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Wang K, Ecker BR, Ghosh M, Li M, Karasiev VV, Hu SX, Huang J, Gao Y. Light-enhanced oxygen degradation of MAPbBr 3 single crystal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5027-5037. [PMID: 38258478 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03493c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Organometal halide perovskites are promising materials for optoelectronic applications, whose commercial realization depends critically on their stability under multiple environmental factors. In this study, a methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) single crystal was cleaved and exposed to simultaneous oxygen and light illumination under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). The exposure process was monitored using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with precise control of the exposure time and oxygen pressure. It was found that the combination of oxygen and light accelerated the degradation of MAPbBr3, which could not be viewed as a simple addition of that by oxygen-only and light-only exposures. The XPS spectra showed significant loss of carbon, bromine, and nitrogen at an oxygen exposure of 1010 Langmuir with light illumination, approximately 17 times of the additive effects of oxygen-only and light-only exposures. It was also found that the photoluminescence (PL) emission was much weakened by oxygen and light co-exposure, while previous reports had shown that PL was substantially enhanced by oxygen-only exposure. Measurements using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) demonstrated that the crystal surface was much roughened by the co-exposure. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the formation of superoxide and oxygen induced gap state, suggesting the creation of oxygen radicals by light illumination as a possible microscopic driving force for enhanced degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Ecker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - Maitrayee Ghosh
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Mingze Li
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Valentin V Karasiev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yongli Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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2
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Han EQ, Lyu M, Choi E, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Lee J, Lee SM, Jiao Y, Ahmad SHA, Seidel J, Yun JS, Yun JH, Wang L. High-Performance Indoor Perovskite Solar Cells by Self-Suppression of Intrinsic Defects via a Facile Solvent-Engineering Strategy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305192. [PMID: 37718499 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite solar cells have been emerging as very promising candidates for applications in indoor photovoltaics. To maximize their indoor performance, it is of critical importance to suppress intrinsic defects of the perovskite active layer. Herein, a facile solvent-engineering strategy is developed for effective suppression of both surface and bulk defects in lead halide perovskite indoor solar cells, leading to a high efficiency of 35.99% under the indoor illumination of 1000 lux Cool-white light-emitting diodes. Replacing dimethylformamide (DMF) with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) in the perovskite precursor solvent significantly passivates the intrinsic defects within the thus-prepared perovskite films, prolongs the charge carrier lifetimes and reduces non-radiative charge recombination of the devices. Compared to the DMF, the much higher interaction energy between NMP and formamidinium iodide/lead halide contributes to the markedly improved quality of the perovskite thin films with reduced interfacial halide deficiency and non-radiative charge recombination, which in turn enhances the device performance. This work paves the way for developing efficient indoor perovskite solar cells for the increasing demand for power supplies of Internet-of-Things devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Q Han
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland (St Lucia), Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Miaoqiang Lyu
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland (St Lucia), Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Yuying Zhao
- College of Physics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Photophysics Research and Application, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yurou Zhang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland (St Lucia), Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland (St Lucia), Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Su-Min Lee
- Air and Environment Energy Nexus Lab, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Yalong Jiao
- College of Physics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Photophysics Research and Application, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Syed Haseeb Ali Ahmad
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland (St Lucia), Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jan Seidel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Jae Sung Yun
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Jung-Ho Yun
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland (St Lucia), Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Air and Environment Energy Nexus Lab, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland (St Lucia), Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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3
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Il Jake Choi J, Ono LK, Cho H, Kim KJ, Kang HB, Qi Y, Park JY. Pathways of Water-Induced Lead-Halide Perovskite Surface Degradation: Insights from In Situ Atomic-Scale Analysis. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25679-25688. [PMID: 38054480 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
While organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are emerging as promising materials for next-generation photovoltaic applications, the origins and pathways of perovskite instability remain speculative. In particular, the degradation of perovskite surfaces by ambient water is a crucial subject for determining the long-term viability of perovskite-based solar cells. Here, we conducted surface characterization and atomic-scale analysis of the reaction mechanisms for methylammonium lead bromide (MA(CH3NH3)PbBr3) single crystals using ambient-pressure atomic force microscopy (AP-AFM) and near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) in environments ranging from ultrahigh vacuum to 0.01 mbar of water vapor. MAPbBr3 single crystals, grown by a solution process, were mechanically cleaved under UHV conditions to obtain an atomically clean surface. Consecutive topography and friction force measurements in low-pressure water (pwater ≈ 10-5 mbar) revealed the formation of degraded patches, one atomic layer deep, gradually increasing their coverage until the surface was entirely covered at a water exposure of 4.7 × 104 langmuir (L). At the perimeters of these degraded patches, a higher friction coefficient was observed, along with an interstitial step height, which we attribute to a structure equivalent to that of the MA-Br terminated surface. Combined with NAP-XPS analysis, our results demonstrate that water vapor induces the dissociation of surface methylammonium ligands, eventually resulting in the depletion of the surface MA and the full coverage of hydrocarbon species after exposure to 0.01 mbar of water vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Il Jake Choi
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Luis K Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hunyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Kim
- Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Been Kang
- Engineering Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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4
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Chaudhary SP, Bhattacharyya S. Positive Feedback Mechanism of Probe Sonication for the Perovskite Films in Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50479-50488. [PMID: 37862132 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is governed by the quality of perovskite films, whereby compact, pinhole-free perovskite films are desired, in addition to its composition. We have demonstrated probe sonication as a processing technique to provide positive feedback for enhancing the perovskite film quality and photovoltaic parameters, with two systems, CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) and Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3. In probe sonication, the ultrasound results in the formation, growth, and collapse of the bubbles through shock wave inside the gas phase of the collapsing bubble. This phenomenon has a chemical impact on the nucleation of the perovskite phases and interconnectivity of the grains. The 60 min sonicated films with stronger hydrogen bonding network are devoid of unwanted Pb0, δ-FAPbI3, and PbI2 phases, having tightly packed homogeneous grains, minimum electron-hole recombination pathways, and improved light absorption. The surface potential remains mostly unaltered across the grains and grain boundaries, and the realignment of the Fermi energy (EF) favors facile carrier transport. The photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of the MAPbI3 and Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 devices is improved by 28.1 and 17.2% in comparison to the pristine perovskites, respectively. The 60 min sonicated Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 PSC has 20.20 ± 0.40% PCE with 1000 h ambient stability having >60% retention of the original PCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Pratap Chaudhary
