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Gao ZY, Li XJ, Cui YY, Yang CX. Preparation of alkyl microporous organic network-based capillary column for an efficient gas chromatographic separation of position isomers. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 39286940 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The large surface area, excellent thermal stability and easy modification make microporous organic networks (MONs) good candidates in the field of gas chromatography (GC). Due to the limited species and highly conjugated networks of MONs, their applications are still in infancy and restricted. To accelerate their developments and to enrich their types in GC, here we report the first example of synthesizing alkyl MON and its capillary column for GC separation of position isomers. Linear 1,8-dibromooctane is used as the alkyl monomer instead of traditional aromatic ones to construct novel alkyl MON to decrease the inherent conjugated characteristic of MONs. The alkyl MON exhibits good thermal stability (up to 350°C), large surface area (1173 m2 g-1), and non-polar character, allowing good resolution for alkanes, alkyl benzenes, alcohols, ketones, and diverse position isomers, including dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, bromotoluene, nitrotoluene, methylbenzaldehyde, and ionone with the limits of detection (0.003 mg mL-1) and limits of quantitation of (0.10 mg mL-1). The in situ growth-prepared alkyl MON column demonstrates remarkable duration time and precisions for the retention relative standard deviations, (RSDs%, intra-day, n = 7), 0.06%-0.53% (intra-day, n = 7), and 2.87%-10.59% (column-to-column, n = 3). In addition, the fabricated alkyl MON-coated capillary column offers better resolution than three commercial GC columns for the resolution of methylbenzaldehyde, bromotoluene, and chlorotoluene isomers. This work reveals the practicability for synthesizing alkyl MONs and demonstrates their prospects for position isomers separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xi-Jin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng-Xiong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Qiao Z, Liu Y, Hou S, Bai Y, Zhen S, Yang S, Xu H. Spherical fluorinated covalent organic polymer for highly efficient and selective extraction of fipronil and its metabolites in soil. Talanta 2024; 274:126033. [PMID: 38581855 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic polymers (COPs) have garnered considerable attention as promising adsorbents of online solid phase extraction (online SPE). Morphology modulation provides an appealing solution to enhance adsorption efficiency and reduce back-pressure in the absorbent. However, the synthesis of COPs with regular geometric shapes and specific adsorption selectivity remains challenging. In this study, a uniform spherical fluorinated COP (F-sCOP, average diameter: 2.14 μm) was successfully synthesized by Schiff base reaction of 1,3,5-triformylphoroglucinol (TP) and 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB). The F-sCOP had a large surface area (BET: 346.2 m2 g-1), remarkable enrichment capacity (enrichment factors: 186-782), high selectivity toward fipronil and its metabolites (adsorption efficiency >93.1%), and admirable service life (>60 times). Based on the adsorbent, a novel μ-matrix cartridge extraction-online-μ-solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (μ-MCE-online-μ-SPE-HPLC-MS) method was constructed and used to track trace fipronil and its metabolites in soil. The proposed method exhibited a wide linear range (0.05-1000 ng g-1), low quantitation limits (LOQs: 0.0027-0.011 ng g-1), high recoveries (90.1-119.6%) and good repeatability (RSD ≤10.5%, n = 3) for fipronil analysis. This study paves the way for pesticide analysis in soil risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shenghuai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yuxuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shuang Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Gavara R, Royuela S, Zamora F. A minireview on covalent organic frameworks as stationary phases in chromatography. Front Chem 2024; 12:1384025. [PMID: 38606080 PMCID: PMC11006975 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1384025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in the design of novel porous materials open new avenues for the development of chromatographic solid stationary phases. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising candidates in this context due to their remarkable structural versatility and exceptional chemical and textural properties. In this minireview, we summarize the main strategies followed in recent years to apply these materials as stationary phases for chromatographic separations. We also comment on the perspectives of this new research field and potential directions to expand the applicability and implementation of COF stationary phases in analytical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gavara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Royuela
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Zamora
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Nam S, Kim Y, Kim SH, Son HB, Han DY, Kim YH, Cho JH, Park J, Park S. Tailoring Three-Dimensional Cross-Linked Networks Based on Water-Soluble Polymeric Materials for Stable Silicon Anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:594-604. [PMID: 38114065 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
For stable battery operation of silicon (Si)-based anodes, utilizing cross-linked three-dimensional (3D) network binders has emerged as an effective strategy to mitigate significant volume fluctuations of Si particles. In the design of cross-linked network binders, careful selection of appropriate cross-linking agents is crucial to maintaining a balance between the robustness and functionality of the network. Herein, we strategically design and optimize a 3D cross-linked network binder through a comprehensive analysis of cross-linking agents. The proposed network is composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) grafted poly(acrylic acid) (PVA-g-PAA, PVgA) and aromatic diamines. PVgA is chosen as the polymer backbone owing to its high flexibility and facile synthesis using an ecofriendly water solvent. Subsequently, an aromatic diamine is employed as a cross-linker to construct a robust amide network that features a resonance-stabilized high modulus and enhanced adhesion. Comparative investigations of three cross-linkers, 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine, 3,3'-oxidianiline, and 4,4'-oxybis[3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline] (TFODA), highlight the roles of the trifluoromethyl group (-CF3) and the ether linkage. Consequently, PVgA cross-linked with TFODA (PVgA-TFODA), featuring both -CF3 and -O-, establishes a well-balanced 3D network characterized by heightened elasticity and improved binding forces. The optimized Si and SiOx/graphite composite electrodes with the PVgA-TFODA binder demonstrate impressive structural stability and stable cycling. This study offers a novel perspective on designing cross-linked network binders, showcasing the benefits of a multidimensional approach considering chemical and physical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoha Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyeon Kim
- Advanced Functional Polymers Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Bin Son
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeob Han
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ho Kim
- Advanced Functional Polymers Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Park
- Advanced Functional Polymers Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Deng WC, Qian HL, Yang C, Xu ST, Yan XP. General Two-Step Method for the Fabrication of Covalent-Organic Framework-Bound Open-Tubular Capillary Columns for High-Resolution Gas Chromatography Separation of Isomers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54977-54985. [PMID: 37963803 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising as stationary phases for gas chromatography (GC). The successful anchoring of COFs to the inner walls of the capillary with good uniformity is an important prerequisite to ensure the excellent separation performance of columns. However, current methods for the fabrication of COF-based capillary columns cannot always meet this requirement when faced with different COFs, which hampers the further development of COF-based GC stationary phases. Here, we show a general two-step method for the fabrication of COF-bound capillary column. The first step enables the formation of uniform amorphous polymer layer on the inner walls of capillary, while the second step allows the facile transformation of the amorphous polymer layer into a highly crystalline COF layer. COF-bound capillary columns with different framework structures were fabricated successfully by the developed two-step method. Impressively, the COF layers bound on the inner walls of these capillary columns showed good uniformity and high crystallinity. More importantly, as an example, the fabricated Tab-DHTA-bound capillary column showed good resolution (R > 1.5) and high column efficiency (700-39,663 plates m-1) for the tested isomers of ethylbenzene, xylene, dichlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, pinene, 1,3-dichloropropene, and propylbenzene with good precision (RSD, run-to-run, n = 5) (retention time, 0.2-0.6%; peak area, 0.5-1.1%; and peak height, 0.5-1.4%). In general, the fabricated Tab-DHTA-bound capillary column exhibited better performance for the separation isomers than commercial columns DB-5 and HP-FFAP. These results indicate that the two-step method is an efficient way to fabricate the COF-bound capillary column with excellent separation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hai-Long Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shu-Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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