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Misra R, Sanjana Sharath N. Red blood cells based nanotheranostics: A smart biomimetic approach for fighting against cancer. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124401. [PMID: 38986966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The technique of engineering drug delivery vehicles continues to develop, which bring enhancements in working more efficiently and minimizing side effects to make it more effective and safer. The intense capability of therapeutic agents to remain undamaged in a harsh extracellular environment is helpful to the success of drug development efforts. With this in mind, alterations of biopharmaceuticals with enhanced stability and decreased immunogenicity have been an increasingly active focus of such efforts. Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes have undergone extensive scrutiny as potential vehicles for drug delivery due to their remarkable attributes over the years of research. These include intrinsic biocompatibility, minimal immunogenicity, flexibility, and prolonged systemic circulation. Throughout the course of investigation, a diverse array of drug delivery platforms based on RBCs has emerged. These encompass genetically engineered RBCs, non-genetically modified RBCs, and RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles, each devised to cater to a range of biomedical objectives. Given their prevalence in the circulatory system, RBCs have gained significant attention for their potential to serve as biomimetic coatings for artificial nanocarriers. By virtue of their surface emulation capabilities and customizable core materials, nanocarriers mimicking these RBCs, hold considerable promise across a spectrum of applications, spanning drug delivery, imaging, phototherapy, immunomodulation, sensing, and detection. These multifaceted functionalities underscore the considerable therapeutic and diagnostic potential across various diseases. Our proposed review provides the synthesis of recent strides in the theranostic utilization of erythrocytes in the context of cancer. It also delves into the principal challenges and prospects intrinsic to this realm of research. The focal point of this review pertains to accentuating the significance of erythrocyte-based theranostic systems in combating cancer. Furthermore, it precisely records the latest and the most specific methodologies for tailoring the attributes of these biomimetic nanoscale formulations, attenuating various discoveries for the treatment and management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjita Misra
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research in Pure and Applied Sciences, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), JC Road, Bengaluru 560027, Karnataka, India.
| | - Naomi Sanjana Sharath
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research in Pure and Applied Sciences, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), JC Road, Bengaluru 560027, Karnataka, India
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Jung W, Asaduddin M, Keum H, Son Y, Yoo D, Kim D, Lee S, Lee DY, Roh J, Park SH, Jon S. Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging with ROS-Responsive Bilirubin Nanoparticles Enables Monitoring of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Progression to Cirrhosis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305830. [PMID: 38459924 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Despite the vital importance of monitoring the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an efficient imaging modality that is readily available at hospitals is currently lacking. Here, a new magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI)-based imaging modality is presented that allows for efficient and longitudinal monitoring of NAFLD and NASH progression. The imaging modality uses manganese-ion (Mn2+)-chelated bilirubin nanoparticles (Mn@BRNPs) as a reactive-oxygen-species (ROS)-responsive MRI imaging probe. Longitudinal T1-weighted MR imaging of NASH model mice is performed after injecting Mn@BRNPs intravenously. The MR signal enhancement in the liver relative to muscle gradually increases up to 8 weeks of NASH progression, but decreases significantly as NASH progresses to the cirrhosis-like stage at weeks 10 and 12. A new dual input pseudo-three-compartment model is developed to provide information on NASH stage with a single MRI scan. It is also demonstrated that the ROS-responsive Mn@BRNPs can be used to monitor the efficacy of potential anti-NASH drugs with conventional MRI. The findings suggest that the ROS-responsive Mn@BRNPs have the potential to serve as an efficient MRI contrast for monitoring NASH progression and its transition to the cirrhosis-like stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsik Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Precision Bio-Nanomedicine, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Asaduddin
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyeongseop Keum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Precision Bio-Nanomedicine, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Youngju Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Precision Bio-Nanomedicine, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Precision Bio-Nanomedicine, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Dohyeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Precision Bio-Nanomedicine, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Seojung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Precision Bio-Nanomedicine, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Jin Roh
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hong Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Sangyong Jon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Precision Bio-Nanomedicine, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