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Sayan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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5
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Ralaiarisoa M, Frisch J, Frégnaux M, Cacovich S, Yaïche A, Rousset J, Gorgoi M, Ceratti DR, Kodalle T, Roncoroni F, Guillemoles JF, Etcheberry A, Bouttemy M, Wilks RG, Bär M, Schulz P. Influence of X-Ray Irradiation During Photoemission Studies on Halide Perovskite-Based Devices. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300458. [PMID: 37712197 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are semiconductors with promising application in optoelectronic devices, particularly, in solar cell technologies. The chemical and electronic properties of MHPs at the surface and interfaces with adjacent layers dictate charge transfer within stacked devices and ultimately the efficiency of the latter. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a powerful tool to characterize these material properties. However, the X-ray radiation itself can potentially affect the MHP and therefore jeopardize the reliability of the obtained information. In this work, the effect of X-ray irradiation is assessed on Cs0.05 MA0.15 FA0.8 Pb(I0.85 Br0.15 )3 (MA for CH3 NH3 , and FA for CH2 (NH2 )2 ) MHP thin-film samples in a half-cell device. There is a comparison of measurements acquired with synchrotron radiation and a conventional laboratory source for different times. Changes in composition and core levels binding energies are observed in both cases, indicating a modification of the chemical and electronic properties. The results suggest that changes observed over minutes with highly brilliant synchrotron radiation are likely occurring over hours when working with a lab-based source providing a lower photon flux. The possible degradation pathways are discussed, supported by steady-state photoluminescence analysis. The work stresses the importance of beam effect assessment at the beginning of XPS experiments of MHP samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Ralaiarisoa
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathieu Frégnaux
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8180, 45 Avenue des États Unis, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Stefania Cacovich
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Armelle Yaïche
- Électricité de France, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Jean Rousset
- Électricité de France, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Mihaela Gorgoi
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Davide R Ceratti
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
- CNRS, Collège de France, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Tim Kodalle
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fabrice Roncoroni
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jean-François Guillemoles
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Arnaud Etcheberry
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8180, 45 Avenue des États Unis, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Muriel Bouttemy
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8180, 45 Avenue des États Unis, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HIERN), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philip Schulz
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
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6
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Kerr R, Macdonald TJ, Tanner AJ, Yu J, Davies JA, Fielding HH, Thornton G. Zero Threshold for Water Adsorption on MAPbBr 3. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301014. [PMID: 37267942 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have shown great promise in a wide range of optoelectronic applications. However, this performance is inhibited by the sensitivity of HOIPs to various environmental factors, particularly high levels of relative humidity. This study uses X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine that there is essentially no threshold to water adsorption on the in situ cleaved MAPbBr3 (001) single crystal surface. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), it shows that the initial surface restructuring upon exposure to water vapor occurs in isolated regions, which grow in area with increasing exposure, providing insight into the initial degradation mechanism of HOIPs. The electronic structure evolution of the surface was also monitored via ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), evidencing an increased bandgap state density following water vapor exposure, which is attributed to surface defect formation due to lattice swelling. This study will help to inform the surface engineering and designs of future perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Thomas J Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Alex J Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Jiangdong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Julia A Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Helen H Fielding
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Geoff Thornton
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
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7
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Zhang H, Pfeifer L, Zakeeruddin SM, Chu J, Grätzel M. Tailoring passivators for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:632-652. [PMID: 37464018 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing global effort to advance emerging perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and many of these endeavours are focused on developing new compositions, processing methods and passivation strategies. In particular, the use of passivators to reduce the defects in perovskite materials has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for enhancing the photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of PSCs. Organic passivators have received increasing attention since the late 2010s as their structures and properties can readily be modified. First, this Review discusses the main types of defect in perovskite materials and reviews their properties. We examine the deleterious impact of defects on device efficiency and stability and highlight how defects facilitate extrinsic degradation pathways. Second, the proven use of different passivator designs to mitigate these negative effects is discussed, and possible defect passivation mechanisms are presented. Finally, we propose four specific directions for future research, which, in our opinion, will be crucial for unlocking the full potential of PSCs using the concept of defect passivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Shaik M Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junhao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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8
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Ekanayaka TK, Richmond D, McCormick M, Nandyala SR, Helfrich HC, Sinitskii A, Pikal JM, Ilie CC, Dowben PA, Yost AJ. Surface Versus Bulk State Transitions in Inkjet-Printed All-Inorganic Perovskite Quantum Dot Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3956. [PMID: 36432242 PMCID: PMC9697151 DOI: 10.3390/nano12223956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The anion exchange of the halides, Br and I, is demonstrated through the direct mixing of two pure perovskite quantum dot solutions, CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3, and is shown to be both facile and result in a completely alloyed single phase mixed halide perovskite. Anion exchange is also observed in an interlayer printing method utilizing the pure, unalloyed perovskite solutions and a commercial inkjet printer. The halide exchange was confirmed by optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescent spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy characterization and indicates that alloying is thermodynamically favorable, while the formation of a clustered alloy is not favored. Additionally, a surface-to-bulk photoemission core level transition is observed for the Cs 4d photoemission feature, which indicates that the electronic structure of the surface is different from the bulk. Time resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy indicates the presence of multiple excitonic decay features, which is argued to originate from states residing at surface and bulk environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini K. Ekanayaka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Dylan Richmond
- Department of Physics, State University of New York-Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126, USA
| | - Mason McCormick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Shashank R. Nandyala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Halle C. Helfrich
