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Vuorenpää H, Valtonen J, Penttinen K, Koskimäki S, Hovinen E, Ahola A, Gering C, Parraga J, Kelloniemi M, Hyttinen J, Kellomäki M, Aalto-Setälä K, Miettinen S, Pekkanen-Mattila M. Gellan gum-gelatin based cardiac models support formation of cellular networks and functional cardiomyocytes. Cytotechnology 2024; 76:483-502. [PMID: 38933872 PMCID: PMC11196475 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-024-00630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain as the most common cause of death worldwide. To reveal the underlying mechanisms in varying cardiovascular diseases, in vitro models with cells and supportive biomaterial can be designed to recapitulate the essential components of human heart. In this study, we analyzed whether 3D co-culture of cardiomyocytes (CM) with vascular network and with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (ASC) can support CM functionality. CM were cultured with either endothelial cells (EC) and ASC or with only ASC in hydrazide-modified gelatin and oxidized gellan gum hybrid hydrogel to form cardiovascular multiculture and myocardial co-culture, respectively. We studied functional characteristics of CM in two different cellular set-ups and analyzed vascular network formation, cellular morphology and orientation. The results showed that gellan gum-gelatin hydrogel supports formation of two different cellular networks and functional CM. We detected formation of a modest vascular network in cardiovascular multiculture and extensive ASC-derived alpha smooth muscle actin -positive cellular network in multi- and co-culture. iPSC-CM showed elongated morphology, partly aligned orientation with the formed networks and presented normal calcium transients, beating rates, and contraction and relaxation behavior in both setups. These 3D cardiac models provide promising platforms to study (patho) physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-024-00630-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Vuorenpää
- Adult Stem Cell Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joona Valtonen
- Heart Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Penttinen
- Heart Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sanna Koskimäki
- Adult Stem Cell Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Heart Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Hovinen
- Adult Stem Cell Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Heart Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Ahola
- Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christine Gering
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jenny Parraga
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna Kelloniemi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna Kellomäki
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- Heart Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Miettinen
- Adult Stem Cell Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Pekkanen-Mattila
- Heart Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Lalebeigi F, Alimohamadi A, Afarin S, Aliabadi HAM, Mahdavi M, Farahbakhshpour F, Hashemiaval N, Khandani KK, Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Maleki A. Recent advances on biomedical applications of gellan gum: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 334:122008. [PMID: 38553201 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Gellan gum (GG) has attracted considerable attention as a versatile biopolymer with numerous potential biological applications, especially in the fields of tissue engineering, wound healing, and cargo delivery. Due to its distinctive characteristics like biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and gel-forming ability, GG is well-suited for these applications. This review focuses on recent research on GG-based hydrogels and biocomposites and their biomedical applications. It discusses the incorporation of GG into hydrogels for controlled drug release, its role in promoting wound healing processes, and its potential in tissue engineering for various tissues including bone, retina, cartilage, vascular, adipose, and cardiac tissue. It provides an in-depth analysis of the latest findings and advancements in these areas, making it a valuable resource for researchers and professionals in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Lalebeigi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Afarin
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farahbakhshpour
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Neginsadat Hashemiaval
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Kalantari Khandani
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran (IPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Eivazzadeh-Keihan
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
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Liu Y, Hong J. