivated alkenes is described. The olefination reaction was compatible with various substituted arylamides including primary, secondary, and tertiary as well as functionalized unactivated olefins. Meanwhile, ortho mono/bis-alkylated arylamides were synthesized in the reaction of arylamides with norbornene. In the alkenylation reaction, molecular oxygen along with organic acid was used to regenerate the active catalyst for the next catalytic cycle. A possible reaction mechanism involving C-H activation/insertion/β-hydride elimination followed by aerobic oxidation was proposed and supported by the deuterium labeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Jambu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Dethe DH, Beeralingappa NC, Das S, Nirpal AK. Ruthenium-catalyzed formal sp 3 C-H activation of allylsilanes/esters with olefins: efficient access to functionalized 1,3-dienes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4367-4372. [PMID: 34163699 PMCID: PMC8179449 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06845d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ru-catalysed oxidative coupling of allylsilanes and allyl esters with activated olefins has been developed via isomerization followed by C(allyl)-H activation providing efficient access to stereodefined 1,3-dienes in excellent yields. Mild reaction conditions, less expensive catalysts, and excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity ensure universality of the reaction. In addition, the unique power of this reaction was illustrated by performing the Diels-Alder reaction, and enantioselective synthesis of highly functionalized cyclohexenone and piperidine and finally synthetic utility was further demonstrated by the efficient synthesis of norpyrenophorin, an antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatraya H Dethe
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | | | - Saikat Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Appasaheb K Nirpal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
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16
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Zhang J, Lu X, Shen C, Xu L, Ding L, Zhong G. Recent advances in chelation-assisted site- and stereoselective alkenyl C–H functionalization. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3263-3314. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00447b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in vicinal- and geminal-group-directed alkenyl C–H functionalizations which proceeded by endo- and exo-cyclometallation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
| | - Xiunan Lu
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
| | - Cong Shen
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
| | - Liangyao Xu
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
| | - Liyuan Ding
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
| | - Guofu Zhong
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
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17
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Zhu Y, Chen F, Cheng D, Chen Y, Zhao X, Wei W, Lu Y, Zhao J. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Alkenyl C-H Functionalization to Dienes and Allenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:8786-8790. [PMID: 33147030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An oxyacetamide-directed Rh(III)-catalyzed Z-type alkenyl C-H functionalization through a rare exo-rhodacyle intermediate is described, forming multisubstituted dienes and allenes. A variety of alkenes and propargylic carbonate coupling partners are suitable for this transformation with high regio- and stereoselectivity. The synthetic utility is demonstrated by the selective late-stage modification of the Z-type natural products as well as the synthesis of the unnatural β-amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Donghui Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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18
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Wang YC, Huang YH, Tsai HC, Basha RS, Chou CM. Palladium-Catalyzed Proaromatic C(Alkenyl)–H Olefination: Synthesis of Densely Functionalized 1,3-Dienes. Org Lett 2020; 22:6765-6770. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung, 700 Kaohsiung University Road,
Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung, 700 Kaohsiung University Road,
Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chang Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung, 700 Kaohsiung University Road,
Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - R. Sidick Basha
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung, 700 Kaohsiung University Road,
Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung, 700 Kaohsiung University Road,
Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
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19
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Wan T, Pi C, Wu Y, Cui X. Rh(III)-Catalyzed [4 + 2] Annulation of 3-Aryl-5-isoxazolone with Maleimides or Maleic Ester. Org Lett 2020; 22:6484-6488. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Chao Pi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
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20
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Castroagudín M, Lobato R, Martínez-García L, Sardina FJ, Paleo MR. Bis-enolates with Extended π-Conjugation Are Powerful Nucleophiles: A Study of Their Alkylation Reactions with Very Hindered C-Electrophiles. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15805-15816. [PMID: 31778066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bis-enolates with extended π-conjugation, prepared by alkali metal-mediated reduction of several aromatic and unsaturated diesters, can be efficiently and regioselectively alkylated with very hindered C-electrophiles, such as neopentyl, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, and tosylates. A one-step synthesis of 4-alkyl phthalates was derived from the reductive alkylation of a phthalate diester with hindered halides followed by rearomatization with oxygen. Additionally, synthetic protocols have been developed to efficiently prepare complex fused- or spiro-bicycles from diisopropyl phthalate in just one or two steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariña Castroagudín
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Rubén Lobato
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Lucas Martínez-García
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - F Javier Sardina
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - M Rita Paleo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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21
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Geminal group-directed olefinic C-H functionalization via four- to eight-membered exo-metallocycles. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5109. [PMID: 31704916 PMCID: PMC6841671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Great efforts have been made in the activation of a C(alkenyl)-H bond vicinal to the directing group to proceed via five- or six-membered endo-metallocycles. In stark contrast, functionalization of a C(alkenyl)-H bond geminal to the directing group via exo-metallocycle pathway continued to be elusive. Here we report the selective transformation of an olefinic C-H bond that is geminal to the directing group bearing valuable hydroxyl, carbamate or amide into a C-C bond, which proceeds through four- to eight-membered exo-palladacycles. Compared to the reported mechanisms proceeding only through six-membered exo-palladacycles via N,N-bidentate chelation, our weak and O-monodentate chelation-assisted C(alkenyl)-H activations tolerate longer or shorter distances between the olefinic C-H bonds and the coordinating groups, allowing for the functionalizations of many olefinic C-H bonds in alkenyl alcohols, carbamates and amides. The synthetic applicability has been demonstrated by the preparative scale and late-stage C-H functionalization of steroid and ricinoleate derivatives. Identifying distinct cyclometallation pathways is essential to new types of C-H activation and functionalization in organic synthesis. Here, the authors show the activation of an olefinic C-H bond geminal to the directing group via four- to eight-membered exo-palladacycles with broad substrate scope.