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Department of Physics, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Jon M. Pikal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Carolina C. Ilie
- Department of Physics, State University of New York-Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126, USA
| | - Peter A. Dowben
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Andrew J. Yost
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Oklahoma Photovoltaic Research Institute, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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9
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Lim J, Choi E, Kim M, Lee M, Chen D, Green MA, Seidel J, Kim C, Park J, Hao X, Yun JS. Revealing the Dynamics of the Thermal Reaction between Copper and Mixed Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20866-20874. [PMID: 35499459 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is present not only in the electrode for inverted-structure halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) but also in transport layers such as copper iodide (CuI), copper thiocyanate (CuSCN), and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) alternatives to spiro-OMeTAD due to their improved thermal stability. While Cu or Cu-incorporated materials have been effectively utilized in halide perovskites, there is a lack of thorough investigation on the direct reaction between Cu and a perovskite under thermal stress. In this study, we investigated the thermal reaction between Cu and a perovskite as well as the degradation mechanism by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). The results show that high temperatures of 100 °C induce Cu to be incorporated into the perovskite lattice by forming "Cu-rich yet organic A-site-poor" perovskites, (CuxA1-x)PbX3, near the grain boundaries, which result in device performance degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoo Lim
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Moonyong Kim
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel Chen
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sundrive Solar, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Martin A Green
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jan Seidel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Changheon Kim
- Solar Energy R&D Department, Green Energy Institute, Mokpo, Chonnam 58656, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52849, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jae Sung Yun
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Advanced Technology Institute (ATI), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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10
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Controllable Introduction of Surface Defects on CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12061002. [PMID: 35335815 PMCID: PMC8954356 DOI: 10.3390/nano12061002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the unique characteristics of semiconductors is the strong dependence of their properties on crystal defects and doping. However, due to the species diversity and low density, it is very difficult to control the type and concentration of the defects. In perovskite materials, crystal defects are randomly formed during the fast crystallization process, causing large heterogeneity of the samples. Here, in this work, we report a controllable method to introduce surface defects on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite materials via the interaction with 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) molecules on the gas and solid interface. After the adsorption of BQ molecules on the perovskite surface, surface defects can be generated by photoinduced chemical reactions. The concentration of the defects can thus be controlled by precisely regulating the laser irradiation time. The concentration of the defects can be characterized by a gradually decreased PL intensity and lifetime and was found to influence the atmospheric response and the subsequent acetone-induced degradation of the materials. These results demonstrate that crystal defects in perovskite materials can be controllably introduced, which provides a possible way to fully understand the correlation between the nature and chemical structure of these defects.
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11
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Li Y, Xu W, Mussakhanuly N, Cho Y, Bing J, Zheng J, Tang S, Liu Y, Shi G, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Durrant JR, Ma W, Ho-Baillie AWY, Huang S. Homologous Bromides Treatment for Improving the Open-Circuit Voltage of Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106280. [PMID: 34741474 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solution-processed organic-inorganic mixed halide perovskite solar cells has achieved rapid improvement. However, it is imperative to minimize the voltage deficit (Woc = Eg /q - Voc ) for their PCE to approach the theoretical limit. Herein, the strategy of depositing homologous bromide salts on the perovskite surface to achieve a surface and bulk passivation for the fabrication of solar cells with high open-circuit voltage is reported. Distinct from the conclusions given by previous works, that homologous bromides such as FABr only react with PbI2 to form a large-bandgap perovskite layer on top of the original perovskite, this work shows that the bromide also penetrates the perovskite film and passivates the perovskite in the bulk. This is confirmed by the small-bandgap enlargement observed by absorbance and photoluminescence, and the bromide element ratio increasing in the bulk by time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry and depth-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, a clear suppression of non-radiative recombination is confirmed by a variety of characterization methods. This work provides a simple and universal way to reduce the Woc of single-junction perovskite solar cells and it will also shed light on developing other high-performance optoelectronic devices, including perovskite-based tandems and light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Weidong Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Nursultan Mussakhanuly
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Yongyoon Cho
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jueming Bing
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
- School of Physics and University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jianghui Zheng
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
- School of Physics and University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Shi Tang
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
- School of Physics and University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guozheng Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zeke Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- SPECIFIC IKC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Wanli Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Anita W Y Ho-Baillie
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
- School of Physics and University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Shujuan Huang
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
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12
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Kosar S, Winchester AJ, Doherty TAS, Macpherson S, Petoukhoff CE, Frohna K, Anaya M, Chan NS, Madéo J, Man MKL, Stranks SD, Dani KM. Unraveling the varied nature and roles of defects in hybrid halide perovskites with time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2021; 14:6320-6328. [PMID: 35003331 PMCID: PMC8658252 DOI: 10.1039/d1ee02055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With rapidly growing photoconversion efficiencies, hybrid perovskite solar cells have emerged as promising contenders for next generation, low-cost photovoltaic technologies. Yet, the presence of nanoscale defect clusters, that form during the fabrication process, remains critical to overall device operation, including efficiency and long-term stability. To successfully deploy hybrid perovskites, we must understand the nature of the different types of defects, assess their potentially varied roles in device performance, and understand how they respond to passivation strategies. Here, by correlating photoemission and synchrotron-based scanning probe X-ray microscopies, we unveil three different types of defect clusters in state-of-the-art triple cation mixed halide perovskite thin films. Incorporating ultrafast time-resolution into our photoemission measurements, we show that defect clusters originating at grain boundaries are the most detrimental for photocarrier trapping, while lead iodide defect clusters are relatively benign. Hexagonal polytype defect clusters are only mildly detrimental individually, but can have a significant impact overall if abundant in occurrence. We also show that passivating defects with oxygen in the presence of light, a previously used approach to improve efficiency, has a varied impact on the different types of defects. Even with just mild oxygen treatment, the grain boundary defects are completely healed, while the lead iodide defects begin to show signs of chemical alteration. Our findings highlight the need for multi-pronged strategies tailored to selectively address the detrimental impact of the different defect types in hybrid perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiia Kosar