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Laden In Situ-Forming Hydrogel for Preventing Corneal Stromal Opacity. Cornea 2024; 43:609-626. [PMID: 38289027 PMCID: PMC10980177 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to construct a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-laden in situ-forming hydrogel and study its effects on preventing corneal stromal opacity. METHODS The native gellan gum was modified by high temperature and pressure, and the rabbit bone marrow MSCs were encapsulated before adding Ca 2+ to initiate cross-linking. The effects of the hydrogel on 3D culture and gene expression of the rabbit bone marrow MSCs were observed in vitro. Then, the MSC-hydrogel was used to repair corneal stromal injury in New Zealand white rabbits within 28 days postoperation. RESULTS The short-chain gellan gum solution has a very low viscosity (<0.1 Pa·s) that is ideal for encapsulating cells. Moreover, mRNA expressions of 3D-cultured MSCs coding for corneal stromal components (decorin, lumican, and keratocan) were upregulated (by 127.8, 165.5, and 25.4 times, respectively) ( P < 0.05) on day 21 in vitro and were verified by Western blotting results. For the in vivo study, the corneal densitometry of the experimental group was (20.73 ± 1.85) grayscale units which was lower than the other groups ( P < 0.05). The MSC-hydrogel downregulated mRNA expression coding for fibrosis markers (α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, collagen type 5-α1, and collagen type 1-α1) in the rabbit corneal stroma. Furthermore, some of the 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-labeled MSCs integrated into the upper corneal stroma and expressed keratocyte-specific antigens on day 28 postoperation. CONCLUSIONS The short-chain gellan gum allows MSCs to slowly release to the corneal stromal defect and prevent corneal stromal opacity. Some of the implanted MSCs can integrate into the corneal stroma and differentiate into keratocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; and
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; and
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Beijing, China
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Ziverec A, Bax D, Cameron R, Best S, Pasdeloup M, Courtial EJ, Mallein-Gerin F, Malcor JD. The diazirine-mediated photo-crosslinking of collagen improves biomaterial mechanical properties and cellular interactions. Acta Biomater 2024; 180:230-243. [PMID: 38574880 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, crosslinking with carbodiimides such as EDC is omnipresent to improve the mechanical properties of biomaterials. However, in collagen biomaterials, EDC reacts with glutamate or aspartate residues, inactivating the binding sites for cellular receptors and rendering collagen inert to many cell types. In this work, we have developed a crosslinking method that ameliorates the rigidity, stability, and degradation rate of collagen biomaterials, whilst retaining key interactions between cells and the native collagen sequence. Our approach relies on the UV-triggered reaction of diazirine groups grafted on lysines, leaving critical amino acid residues intact. Notably, GxxGER recognition motifs for collagen-binding integrins, ablated by EDC crosslinking, were left unreacted, enabling cell attachment, spreading, and colonization on films and porous scaffolds. In addition, our procedure conserves the architecture of biomaterials, improves their resistance to collagenase and cellular contraction, and yields material stiffness akin to that obtained with EDC. Importantly, diazirine-crosslinked collagen can host mesenchymal stem cells, highlighting its strong potential as a substrate for tissue repair. We have therefore established a new crosslinking strategy to modulate the mechanical features of collagen porous scaffolds without altering its biological properties, thereby offering an advantageous alternative to carbodiimide treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article describes an approach to improve the mechanical properties of collagen porous scaffolds, without impacting collagen's natural interactions with cells. This is significant because collagen crosslinking is overwhelmingly performed using carbodiimides, which results in a critical loss of cellular affinity. By contrast, our method leaves key cellular binding sites in the collagen sequence intact, enabling cell-biomaterial interactions. It relies on the fast, UV-triggered reaction of diazirine with collagen, and does not produce toxic by-products. It also supports the culture of mesenchymal stem cells, a pivotal cell type in a wide range of tissue repair applications. Overall, our approach offers an attractive option for the crosslinking of collagen, a prominent material in the growing field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ziverec
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR 5305, University Claude Bernard-Lyon 1 and University of Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Daniel Bax
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Best
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Marielle Pasdeloup
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR 5305, University Claude Bernard-Lyon 1 and University of Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Edwin-Joffrey Courtial
- 3dFAB, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 43, Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Frédéric Mallein-Gerin
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR 5305, University Claude Bernard-Lyon 1 and University of Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Malcor
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR 5305, University Claude Bernard-Lyon 1 and University of Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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Li T, Liu J, Bin FC, Duan Q, Wu XY, Dong XZ, Zheng ML. Multipatterned Chondrocytes' Scaffolds by FL-MOPL with a BSA-GMA Hydrogel to Regulate Chondrocytes' Morphology. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2594-2603. [PMID: 38523342 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Repairing articular cartilage damage is challenging due to its low regenerative capacity. In vitro, cartilage regeneration is a potential strategy for the functional reconstruction of cartilage defects. A hydrogel is an advanced material for mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) due to its hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, which is known as an ideal scaffold for cartilage regeneration. However, chondrocyte culture in vitro tends to dedifferentiate, leading to fibrosis and reduced mechanical properties of the newly formed cartilage tissue. