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Li Q, Yan F, Texter J. Polymerized and Colloidal Ionic Liquids─Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3813-3931. [PMID: 38512224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The breadth and importance of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) are steadily expanding, and this review updates advances and trends in syntheses, properties, and applications over the past five to six years. We begin with an historical overview of the genesis and growth of the PIL field as a subset of materials science. The genesis of ionic liquids (ILs) over nano to meso length-scales exhibiting 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D topologies defines colloidal ionic liquids, CILs, which compose a subclass of PILs and provide a synthetic bridge between IL monomers (ILMs) and micro to macro-scale PIL materials. The second focus of this review addresses design and syntheses of ILMs and their polymerization reactions to yield PILs and PIL-based materials. A burgeoning diversity of ILMs reflects increasing use of nonimidazolium nuclei and an expanding use of step-growth chemistries in synthesizing PIL materials. Radical chain polymerization remains a primary method of making PILs and reflects an increasing use of controlled polymerization methods. Step-growth chemistries used in creating some CILs utilize extensive cross-linking. This cross-linking is enabled by incorporating reactive functionalities in CILs and PILs, and some of these CILs and PILs may be viewed as exotic cross-linking agents. The third part of this update focuses upon some advances in key properties, including molecular weight, thermal properties, rheology, ion transport, self-healing, and stimuli-responsiveness. Glass transitions, critical solution temperatures, and liquidity are key thermal properties that tie to PIL rheology and viscoelasticity. These properties in turn modulate mechanical properties and ion transport, which are foundational in increasing applications of PILs. Cross-linking in gelation and ionogels and reversible step-growth chemistries are essential for self-healing PILs. Stimuli-responsiveness distinguishes PILs from many other classes of polymers, and it emphasizes the importance of segmentally controlling and tuning solvation in CILs and PILs. The fourth part of this review addresses development of applications, and the diverse scope of such applications supports the increasing importance of PILs in materials science. Adhesion applications are supported by ionogel properties, especially cross-linking and solvation tunable interactions with adjacent phases. Antimicrobial and antifouling applications are consequences of the cationic nature of PILs. Similarly, emulsion and dispersion applications rely on tunable solvation of functional groups and on how such groups interact with continuous phases and substrates. Catalysis is another significant application, and this is an historical tie between ILs and PILs. This component also provides a connection to diverse and porous carbon phases templated by PILs that are catalysts or serve as supports for catalysts. Devices, including sensors and actuators, also rely on solvation tuning and stimuli-responsiveness that include photo and electrochemical stimuli. We conclude our view of applications with 3D printing. The largest components of these applications are energy related and include developments for supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells. We conclude with our vision of how PIL development will evolve over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - John Texter
- Strider Research Corporation, Rochester, New York 14610-2246, United States
- School of Engineering, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, United States
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Long Z, Tuckerman ME. Hydroxide Diffusion in Functionalized Cylindrical Nanopores as Idealized Models of Anion Exchange Membrane Environments: An Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:2792-2804. [PMID: 36968146 PMCID: PMC10034739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c05747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have attracted significant interest for their applications in fuel cells and other electrochemical devices in recent years. Understanding water distributions and hydroxide transport mechanisms within AEMs is critical to improving their performance as concerns hydroxide conductivity. Recently, nanoconfined environments have been used to mimic AEM environments. Following this approach, we construct nanoconfined cylindrical pore structures using graphane nanotubes (GNs) functionalized with trimethylammonium cations as models of local AEM morphology. These structures were then used to investigate hydroxide transport using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD). The simulations showed that hydroxide transport is suppressed in these confined environments relative to the bulk solution although the mechanism is dominated by structural diffusion. One factor causing the suppressed hydroxide transport is the reduced proton transfer (PT) rates due to changes in hydroxide and water solvation patterns under confinement compared to bulk solution as well as strong interactions between hydroxide ions and the tethered cation groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Long
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York10003, United States
| | - Mark E. Tuckerman
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York10003, United States
- Courant
Institute of Mathematical Science, New York
University, New York, New York10012, United States
- NYU-ECNU
Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai200062, China