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Onna Okinawa 904 0495 Japan
| | - Andrew J Winchester
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Onna Okinawa 904 0495 Japan
| | - Tiarnan A S Doherty
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Stuart Macpherson
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Christopher E Petoukhoff
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Onna Okinawa 904 0495 Japan
| | - Kyle Frohna
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Miguel Anaya
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Nicholas S Chan
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Onna Okinawa 904 0495 Japan
| | - Julien Madéo
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Onna Okinawa 904 0495 Japan
| | - Michael K L Man
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Onna Okinawa 904 0495 Japan
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Keshav M Dani
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Onna Okinawa 904 0495 Japan
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13
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Kim SY, Kang H, Chang K, Yoon HJ. Case Studies on Structure-Property Relations in Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes via Interfacial Engineering with Self-Assembled Monolayers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31236-31247. [PMID: 34170098 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites promise bright and narrow-band light-emitting diodes (LEDs). To this end, reliable understanding on structure-property relations is necessary, yet singling out one effect from others is difficult because photophysical and electronic functions of perovskite LEDs are interwoven each other. To resolve this problem, we herein employ self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) for interfacial engineering nanomaterials. Four different molecules that have the same anchor (thiol), different backbone (aryl vs alkyl) and different terminal group (amine vs pyridine vs methyl) are used to form SAMs at the interface with the thin film of a green-color perovskite, CH3NH3PbBr3. SAM-engineered perovskite films are characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), depth-profile X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), time-resolved laser spectroscopy, and UV-vis absorption and emission spectroscopies. This permits access to how the chemical structure of molecule comprising SAM is related to the various chemical and physical features such as quality and grain size, cross-sectional atomic composition (Pb(0) vs Pb(II)), charge carrier lifetime, and charge mobility of perovskite films, leading to inferences of structure-property relations in the perovskite. Finally, we demonstrate that the trends observed in the model system stem from the affinity of SAM over the undercoordinated Pb ions of perovskite, and these are translated into considerably enhanced EQE (from 2.20 to 5.74%) and narrow-band performances (from 21.3 to 15.9 nm), without a noticeable wavelength shift in perovskite LEDs. Our work suggests that SAM-based interfacial engineering holds a promise for deciphering mechanisms of perovskite LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hungu Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Kiseok Chang
- LG Display, LG Science Park, 30, Magokjungang 10-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
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14
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Wilks RG, Erbing A, Sadoughi G, Starr DE, Handick E, Meyer F, Benkert A, Iannuzzi M, Hauschild D, Yang W, Blum M, Weinhardt L, Heske C, Snaith HJ, Odelius M, Bär M. Dynamic Effects and Hydrogen Bonding in Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Absorbers. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3885-3890. [PMID: 33856793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The organic component (methylammonium) of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx-based perovskites shows electronic hybridization with the inorganic framework via H-bonding between N and I sites. Femtosecond dynamics induced by core excitation are shown to strongly influence the measured X-ray emission spectra and the resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering of the organic components. The N K core excitation leads to a greatly increased N-H bond length that modifies and strengthens the interaction with the inorganic framework compared to that in the ground state. The study indicates that excited-state dynamics must be accounted for in spectroscopic studies of this perovskite solar cell material, and the organic-inorganic hybridization interaction suggests new avenues for probing the electronic structure of this class of materials. It is incidentally shown that beam damage to the methylamine component can be avoided by moving the sample under the soft X-ray beam to minimize exposure and that this procedure is necessary to prevent the creation of experimental artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Erbing
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Golnaz Sadoughi
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K
| | - David E Starr
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Evelyn Handick
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Meyer
- Experimental Physics 7, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Benkert
- Experimental Physics 7, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcella Iannuzzi
- Physical Chemistry Institute, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8176, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Liao X, Habisreutinger SN, Wiesner S, Sadoughi G, Abou-Ras D, Gluba MA, Wilks RG, Félix R, Rusu M, Nicholas RJ, Snaith HJ, Bär M. Chemical Interaction at the MoO 3/CH 3NH 3PbI 3-xCl x Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17085-17092. [PMID: 33787195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The limited long-term stability of metal halide perovskite-based solar cells is a bottleneck in their drive toward widespread commercial adaptation. The organic hole-transport materials (HTMs) have been implicated in the degradation, and metal oxide layers are proposed as alternatives. One of the most prominent metal oxide HTM in organic photovoltaics is MoO3. However, the use of MoO3 as HTM in metal halide perovskite-based devices causes a severe solar cell deterioration. Thus, the formation of the MoO3/CH3NH3PbI3-xClx (MAPbI3-xClx) heterojunction is systematically studied by synchrotron-based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Upon MoO3 deposition, significant chemical interaction is induced at the MoO3/MAPbI3-xClx interface: substoichiometric molybdenum oxide is present, and the perovskite decomposes in the proximity of the interface, leading to accumulation of PbI2 on the MoO3 cover layer. Furthermore, we find evidence for the formation of new compounds such as PbMoO4, PbN2O2, and PbO as a result of the MAPbI3-xClx decomposition and suggest chemical reaction pathways to describe the underlying mechanism. These findings suggest that the (direct) MoO3/MAPbI3-xClx interface may be inherently unstable. It provides an explanation for the low power conversion efficiencies of metal halide perovskite solar cells that use MoO3 as a hole-transport material and in which there is a direct contact between MoO3 and perovskite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sven Wiesner
- Institute Functional Oxides for Energy-Efficient IT, HZB, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Golnaz Sadoughi
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Daniel Abou-Ras
- Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, HZB, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc A Gluba
- Institute for Silicon Photovoltaics, HZB, Kekulestr. 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marin Rusu
- Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, HZB, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin J Nicholas
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Photoemission Studies on the Environmental Stability of Thermal Evaporated MAPbI3 Thin Films and MAPbBr3 Single Crystals. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14072005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid organic inorganic perovskites have been considered as a potential candidate for the next generational solar cell due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties and rapid development in recent years. However, the biggest challenge to prevent them from massive commercial use is their long-term stability. Photoemission spectroscopy has been widely used to investigate properties of the perovskites, which provide critical insights to better understand the degradation mechanisms. In this article, we review mainly our photoemission studies on the degradation processes of perovskite thin films and single crystals with different environmental factors, such as gases, water, and light by monitoring changes of chemical composition and electronic structure. These studies on the effects by different environmental parameters are discussed for the understanding of the stability issues and the possible solutions.