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of modulating the chondrocytes' morphology. In this study, we synthesize photo-cross-linkable bovine serum albumin-glycidyl methacrylate (BSA-GMA) with 65% methacrylation. The scaffolds are found to be suitable for chondrocyte growth, which are fabricated by homemade femtosecond laser maskless optical projection lithography (FL-MOPL). The large-area chondrocyte scaffolds have holes with interior angles of triangle (T), quadrilateral (Q), pentagon (P), hexagonal (H), and round (R). The FL-MOPL polymerization mechanism, swelling, degradation, and biocompatibility of the BSA-GMA hydrogel have been investigated. Furthermore, cytoskeleton and nucleus staining reveals that the R-scaffold with larger interior angle is more effective in maintaining chondrocyte morphology and preventing dedifferentiation. The scaffold's ability to maintain the chondrocytes' morphology improves as its shape matches that of the chondrocytes. These results suggest that the BSA-GMA scaffold is a suitable candidate for preventing chondrocyte differentiation and supporting cartilage tissue repair and regeneration. The proposed method for chondrocyte in vitro culture by developing biocompatible materials and flexible fabrication techniques would broaden the potential application of chondrocyte transplants as a viable treatment for cartilage-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Future Technologies University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing 101407, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Fan-Chun Bin
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Future Technologies University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing 101407, PR China
| | - Qi Duan
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Future Technologies University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing 101407, PR China
| | - Xin-Yi Wu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Future Technologies University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing 101407, PR China
| | - Xian-Zi Dong
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Mei-Ling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
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Malhotra D, Fattahi E, Germann N, Flisikowska T, Schnieke A, Becker T. Skin substitutes based on gellan gum with mechanical and penetration compatibility to native human skin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1588-1599. [PMID: 37191205 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The study reports on a simple system to fabricate skin substitutes consisting of a naturally occurring bacterial polysaccharide gellan gum. Gelation was driven by the addition of a culture medium whose cations induced gellan gum crosslinking at physiological temperature, resulting in hydrogels. Human dermal fibroblasts were incorporated in these hydrogels and their mechanical, morphological, and penetration characteristics were studied. The mechanical properties were determined by means of oscillatory shear rheology, and a short linear viscoelastic regime was noted up to less than 1% of strain amplitude. The storage modulus increased with an increasing polymer concentration. The moduli were in the range noted for native human skin. After 2 weeks of fibroblast cultivation, the storage moduli showed signs of deterioration, so that a culture time of 2 weeks was proposed for further studies. Microscopic and fluorescent staining observations were documented. These depicted a crosslinked network structure in the hydrogels with a homogeneous distribution of cells and an assured cell viability of 2 weeks. H&E staining was also performed, which showed some traces of ECM formation in a few sections. Finally, caffeine penetration experiments were carried out with Franz diffusion cells. The hydrogels with a higher concentration of polymer containing cells showed an improved barrier function against caffeine compared to previously studied multicomponent hydrogels as well as commercially available 3D skin models. Therefore, these hydrogels displayed both mechanical and penetration compatibility with the ex vivo native human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Malhotra
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Fluid Dynamics Group, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Ehsan Fattahi
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Fluid Dynamics Group, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Natalie Germann
- Faculty 4 - Energy-, Process- and Bioengineering, Chair of Process Systems Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Fluid Dynamics Group, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