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Owens TC, Anton N, Attia MF. CT and X-ray contrast agents: Current clinical challenges and the future of contrast. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:19-36. [PMID: 37739244 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is a powerful and widely used imaging technique in modern medicine. However, it often requires the use of contrast agents to visualize structures with similar radiographic density. Unfortunately, current clinical contrast agents (CAs) for CT have remained largely unchanged for decades and come with several significant drawbacks, including serious nephrotoxicity and short circulation half-lives. The next generation of CT radiocontrast agents should strive to be long-circulating, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic. Nanoparticle contrast agents have shown promise in recent years and are likely to comprise the majority of next-generation CT contrast agents. This review highlights the fundamental mechanism and background of X-ray and contrast agents. It also focuses on the challenges associated with current clinical contrast agents and provides a brief overview of potential future agents that are based on various materials such as lipids, polymers, dendrimers, metallic, and non-metallic inorganic nanoparticles (NPs). STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We realized a need for clarification on a number of concerns related to the use of iodinated contrast material as debates regarding the safety of these agents with patients with kidney disease, shellfish allergies, and thyroid dysfunction remain ongoing in medical practice. This review was partially inspired by debates witnessed in medical practice regarding outdated misconceptions of contrast material that warrant clarification in translational and clinical arenas. Given that conversation around currently available agents is at somewhat of a high water mark, and nanoparticle research has now reached an unprecedented number of readers, we find that this review is timely and unique in the context of recent discussions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C Owens
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Regenerative Nanomedicine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed F Attia
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Sivasubramanian M, Chu CH, Hsia Y, Chen NT, Cai MT, Tew LS, Chuang YC, Chen CT, Aydogan B, Liao LD, Lo LW. Illuminating and Radiosensitizing Tumors with 2DG-Bound Gold-Based Nanomedicine for Targeted CT Imaging and Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111790. [PMID: 37299694 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy is one of the most important curative treatments for cancer, its clinical application is associated with undesired therapeutic effects on normal or healthy tissues. The use of targeted agents that can simultaneously achieve therapeutic and imaging functions could constitute a potential solution. Herein, we developed 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG)-labeled poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) gold nanodots (2DG-PEG-AuD) as a tumor-targeted computed tomography (CT) contrast agent and radiosensitizer. The key advantages of the design are its biocompatibility and targeted AuD with excellent sensitivity in tumor detection via avid glucose metabolism. As a consequence, CT imaging with enhanced sensitivity and remarkable radiotherapeutic efficacy could be attained. Our synthesized AuD displayed linear enhancement of CT contrast as a function of its concentration. In addition, 2DG-PEG-AuD successfully demonstrated significant augmentation of CT contrast in both in vitro cell studies and in vivo tumor-bearing mouse models. In tumor-bearing mice, 2DG-PEG-AuD showed excellent radiosensitizing functions after intravenous injection. Results from this work indicate that 2DG-PEG-AuD could greatly potentiate theranostic capabilities by providing high-resolution anatomical and functional images in a single CT scan and therapeutic capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharajan Sivasubramanian
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu Hsia
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmoceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ting Cai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmoceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Lih Shin Tew
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmoceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chen Chuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bulent Aydogan
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lun-De Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Leu-Wei Lo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Cui Y, Wu C, Li L, shi H, Li C, Yin S. Toward nanotechnology-enabled application of bilirubin in the treatment and diagnosis of various civilization diseases. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100658. [PMID: 37214553 PMCID: PMC10196858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin, an open chain tetrapyrrole, has powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immuno-suppressive, metabolic-modulating and anti-proliferative activities. Bilirubin is a natural molecule that is produced and metabolized within the human body, making it highly biocompatible and well suited for clinical use. However, the use of bilirubin has been hampered by its poor water solubility and instability. With advanced construction strategies, bilirubin-derived nanoparticles (BRNPs) have not only overcome the disadvantages of bilirubin but also enhanced its therapeutic effects by targeting damaged tissues, passing through physiological barriers, and ensuring controlled sustained release. We review the mechanisms underlying the biological activities of bilirubin, BRNP preparation strategies and BRNP applications in various disease models. Based on their superior performance, BRNPs require further exploration of their efficacy, biodistribution and long-term biosafety in nonhuman primate models that recapitulate human disease to promote their clinical translation.