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Wang X, Zhang C, Sawczyk M, Sun J, Yuan Q, Chen F, Mendes TC, Howlett PC, Fu C, Wang Y, Tan X, Searles DJ, Král P, Hawker CJ, Whittaker AK, Forsyth M. Ultra-stable all-solid-state sodium metal batteries enabled by perfluoropolyether-based electrolytes. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:1057-1065. [PMID: 35788569 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable batteries paired with sodium metal anodes are considered to be one of the most promising high-energy and low-cost energy-storage systems. However, the use of highly reactive sodium metal and the formation of sodium dendrites during battery operation have caused safety concerns, especially when highly flammable liquid electrolytes are used. Here we design and develop solvent-free solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on a perfluoropolyether-terminated polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based block copolymer for safe and stable all-solid-state sodium metal batteries. Compared with traditional PEO SPEs, our results suggest that block copolymer design allows for the formation of self-assembled nanostructures leading to high storage modulus at elevated temperatures with the PEO domains providing transport channels even at high salt concentration (ethylene oxide/sodium = 8/2). Moreover, it is demonstrated that the incorporation of perfluoropolyether segments enhances the Na+ transference number of the electrolyte to 0.46 at 80 °C and enables a stable solid electrolyte interface. The new SPE exhibits highly stable symmetric cell-cycling performance at high current density (0.5 mA cm-2 and 1.0 mAh cm-2, up to 1,000 h). Finally, the assembled all-solid-state sodium metal batteries demonstrate outstanding capacity retention, long-term charge/discharge stability (Coulombic efficiency, 99.91%; >900 cycles with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode) and good capability with high loading NaFePO4 cathode (>1 mAh cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoen Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), ARC Industry Training Transformation Centre for Future Energy Storage, storEnergy, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Michal Sawczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ju Sun
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), ARC Industry Training Transformation Centre for Future Energy Storage, storEnergy, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qinghong Yuan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), ARC Industry Training Transformation Centre for Future Energy Storage, storEnergy, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tiago C Mendes
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), ARC Industry Training Transformation Centre for Future Energy Storage, storEnergy, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick C Howlett
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), ARC Industry Training Transformation Centre for Future Energy Storage, storEnergy, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiao Tan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Debra J Searles
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Centre for Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Departments of Physics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), ARC Industry Training Transformation Centre for Future Energy Storage, storEnergy, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Zhao Q, Bennington P, Nealey PF, Patel SN, Evans CM. Ion Specific, Thin Film Confinement Effects on Conductivity in Polymerized Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Bennington
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shrayesh N. Patel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Hung ST, Yamada SA, Zheng W, Fayer MD. Ultrafast Dynamics and Liquid Structure in Mesoporous Silica: Propagation of Surface Effects in a Polar Aprotic Solvent. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10018-10034. [PMID: 34450013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of processes ranging from gas sorption to ion conduction in a liquid can be substantial upon nanoconfinement. Here, the dynamics of a polar aprotic solvent, 1-methylimidazole (MeIm), in mesoporous silica (2.8, 5.4, and 8.3 nm pore diameters) were examined using femtosecond infrared vibrational spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations of a dilute probe, the selenocyanate (SeCN-) anion. The long vibrational lifetime and sensitivity of the CN stretch enabled a comprehensive investigation of the relatively slow time scales and subnanometer distance dependences of the confined dynamics. Because MeIm does not readily donate hydrogen bonds, its interactions in the hydrophilic silanol pores differ more from the bulk than those of water confined in the same mesopores, resulting in greater structural order and more dramatic slowing of dynamics. The extent of surface effects was quantified by modified two-state models used to fit three spatially averaged experimental observables: vibrational lifetime, orientational relaxation, and spectral diffusion. The length scales and the models (smoothed step, exponential decay, and simple step) describing the transitions between the distinctive shell behavior at the surface and the bulk-like behavior at the pore interior were compared to those of water. The highly nonuniform distributions of the SeCN- probe and antiparallel layering of MeIm revealed by the simulations guided the interpretation of the results and development of the analytical models. The results illustrate the importance of electrostatic effects and H-bonding interactions in the behavior of confined liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha T Hung
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Steven A Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Weizhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Michael D Fayer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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