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22
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Jambu S, Sivasakthikumaran R, Jeganmohan M. Aerobic Oxidative Alkenylation of Weak O-Coordinating Arylacetamides with Alkenes via a Rh(III)-Catalyzed C–H Activation. Org Lett 2019; 21:1320-1324. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Jambu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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23
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Hsieh CE, Jiang YM, Chou CM. Functionalized Allyl Aryl Ether Synthesis from Benzoic Acids Using a Dearomatization and Decarboxylative Allylation Approach. J Org Chem 2019; 84:653-665. [PMID: 30596422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A strategy toward the preparation of substituted allyl aryl ethers from benzoic acids via a dearomatization and decarboxylative allylation (DcA) reaction is presented. The benzoic acids undergo a dearomatization to give alkylated 2,5-cyclohexadienyl ketoesters which are subjected to a palladium-catalyzed DcA reaction, providing a variety of functionalized allyl aryl ethers. In addition, the combination of a resonance stabilized DcA reaction with a Claisen rearrangement for the synthesis of multisubstituted phenols and applying to dihydroplicatin B derivative synthesis is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-En Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National University of Kaohsiung , 700, Kaohsiung University Road , Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National University of Kaohsiung , 700, Kaohsiung University Road , Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National University of Kaohsiung , 700, Kaohsiung University Road , Nanzih District, 81148 Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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24
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Shen C, Lu X, Zhang J, Ding L, Sun Y, Zhong G. Bidentate auxiliary-directed alkenyl C–H allylation via exo-palladacycles: synthesis of branched 1,4-dienes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13582-13585. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07466j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
An alkenyl C–H allylation by exo-palladacycle is demonstrated to produce branched skipped dienes, employing alkenyl amides and allyl carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Shen
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
| | - Xiunan Lu
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
| | - Liyuan Ding
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
| | - Yaling Sun
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
| | - Guofu Zhong
- College of Materials
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- China
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25
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Liu M, Yang P, Karunananda MK, Wang Y, Liu P, Engle KM. C(alkenyl)-H Activation via Six-Membered Palladacycles: Catalytic 1,3-Diene Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5805-5813. [PMID: 29630359 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic method to prepare highly substituted 1,3-dienes from two different alkenes is described using a directed, palladium(II)-mediated C(alkenyl)-H activation strategy. The transformation exhibits broad scope across three synthetically useful substrate classes masked with suitable bidentate auxiliaries (4-pentenoic acids, allylic alcohols, and bishomoallylic amines) and tolerates internal nonconjugated alkenes, which have traditionally been a challenging class of substrates in this type of chemistry. Catalytic turnover is enabled by either MnO2 as the stoichiometric oxidant or co-catalytic Co(OAc)2 and O2 (1 atm). Experimental and computational studies were performed to elucidate the preference for C(alkenyl)-H activation over other potential pathways. As part of this effort, a structurally unique alkenylpalladium(II) dimer was isolated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Pusu Yang
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Malkanthi K Karunananda
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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26
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Chang CH, Chou CM. Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative γ-Olefination of 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylic Acid Derivatives with Vinyl Halides. Org Lett 2018. [PMID: 29537274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study explores a Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative Heck-type Csp3-Csp2 coupling reaction of 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylic acid derivatives with vinyl halides to provide γ-olefination products. The olefinated 1,3-cyclohexadienes can be further oxidized to produce meta-alkylated stilbene derivatives. Additionally, the conjugated diene products can also undergo a Diels-Alder reaction to produce a bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hao Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National University of Kaohsiung , 700 Kaohsiung University Road , Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81148 , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National University of Kaohsiung , 700 Kaohsiung University Road , Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81148 , Taiwan
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