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CT and MRI Imaging of Theranostic Bimodal Fe 3O 4@Au NanoParticles in Tumor Bearing Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010070. [PMID: 36613511 PMCID: PMC9820463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold-containing nanoparticles are proven to be an effective radiosensitizer in the radiotherapy of tumors. Reliable imaging of nanoparticles in a tumor and surrounding normal tissues is crucial both for diagnostics and for nanoparticle application as radiosensitizers. The Fe3O4 core was introduced into gold nanoparticles to form a core/shell structure suitable for MRI imaging. The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo bimodal CT and MRI enhancement ability of novel core/shell Fe3O4@Au theranostic nanoparticles. Core/shell Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles were synthesized and coated with PEG and glucose. C57Bl/6 mice bearing Ca755 mammary adenocarcinoma tumors received intravenous injections of the nanoparticles. CT and MRI were performed at several timepoints between 5 and 102 min, and on day 17 post-injection. Core/shell Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles provided significant enhancement of the tumor and tumor blood vessels. Nanoparticles also accumulated in the liver and spleen and were retained in these organs for 17 days. Mice did not show any signs of toxicity over the study duration. These results indicate that theranostic bimodal Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles are non-toxic and serve as effective contrast agents both for CT and MRI diagnostics. These nanoparticles have potential for future biomedical applications in cancer diagnostics and beyond.
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Jung W, Lee DY, Moon E, Jon S. Nanoparticles derived from naturally occurring metal chelators for theranostic applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114620. [PMID: 36379406 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Metals are indispensable for the activities of all living things, from single-celled organisms to higher organisms, including humans. Beyond their intrinsic quality as metal ions, metals help creatures to maintain requisite biological processes by forming coordination complexes with endogenous ligands that are broadly distributed in nature. These types of naturally occurring chelating reactions are found through the kingdoms of life, including bacteria, plants and animals. Mimicking these naturally occurring coordination complexes with intrinsic biocompatibility may offer an opportunity to develop nanomedicine toward clinical applications. Herein, we introduce representative examples of naturally occurring coordination complexes in a selection of model organisms and highlight such bio-inspired metal-chelating nanomaterials for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsik Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for Precision Bio-Nanomedicine, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Translational Biomedical Research Group, Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eugene Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for Precision Bio-Nanomedicine, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for Precision Bio-Nanomedicine, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Keum H, Yoo D, Jon S. Photomedicine based on heme-derived compounds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114134. [PMID: 35122881 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoimaging and phototherapy have become major platforms for the diagnosis and treatment of various health complications. These applications require a photosensitizer (PS) that is capable of absorbing light from a source and converting it into other energy forms for detection and therapy. While synthetic inorganic materials such as quantum dots and gold nanorods have been widely explored for their medical diagnosis and photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PTT) therapy capabilities, translation of these technologies has lagged, primarily owing to potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity issues. Of the various photoreactive molecules, the naturally occurring endogenous compound heme, a constituent of red blood cells, and its derivatives, porphyrin, biliverdin and bilirubin, have shown immense potential as noteworthy candidates for clinically translatable photoreactive agents, as evidenced by previous reports. While porphyrin-based photomedicines have attracted significant attention and are well documented, research on photomedicines based on two other heme-derived compounds, biliverdin and bilirubin, has been relatively lacking. In this review, we summarize the unique photoproperties of heme-derived compounds and outline recent efforts to use them in biomedical imaging and phototherapy applications.
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