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17
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Liu X, Wang J, Ma C, Huang X, Liu K, Xu Z, Wang W, Wang L, Bai X. Atomic-scale visualization of metallic lead leak related fine structure in CsPbBr 3 quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:124-130. [PMID: 33326538 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07549c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic lead halide perovskites (AILHPs) quantum dots (QDs) have been widely investigated as promising materials for optoelectronic applications because of their outstanding luminescence properties. Lead leakage, a common impurity and environmental pollution source that majorly hinders the commercialization of lead halide perovskite devices, has lately attracted considerable attention. Its detrimental influence on the luminescence performance has been widely reported. However, an in-depth experimental study of the chemistry geometry relating to lead leakage in CsPbBr3 QDs has been rarely reported to date. Herein, combining real-time (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) with density functional theory calculations, we showed detailed atomic and electronic structure study of the phase boundaries in CsPbBr3 QDs during the lead leakage process. A phenomenon of two-phase coexistence was reported to be linked with the lead precipitating in CsPbBr3 QDs. A phase boundary between the Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phase and conventional orthorhombic perovskite was developed when the lead particle was aggregating in the QDs. Our results suggested that in considering the detrimental exciton quenching process not only the role of lead nanoparticles should be considered but also the influence of the phase boundary on electron-hole transport is worthy of attention. The direct visualization of the delicate atomic and electronic structures associated with lead aggregation in CsPbBr3 sheds light on how the leakage process influences the luminescence performance and provides a potential route for suppressing the generation of environmentally harmful byproducts for advanced devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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18
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Svanström S, García Fernández A, Sloboda T, Jacobsson TJ, Rensmo H, Cappel UB. X-ray stability and degradation mechanism of lead halide perovskites and lead halides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12479-12489. [PMID: 34037011 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01443a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites have become a leading material in the field of emerging photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Significant progress has been achieved in improving the intrinsic properties and environmental stability of these materials. However, the stability of lead halide perovskites to ionising radiation has not been widely investigated. In this study, we investigated the radiolysis of lead halide perovskites with organic and inorganic cations under X-ray irradiation using synchrotron based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We found that fully inorganic perovskites are significantly more stable than those containing organic cations. In general, the degradation occurs through two different, but not mutually exclusive, pathways/mechanisms. One pathway is induced by radiolysis of the lead halide cage into halide salts, halogen gas and metallic lead and appears to be catalysed by defects in the perovskite. The other pathway is induced by the radiolysis of the organic cation which leads to formation of organic degradation products and the collapse of the perovskite structure. In the case of Cs0.17FA0.83PbI3, these reactions result in products with a lead to halide ratio of 1 : 2 and no formation of metallic lead. The radiolysis of the organic cation was shown to be a first order reaction with regards to the FA+ concentration and proportional to the X-ray flux density with a radiolysis rate constant of 1.6 × 10-18 cm2 per photon at 3 keV or 3.3 cm2 mJ-1. These results provide valuable insight for the use of lead halide perovskite based devices in high radiation environments, such as in space environments and X-ray detectors, as well as for investigations of lead halide perovskites using X-ray based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Svanström
- Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alberto García Fernández
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tamara Sloboda
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - T Jesper Jacobsson
- Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein Straße 16, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ute B Cappel
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Das C, Wussler M, Hellmann T, Mayer T, Zimmermann I, Maheu C, Nazeeruddin MK, Jaegermann W. Surface, Interface, and Bulk Electronic and Chemical Properties of Complete Perovskite Solar Cells: Tapered Cross-Section Photoelectron Spectroscopy, a Novel Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40949-40957. [PMID: 32794739 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The surface, interface, and bulk properties are a few of the most critical factors that influence the performance of perovskite solar cells. The photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is used as a technique to analyze these properties. However, the information depth of PES is limited to 10-20 nm, which makes it not suitable to study the complete devices, which have a thickness of ∼1 μm. Here, we introduce a novel and simple technique of PES on a tapered cross section (TCS-PES). It provides both lateral and vertical resolutions compared to the conventional PES so that it is suitable to study a complete perovskite solar cell. It offers many benefits over conventional PES methods such as the chemical composition in the micrometer scale from the surface to the bulk and the electronic properties at the multiple interfaces. The chemical natures of different layers of the perovskite-based solar cells [(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15] can be identified precisely for the first time using the TCS-PES method. We found that the perovskite layer has higher iodine concentration at the Spiro/perovskite interface and higher bromine concentration at the TiO2/perovskite interface. UPS measurements on the tapered cross section revealed that the perovskite is n-type, and the solar cell studied here is a p-n-n structure type device. The unique possibilities to analyze the complete solar cell by XPS and UPS allow us to estimate the band bending in a working solar cell. Moreover, this technique can further be used to study the device under operating conditions, and it can be applied in other solid-state devices like solid electrolyte Li-ion batteries, LEDs, or photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittaranjan Das
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Wussler
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tim Hellmann
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayer
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Iwan Zimmermann
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Station 6, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clément Maheu
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Station 6, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Jaegermann
- Materials Science Department, Darmstadt University of Technology, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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20
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Zhang W, Xiong J, Li J, Daoud WA. Seed-Assisted Growth for Low-Temperature-Processed All-Inorganic CsPbIBr 2 Solar Cells with Efficiency over 10. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001535. [PMID: 32410278 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic CsPbIBr2 perovskite has recently received growing attention due to its balanced band gap and excellent environmental stability. However, the requirement of high-temperature processing limits its application in flexible devices. Herein, a low-temperature seed-assisted growth (SAG) method for high-quality CsPbIBr2 perovskite films through reducing the crystallization temperature by introducing methylammonium halides (MAX, X = I, Br, Cl) is demonstrated. The mechanism is attributed to MA cation based perovskite seeds, which act as nuclei lowering the formation energy of CsPbIBr2 during the annealing treatment. It is found that methylammonium bromide treated perovskite (Pvsk-Br) film fabricated at low temperature (150 °C) shows micrometer-sized grains and superior charge dynamic properties, delivering a device with an efficiency of 10.47%. Furthermore, an efficiency of 11.1% is achieved for a device based on high-temperature (250 °C) processed Pvsk-Br film via the SAG method, which presents the highest reported efficiency for inorganic CsPbIBr2 solar cells thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihai Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Juan Xiong
