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Mirkin CA, Petrosko SH. Inspired Beyond Nature: Three Decades of Spherical Nucleic Acids and Colloidal Crystal Engineering with DNA. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16291-16307. [PMID: 37584399 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The conception, synthesis, and invention of a nanostructure, now known as the spherical nucleic acid, or SNA, in 1996 marked the advent of a new field of chemistry. Over the past three decades, the SNA and its analogous anisotropic equivalents have provided an avenue for us to think about some of the most fundamental concepts in chemistry in new ways and led to technologies that are significantly impacting fields from medicine to materials science. A prime example is colloidal crystal engineering with DNA, the framework for using SNAs and related structures to synthesize programmable matter. Herein, we document the evolution of this framework, which was initially inspired by nature, and describe how it now allows researchers to chart paths to move beyond it, as programmable matter with real-world significance is envisioned and created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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2
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Hueckel T, Luo X, Aly OF, Macfarlane RJ. Nanoparticle Brushes: Macromolecular Ligands for Materials Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2023. [PMID: 37390490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusColloidal nanoparticles have unique attributes that can be used to synthesize materials with exotic properties, but leveraging these properties requires fine control over the particles' interactions with one another and their surrounding environment. Small molecules adsorbed on a nanoparticle's surface have traditionally served as ligands to govern these interactions, providing a means of ensuring colloidal stability and dictating the particles' assembly behavior. Alternatively, nanoscience is increasingly interested in instead using macromolecular ligands that form well-defined polymer brushes, as these brushes provide a much more tailorable surface ligand with significantly greater versatility in both composition and ligand size. While initial research in this area is promising, synthesizing macromolecules that can appropriately form brush architectures remains a barrier to their more widespread use and limits understanding of the fundamental chemical and physical principles that influence brush-grafted particles' ability to form functional materials. Therefore, enhancing the capabilities of polymer-grafted nanoparticles as tools for materials synthesis requires a multidisciplinary effort, with specific focus on both developing new synthetic routes to polymer-brush-coated nanoparticles and investigating the structure-property relationships the brush enables.In this Account, we describe our recent work in developing polymer brush coatings for nanoparticles, which we use to modulate particle behavior on demand, select specific nanoscopic architectures to form, and bolster traditional bulk polymers to form stronger materials by design. Distinguished by the polymer type and capabilities, three classes of nanoparticles are discussed here: nanocomposite tectons (NCTs), which use synthetic polymers end-functionalized with supramolecular recognition groups capable of directing their assembly; programmable atom equivalents (PAEs) containing brushes of synthetic DNA that employ Watson-Crick base pairing to encode particle binding interactions; and cross-linkable nanoparticles (XNPs) that can both stabilize nanoparticles in solution and polymer matrices and subsequently form multivalent cross-links to strengthen polymer composites. We describe the formation of these brushes through "grafting-from" and "grafting-to" strategies and illustrate aspects that are important for future advancement. We also examine the new capabilities brushes provide, looking closely at dynamic polymer processes that provide control over the assembly state of particles. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the technological applications of nanoparticles with polymer brushes, focusing on the integration of nanoparticles into traditional materials and the processing of nanoparticles into bulk solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Hueckel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Omar F Aly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert J Macfarlane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Lee MS, Yee DW, Kubiak JM, Santos PJ, Macfarlane RJ. Improving nanoparticle superlattice stability with deformable polymer gels. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:064901. [PMID: 36792494 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of colloidal nanoparticles into ordered superlattices typically uses dynamic interactions to govern particle crystallization, as these non-permanent bonds prevent the formation of kinetically trapped, disordered aggregates. However, while the use of reversible bonding is critical in the formation of highly ordered particle arrangements, dynamic interactions also inherently make the structures more prone to disassembly or disruption when subjected to different environmental stimuli. Thus, there is typically a trade-off between the ability to initially form an ordered colloidal material and the ability of that material to retain its order under different conditions. Here, we present a method for embedding colloidal nanoparticle superlattices into a polymer gel matrix. This encapsulation strategy physically prevents the nanoparticles from dissociating upon heating, drying, or the introduction of chemicals that would normally disrupt the lattice. However, the use of a gel as the embedding medium still permits further modification of the colloidal nanoparticle lattice by introducing stimuli that deform the gel network (as this deformation in turn alters the nanoparticle lattice structure in a predictable manner). Moreover, encapsulation of the lattice within a gel permits further stabilization into fully solid materials by removing the solvent from the gel or by replacing the solvent with a liquid monomer that can be photopolymerized. This embedding method therefore makes it possible to incorporate ordered colloidal arrays into a polymer matrix as either dynamic or static structures, expanding their potential for use in responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Lee
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Daryl W Yee
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joshua M Kubiak
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peter J Santos
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert J Macfarlane