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Bakar AJBA, Azam NSM, Sevakumaran V, Ismail WIBW, Razali MH, Razak SIBA, Amin KAM. Effectiveness of collagen and gatifloxacin in improving the healing and antibacterial activities of gellan gum hydrogel films as dressing materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125494. [PMID: 37348586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The demand for advanced wound care products is rapidly increasing nowadays. In this study, gellan gum/collagen (GG/C) hydrogel films containing gatifloxacin (GAT) were developed to investigate their properties as wound dressing materials. ATR-FTIR, swelling, water content, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and thermal properties were investigated. The mechanical properties of the materials were tested in dry and wet conditions to understand the performance of the materials after exposure to wound exudate. Drug release by Franz diffusion was measured with all samples showing 100 % cumulative drug release after 40 min. Strong antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis were observed for Gram-positive bacteria, while Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were observed for Gram-negative bacteria. The in-vivo cytotoxicity of GG/C-GAT was assessed by wound contraction in rats, which was 95 % for GG/C-GAT01. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining revealed the appearance of fresh full epidermis and granulation tissue, indicating that all wounds had passed through the proliferation phase. The results demonstrate the promising properties of the materials to be used as dressing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurul Shahirah Mohd Azam
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Vigneswari Sevakumaran
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wan Iryani Bt Wan Ismail
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hasmizam Razali
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Izwan Bin Abdul Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Anuar Mat Amin
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Luo SC, Zheng X, Kankala RK, Wang SB, Chen AZ. Advances in Engineered Three-Dimensional (3D) Body Articulation Unit Models. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:213-235. [PMID: 35087267 PMCID: PMC8789231 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s344036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indeed, the body articulation units, commonly referred to as body joints, play significant roles in the musculoskeletal system, enabling body flexibility. Nevertheless, these articulation units suffer from several pathological conditions, such as osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, gout, and psoriatic arthritis. There exist several treatment modalities based on the utilization of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, which can reduce or control the pathophysiological symptoms. Despite the success, these treatment modalities suffer from major shortcomings of enormous cost and poor recovery, limiting their applicability and requiring promising strategies. To address these limitations, several engineering strategies have been emerged as promising solutions in fabricating the body articulation as unit models towards local articulation repair for tissue regeneration and high-throughput screening for drug development. In this article, we present challenges related to the selection of biomaterials (natural and synthetic sources), construction of 3D articulation models (scaffold-free, scaffold-based, and organ-on-a-chip), architectural designs (microfluidics, bioprinting, electrospinning, and biomineralization), and the type of culture conditions (growth factors and active peptides). Then, we emphasize the applicability of these articulation units for emerging biomedical applications of drug screening and tissue repair/regeneration. In conclusion, we put forward the challenges and difficulties for the further clinical application of the in vitro 3D articulation unit models in terms of the long-term high activity of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Chang Luo
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Fiorica C, Palumbo FS, Pitarresi G, Biscari G, Martorana A, Calà C, Maida CM, Giammona G. Ciprofloxacin releasing gellan gum/polydopamine based hydrogels with near infrared activated photothermal properties. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121231. [PMID: 34715261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, with the aim to obtain a wound dressing hydrogel, an amine derivative of gellan gum was crosslinked in the presence of 4arm-polyethylenglycole-vinylsulfone. Through this easy and reproducible chemical procedure, a hydrogel with advanced elastic properties and hydrolytic resistance under physiological conditions was obtained. The incorporation of different quantities of polydopamine in the gelling solutions allows to obtain different hydrogels with marked photothermal properties when irradiated with a laser in the near infrared at 810 nm. The organic nanoparticles, reacting with the amino groups of the polysaccharide derivative, contribute to increase the storage moduli of the hydrogels. Ciprofloxacin was loaded into the hydrogel with higher amount of polydopamine and drug delivery experiments were performed to investigate the effect of irradiation on the antibiotic release profile. Antimicrobial studies, evaluated against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, revealed that generated hyperthermia exerts a direct inhibition on the pathogens growth and, in the case of S. aureus, adjuvates the ciprofloxacin antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calogero Fiorica
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Salvatore Palumbo
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pitarresi
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Biscari
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Martorana
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Calà
- Department of Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile - G. d'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Carmelo Massimo Maida
- Department of Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile - G. d'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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10