- Faculty of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Walid A Daoud
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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21
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Jeong G, Koo D, Seo J, Jung S, Choi Y, Lee J, Park H. Suppressed Interdiffusion and Degradation in Flexible and Transparent Metal Electrode-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with a Graphene Interlayer. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3718-3727. [PMID: 32223250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are attractive candidates for application in indium tin oxide (ITO)-free solar cells due to their excellent electrical conductivity and cost effectiveness. In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), metal-induced degradation with the perovskite layer leads to various detrimental effects, deteriorating the device performance and stability. Here, we introduce a novel flexible hybrid TCE consisting of a Cu grid-embedded polyimide film and a graphene capping layer, named GCEP, which exhibits excellent mechanical and chemical stability as well as desirable optoelectrical properties. We demonstrated the critical role of graphene as a protection layer to prevent metal-induced degradation and halide diffusion between the electrode and perovskite layer; the performance of the flexible PSCs fabricated with GCEP was comparable to that of their rigid ITO-based counterparts and also exhibited outstanding mechanical and chemical stability. This work provides an effective strategy to design mechanically and chemically robust ITO-free metal-assisted TCE platforms in PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyujeong Jeong
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Koo
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyung Seo
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungon Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseong Choi
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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22
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Minimizing Defect States in Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10093061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to reach the theoretical efficiency limits of lead-based metal halide perovskite solar cells, the voltage should be enhanced because it suffers from non-radiative recombination. Perovskite materials contain intrinsic defects that can act as Shockley–Read–Hall recombination centers. Several experimental and computational studies have characterized such defect states within the band gap. We give a systematic overview of compositional engineering by distinguishing the different defect-reducing mechanisms. Doping effects are divided into influences on: (1) crystallization; (2) lattice properties. Incorporation of dopant influences the lattice properties by: (a) lattice strain relaxation; (b) chemical bonding enhancement; (c) band gap tuning. The intrinsic lattice strain in undoped perovskite was shown to induce vacancy formation. The incorporation of smaller ions, such as Cl, F and Cd, increases the energy for vacancy formation. Zn doping is reported to induce strain relaxation but also to enhance the chemical bonding. The combination of computational studies using (DFT) calculations quantifying and qualifying the defect-reducing propensities of different dopants with experimental studies is essential for a deeper understanding and unraveling insights, such as the dynamics of iodine vacancies and the photochemistry of the iodine interstitials, and can eventually lead to a more rational approach in the search for optimal photovoltaic materials.
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23
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Ghosh A, Chaudhary DK, Mandal A, Prodhan S, Chauhan KK, Vihari S, Gupta G, Datta PK, Bhattacharyya S. Core/Shell Nanocrystal Tailored Carrier Dynamics in Hysteresisless Perovskite Solar Cells with ∼20% Efficiency and Long Operational Stability. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:591-600. [PMID: 31887041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ambient stability, hysteresis, and trap states in organo-halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are correlated to the influence of interlayer interfaces and grain boundaries. Astute incorporation of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) and Au/CZTS core/shell nanocrystals (NCs) can realize the goal of simultaneously achieving better performance and ambient stability of the PSCs. With optimized Au/CZTS NC size and concentration in the photoactive layer, power conversion efficiency can be increased up to 19.97 ± 0.6% with ambient air stability >800 h, as compared to 14.46 ± 1.02% for the unmodified devices. Through efficient carrier generation by CZTS and perovskite, accompanied by the plasmonic effect of Au, carrier density is sufficiently increased as validated by transient absorption spectroscopy. NCs facilitate the interfacial charge transfer by suitable band alignment and removal of recombination centers such as metallic Pb0, surface defects, or impurity sites. NC embedding also increases the perovskite grain size and assists in pinhole filling, reducing the trap state density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anima Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Dhirendra K Chaudhary
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Arnab Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Sayan Prodhan
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302 , India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302 , India
| | - Saket Vihari
- Advanced Materials and Devices Division , CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg , New Delhi 110012 , India
| | - Govind Gupta
- Advanced Materials and Devices Division , CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg , New Delhi 110012 , India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Datta
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302 , India
| | - Sayan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
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24
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Phung N, Félix R, Meggiolaro D, Al-Ashouri A, Sousa E Silva G, Hartmann C, Hidalgo J, Köbler H, Mosconi E, Lai B, Gunder R, Li M, Wang KL, Wang ZK, Nie K, Handick E, Wilks RG, Marquez JA, Rech B, Unold T, Correa-Baena JP, Albrecht S, De Angelis F, Bär M, Abate A. The Doping Mechanism of Halide Perovskite Unveiled by Alkaline Earth Metals. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2364-2374. [PMID: 31917562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Halide perovskites are a strong candidate for the next generation of photovoltaics. Chemical doping of halide perovskites is an established strategy to prepare the highest efficiency and most stable perovskite-based solar cells. In this study, we unveil the doping mechanism of halide perovskites using a series of alkaline earth metals. We find that low doping levels enable the incorporation of the dopant within the perovskite lattice, whereas high doping concentrations induce surface segregation. The threshold from low to high doping regime correlates to the size of the doping element. We show that the low doping regime results in a more n-type material, while the high doping regime induces a less n-type doping character. Our work provides a comprehensive picture of the unique doping mechanism of halide perovskites, which differs from classical semiconductors. We proved the effectiveness of the low doping regime for the first time, demonstrating highly efficient methylammonium lead iodide based solar cells in both n-i-p and p-i-n architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Phung