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Luo Z, Zhang S, Feng Q, Zhou Y, Jin L, Sun J, Chen Y, Jia K, Chu L. Target recognition initiated self-dissociation based DNA nanomachine for sensitive and accurate MicroRNA (miRNA) detection. Anal Biochem 2023; 662:115014. [PMID: 36493863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a valuable biomarker for various tumor, sensitive and reliable quantitative determination of microRNA (miRNA) is crucial for both disease diagnosis and cancer treatment. Herein, we depict a novel simple and sensitive miRNA detection approach by exploiting an elegantly designed target recognition initiated self-dissociation based DNA nanomachine. In this nanomachine, target recognition assists the formation of active DNAzyme secondary conformation, and the active DNAzyme generates a nicking site in H probe, initiating the self-assembly of H probe. With the reflexed sequences as primer, dual signal recycles are formed under the cooperation of DNA polymerase and Nb.BbvCI. Eventually, the method exhibits a high sensitivity with the limit of detection as low as 12 fM. In addition, the method is also demonstrated with a high selectivity that can distinguish one mismatched base pair. We believe the established approach can be a robust tool for the early-diagnosis of a variety of cancers and also in anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Luo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Third People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, No. 121, Jinglong Road, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610100, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
| | - Qing Feng
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Third People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, No. 121, Jinglong Road, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610100, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Third People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, No. 121, Jinglong Road, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610100, China
| | - Lian Jin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Third People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, No. 121, Jinglong Road, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610100, China
| | - Jinqiu Sun
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Third People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, No. 121, Jinglong Road, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610100, China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Third People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, No. 121, Jinglong Road, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610100, China
| | - Kun Jia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Third People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, No. 121, Jinglong Road, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610100, China
| | - Lei Chu
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Jianyang City, No.180 Yiyuan Roud, Jianyang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 641400, China.
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Samanta D, Zhou W, Ebrahimi SB, Petrosko SH, Mirkin CA. Programmable Matter: The Nanoparticle Atom and DNA Bond. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107875. [PMID: 34870875 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal crystal engineering with DNA has led to significant advances in bottom-up materials synthesis and a new way of thinking about fundamental concepts in chemistry. Here, programmable atom equivalents (PAEs), comprised of nanoparticles (the "atoms") functionalized with DNA (the "bonding elements"), are assembled through DNA hybridization into crystalline lattices. Unlike atomic systems, the "atom" (e.g., the nanoparticle shape, size, and composition) and the "bond" (e.g., the DNA length and sequence) can be tuned independently, yielding designer materials with unique catalytic, optical, and biological properties. In this review, nearly three decades of work that have contributed to the evolution of this class of programmable matter is chronicled, starting from the earliest examples based on gold-core PAEs, and then delineating how advances in synthetic capabilities, DNA design, and fundamental understanding of PAE-PAE interactions have led to new classes of functional materials that, in several cases, have no natural equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devleena Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wenjie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sasha B Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Lee MS, Yee DW, Ye M, Macfarlane RJ. Nanoparticle Assembly as a Materials Development Tool. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3330-3346. [PMID: 35171596 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle assembly is a complex and versatile method of generating new materials, capable of using thousands of different combinations of particle size, shape, composition, and ligand chemistry to generate a library of unique structures. Here, a history of particle self-assembly as a strategy for materials discovery is presented, focusing on key advances in both synthesis and measurement of emergent properties to describe the current state of the field. Several key challenges for further advancement of nanoparticle assembly are also outlined, establishing a roadmap of critical research areas to enable the next generation of nanoparticle-based materials synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 13-5056 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daryl W Yee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 13-5056 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 13-5056 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert J Macfarlane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 13-5056 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Holkar A, Toledo J, Srivastava S. Structure of
nanoparticle‐polyelectrolyte
complexes: Effects of polyelectrolyte characteristics and charge ratio. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Advait Holkar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Jesse Toledo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Samanvaya Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
- California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
- Center for Biological Physics University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
- Institute for Carbon Management University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
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Macfarlane RJ. From Nano to Macro: Thinking Bigger in Nanoparticle Assembly. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7432-7434. [PMID: 34478312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Macfarlane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 13-5056 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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