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Zhao H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zheng P, Gao T, Cao Y, Liu X, Yin J, Pei R. In Situ Forming Cellulose Nanofibril-Reinforced Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel for Cartilage Regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:5097-5107. [PMID: 34723499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) based hydrogels are one of most functional natural biomaterials in the field of cartilage tissue engineering (CTE). Even with the promising advantages of HA hydrogels, the complicated mechanical properties of the native cartilage have not been realized, and fabricating HA hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties to make them practical in CTE still remains a current challenge. Here, a strategy that integrates hydrogels and nanomaterials is shown to form a HA hydrogel with sufficient mechanical loading for cartilage tissue production and recombination. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are promising nanomaterial candidates as they possess high mechanical strength and excellent biocompatibility. In this study, we developed methacrylate-functionalized CNFs that are able to photo-crosslink with methacrylated HA to fabricate HA/CNF nanocomposite hydrogels. The present composite hydrogels with a compressive modulus of 0.46 ± 0.05 MPa showed adequate compressive strength (0.198 ± 0.009 MPa) and restorability, which can be expected to employ as a stress-bearing tissue such as articular cartilage. Besides, this nanocomposite hydrogel could provide a good microenvironment for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation, as well as chondrogenic differentiation, and exhibit prominent repair effect in the full-thickness cartilage defect model of SD rats. These results suggest that the HA/CNF nanocomposite hydrogel creates a new possibility for fabricating a scaffold in CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215000, China.,Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yuanshan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Penghui Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Tong Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yi Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xingzhu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jingbo Yin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Renjun Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215000, China
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11
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Gellan gum/alginate-based Ca-enriched acellular bilayer hydrogel with robust interface bonding for effective osteochondral repair. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:118382. [PMID: 34364624 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of osteochondral (OC) defects remains challenging because of the lack of economical and feasible therapeutic strategies for OC repair and reconstruction. In this study, we report an integrated bilayer hydrogel with robust interface binding force (40 kPa) by facilitating the diffusion of calcium ions to the secondary crosslink of the bilayer hydrogel, in which gellan gum and sodium alginate acted as the chondral layer, gellan gum and hydroxyapatite acted as subchondral layer. This integrated construct has high cytocompatibility, and can seed with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) related to different functional protein expression for cartilage and bone formation, respectively. Furthermore, in the rabbit critical-sized osteochondral defect model (4.0 mm in diameter and 8.0 mm in depth), the calcium enriched hydrogel act as a calcium reservoir, promote neovascularization at week 4, and repair the critical defect at week 8, demonstrating the feasible preparation of an acellular hydrogel for OC repair.
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12
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Fiorica C, Biscari G, Palumbo FS, Pitarresi G, Martorana A, Giammona G. Physicochemical and Rheological Characterization of Different Low Molecular Weight Gellan Gum Products and Derived Ionotropic Crosslinked Hydrogels. Gels 2021; 7:62. [PMID: 34073308 PMCID: PMC8162344 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of four different low molecular weight gellan gum products was obtained by alkaline hydrolysis with the aim to investigate the impact of the molecular weight on the rheological properties of the polysaccharide aqueous dispersions and on the physicochemical characteristics of derived ionotropic crosslinked hydrogels. In particular, thermo-rheological analysis was conducted on aqueous dispersions to study the influence of molecular weight on the thermogelation properties typical of the native polysaccharide while strain sweep experiments were conducted to establish if aqueous dispersion shows a viscoelastic behavior. The effect of different Ca2+ on the rheological properties of hydrogels were studied. Furthermore, ionotropic crosslinked hydrogels were analyzed in terms of morphology on the dried state and swelling behavior, while their viscoelastic properties were studied by means of rheological analysis conducted in frequency sweep regime after different time points of incubation in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. Release experiments conducted using fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled dextran as a model diffusion agent and was performed to investigate the possibility of using the low molecular weight GG-derived hydrogels as an active molecule-releasing device. Finally, the cytocompatibility of hydrolysis products was investigated, as well as the capacity of hydrogels to encapsulate viable MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calogero Fiorica
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (G.B.); (F.S.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (G.G.)