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , CNR-ISTM , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy.,D3-CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Amran Al-Ashouri
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Gabrielle Sousa E Silva
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Juanita Hidalgo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , North Avenue NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Hans Köbler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , CNR-ISTM , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy.,D3-CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Barry Lai
- Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Lab , 9700 Cass Avenue , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Rene Gunder
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Meng Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China.,Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Kai-Li Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Zhao-Kui Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Kaiqi Nie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Evelyn Handick
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jose A Marquez
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Bernd Rech
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Technical University Berlin , Marchstraße 23 , 10587 Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Unold
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , North Avenue NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Steve Albrecht
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Technical University Berlin , Marchstraße 23 , 10587 Berlin , Germany
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , CNR-ISTM , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy.,D3-CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Marcus Bär
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerland Str. 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN) , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering , University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Tecchio 80 , 80125 Fuorigrotta , Italy
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25
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Gualdrón-Reyes AF, Rodríguez-Pereira J, Amado-González E, Rueda-P J, Ospina R, Masi S, Yoon SJ, Tirado J, Jaramillo F, Agouram S, Muñoz-Sanjosé V, Giménez S, Mora-Seró I. Unravelling the Photocatalytic Behavior of All-Inorganic Mixed Halide Perovskites: The Role of Surface Chemical States. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:914-924. [PMID: 31805231 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the most mesmerizing materials in the world of optoelectronics, mixed halide perovskites (MHPs) have been distinguished because of the tunability of their optoelectronic properties, balancing both the light-harvesting efficiency and the charge extraction into highly efficient solar devices. This feature has drawn the attention of analogous hot topics as photocatalysis for carrying out more efficiently the degradation of organic compounds. However, the photo-oxidation ability of perovskite depends not only on its excellent light-harvesting properties but also on the surface chemical environment provided during its synthesis. Accordingly, we studied the role of surface chemical states of MHP-based nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized by hot-injection (H-I) and anion-exchange (A-E) approaches on their photocatalytic (PC) activity for the oxidation of β-naphthol as a model system. We concluded that iodide vacancies are the main surface chemical states that facilitate the formation of superoxide ions, O2●-, which are responsible for the PC activity in A-E-MHP. Conversely, the PC performance of H-I-MHP is related to the appropriate balance between band gap and a highly oxidizing valence band. This work offers new insights on the surface properties of MHP related to their catalytic activity in photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F Gualdrón-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biocombustibles Lab-IBEAR, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad de Pamplona , Pamplona , Norte de Santander 543050 , Colombia
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) , Universitat Jaume I (UJI) , Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n , 12071 Castellón de la Plana , Spain
| | - Jhonatan Rodríguez-Pereira
- Centro de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica en Materiales y Nanociencias (CMN) , Universidad Industrial de Santander , Piedecuesta , Santander 681011 , Colombia
| | - Eliseo Amado-González
- Laboratorio de Biocombustibles Lab-IBEAR, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad de Pamplona , Pamplona , Norte de Santander 543050 , Colombia
| | - Jorge Rueda-P
- Grupo de Óptica Moderna, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad de Pamplona , Pamplona, Pamplona , Norte de Santander 543050 , Colombia
| | - Rogelio Ospina
- Centro de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica en Materiales y Nanociencias (CMN) , Universidad Industrial de Santander , Piedecuesta , Santander 681011 , Colombia
| | - Sofia Masi
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) , Universitat Jaume I (UJI) , Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n , 12071 Castellón de la Plana , Spain
| | - Seog Joon Yoon
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) , Universitat Jaume I (UJI) , Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n , 12071 Castellón de la Plana , Spain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science , Yeungnam University , 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk 38541 , Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Tirado
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales CIDEMAT , Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Calle 70 No. 52-21 , Medellín 1226 , Colombia
| | - Franklin Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales CIDEMAT , Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Calle 70 No. 52-21 , Medellín 1226 , Colombia
| | - Said Agouram
- Department of Applied Physics and Electromagnetism , University of Valencia (UV) , 46100 Valencia , Spain
- Materials for Renewable Energy (MAER) , Unitat Mixta d'Investigació UV-UJI , 46010 Valencia , Spain
| | - Vicente Muñoz-Sanjosé
- Department of Applied Physics and Electromagnetism , University of Valencia (UV) , 46100 Valencia , Spain
- Materials for Renewable Energy (MAER) , Unitat Mixta d'Investigació UV-UJI , 46010 Valencia , Spain
| | - Sixto Giménez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) , Universitat Jaume I (UJI) , Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n , 12071 Castellón de la Plana , Spain
- Materials for Renewable Energy (MAER) , Unitat Mixta d'Investigació UV-UJI , 46010 Valencia , Spain
| | - Iván Mora-Seró
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) , Universitat Jaume I (UJI) , Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n , 12071 Castellón de la Plana , Spain
- Materials for Renewable Energy (MAER) , Unitat Mixta d'Investigació UV-UJI , 46010 Valencia , Spain
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26
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Liu T, Li Y, Feng S, Yang W, Xu R, Zhang X, Yang H, Fu W. Incorporation of Nickel Ions to Enhance Integrity and Stability of Perovskite Crystal Lattice for High-Performance Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:904-913. [PMID: 31797663 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of integrity and stability of crystal lattice are highly challenging for polycrystalline perovskite films. In this work, a strategy of incorporation of nickel (Ni) ions is presented to modulate the crystal structure of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film. A broad range of experimental characterizations reveal that the incorporation of Ni ions can substantially eliminate the intrinsic halide vacancy defects, since Ni ions have a strong preference for octahedral coordination with halide ions, resulting in significantly improved integrity and short-range order of crystal lattice. Moreover, it is also demonstrated that the stronger chemical bonding interaction between Ni ions and halide ions as well as organic group can improve the stability of the perovskite material. Simultaneously, the surface morphology of the perovskite thin film is also improved by the incorporation of nickel ions. As a result, a planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell incorporated with 1.5% Ni exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 18.82%, which is improved by 25% compared with 14.92% for the pristine device. Simultaneously, the device formed incorpration of 1.5% Ni shows remarkable stability with 90% of the initial efficiency after storage in an air environment for 800 h. The studies provide a new insight into metal-incorporated perovskite materials for various optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , Qianjin Street 2699 , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , Qianjin Street 2699 , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Feng