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13
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Palumbo FS, Federico S, Pitarresi G, Fiorica C, Giammona G. Gellan gum-based delivery systems of therapeutic agents and cells. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Mohammadinejad R, Kumar A, Ranjbar-Mohammadi M, Ashrafizadeh M, Han SS, Khang G, Roveimiab Z. Recent Advances in Natural Gum-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E176. [PMID: 31936590 PMCID: PMC7022386 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The engineering of tissues under a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment is a great challenge and needs a suitable supporting biomaterial-based scaffold that may facilitate cell attachment, spreading, proliferation, migration, and differentiation for proper tissue regeneration or organ reconstruction. Polysaccharides as natural polymers promise great potential in the preparation of a three-dimensional artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) (i.e., hydrogel) via various processing methods and conditions. Natural polymers, especially gums, based upon hydrogel systems, provide similarities largely with the native ECM and excellent biological response. Here, we review the origin and physico-chemical characteristics of potentially used natural gums. In addition, various forms of scaffolds (e.g., nanofibrous, 3D printed-constructs) based on gums and their efficacy in 3D cell culture and various tissue regenerations such as bone, osteoarthritis and cartilage, skin/wound, retinal, neural, and other tissues are discussed. Finally, the advantages and limitations of natural gums are precisely described for future perspectives in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in the concluding remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohammadinejad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran;
| | - Anuj Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | | | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran;
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Department of BIN Fusion Technology and BK-21 Polymer BIN Fusion Research Team, Chonbuk National University, Dukjin, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Ziba Roveimiab
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
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15
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Choi JH, Lee W, Song C, Moon BK, Yoon SJ, Neves NM, Reis RL, Khang G. Application of Gellan Gum-Based Scaffold for Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1249:15-37. [PMID: 32602088 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3258-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gellan gum (GG) is a linear microbial exopolysaccharide which is derived naturally by the fermentation process of Pseudomonas elodea. Application of GG in tissue engineering and regeneration medicine (TERM) is already over 10 years and has shown great potential. Although this biomaterial has many advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxic in nature, and physical stability in the presence of cations, a variety of modification methods have been suggested due to some disadvantages such as mechanical properties, high gelation temperature, and lack of attachment sites. In this review, the application of GG-based scaffold for tissue engineering and approaches to improve GG properties are discussed. Furthermore, a recent trend and future perspective of GG-based scaffold are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hee Choi
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology and Polymer BIN Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Wonchan Lee
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology and Polymer BIN Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Cheolui Song
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology and Polymer BIN Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Moon
- Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Jung Yoon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology and Polymer BIN Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.
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16
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Nguyen AH, Marsh P, Schmiess-Heine L, Burke PJ, Lee A, Lee J, Cao H. Cardiac tissue engineering: state-of-the-art methods and outlook. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:57. [PMID: 31297148 PMCID: PMC6599291 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art fabrication methods, advances in genome editing, and the use of machine learning to shape the prospective growth in cardiac tissue engineering. Those interdisciplinary emerging innovations would move forward basic research in this field and their clinical applications. The long-entrenched challenges in this field could be addressed by novel 3-dimensional (3D) scaffold substrates for cardiomyocyte (CM) growth and maturation. Stem cell-based therapy through genome editing techniques can repair gene mutation, control better maturation of CMs or even reveal its molecular clock. Finally, machine learning and precision control for improvements of the construct fabrication process and optimization in tissue-specific clonal selections with an outlook of cardiac tissue engineering are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh H. Nguyen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Paul Marsh
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Lauren Schmiess-Heine
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Peter J. Burke
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Abraham Lee
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX USA
| | - Hung Cao
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
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