- College of Physics and Electronic Information , Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities , Tongliao 028000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , Qianjin Street 2699 , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ri Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , Qianjin Street 2699 , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , Qianjin Street 2699 , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , Qianjin Street 2699 , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wuyou Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , Qianjin Street 2699 , Changchun 130012 , People's Republic of China
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27
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Motti SG, Meggiolaro D, Martani S, Sorrentino R, Barker AJ, De Angelis F, Petrozza A. Defect Activity in Lead Halide Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901183. [PMID: 31423684 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of various types of chemical interactions in metal-halide perovskite semiconductors gives them a characteristic "soft" fluctuating structure, prone to a wide set of defects. Understanding of the nature of defects and their photochemistry is summarized, which leverages the cooperative action of density functional theory investigations and accurate experimental design. This knowledge is used to describe how defect activity determines the macroscopic properties of the material and related devices. Finally, a discussion of the open questions provides a path towards achieving an educated prediction of device operation, necessary to engineer reliable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G Motti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via dell' Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/OrganicPhotovoltaics (CLHYO), CNR-ISTM, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Samuele Martani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Dipartamento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sorrentino
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Dipartamento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alex J Barker
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via dell' Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
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28
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Zu F, Wolff CM, Ralaiarisoa M, Amsalem P, Neher D, Koch N. Unraveling the Electronic Properties of Lead Halide Perovskites with Surface Photovoltage in Photoemission Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21578-21583. [PMID: 31124647 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous success of metal-halide perovskites, especially in the field of photovoltaics, has triggered a substantial number of studies in understanding their optoelectronic properties. However, consensus regarding the electronic properties of these perovskites is lacking due to a huge scatter in the reported key parameters, such as work function (Φ) and valence band maximum (VBM) values. Here, we demonstrate that the surface photovoltage (SPV) is a key phenomenon occurring at the perovskite surfaces that feature a non-negligible density of surface states, which is more the rule than an exception for most materials under study. With ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and Kelvin probe, we evidence that even minute UV photon fluxes (500 times lower than that used in typical UPS experiments) are sufficient to induce SPV and shift the perovskite Φ and VBM by several 100 meV compared to dark. By combining UV and visible light, we establish flat band conditions (i.e., compensate the surface-state-induced surface band bending) at the surface of four important perovskites, and find that all are p-type in the bulk, despite a pronounced n-type surface character in the dark. The present findings highlight that SPV effects must be considered in all surface studies to fully understand perovskites' photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshuo Zu
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian M Wolff
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14776 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Maryline Ralaiarisoa
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Patrick Amsalem
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14776 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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29
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Chen B, Rudd PN, Yang S, Yuan Y, Huang J. Imperfections and their passivation in halide perovskite solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3842-3867. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00853a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 834] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells to date are made of polycrystalline films which contain a high density of defects. Imperfection passivation to reduce non-radiative recombination and suppress ion migration could improve device efficiency and device stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - Peter N. Rudd
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
| | - Yongbo Yuan
- School of Physics & Electronics
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure & Ultrafast Process
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
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30
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Walukiewicz W, Rey-Stolle I, Han G, Jaquez M, Broberg D, Xie W, Sherburne M, Mathews N, Asta M. Bistable Amphoteric Native Defect Model of Perovskite Photovoltaics. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3878-3885. [PMID: 29938512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The past few years have witnessed unprecedented rapid improvement of the performance of a new class of photovoltaics based on halide perovskites. This progress has been achieved even though there is no generally accepted mechanism of the operation of these solar cells. Here we present a model based on bistable amphoteric native defects that accounts for all key characteristics of these photovoltaics and explains many idiosyncratic properties of halide perovskites. We show that a transformation between donor-like and acceptor-like configurations leads to a resonant interaction between amphoteric defects and free charge carriers. This interaction, combined with the charge transfer from the perovskite to the electron and hole transporting layers results in the formation of a dynamic n-i-p junction whose photovoltaic parameters are determined by the perovskite absorber. The model provides a unified explanation for the outstanding properties of the perovskite photovoltaics, including hysteresis of J-V characteristics and ultraviolet light-induced degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladek Walukiewicz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ignacio Rey-Stolle
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Solar Energy Institute , Technical University of Madrid (UPM) , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Guifang Han
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N) , Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive , 637553 , Singapore
| | - Maribel Jaquez
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Danny Broberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Matthew Sherburne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Nripan Mathews
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N) , Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive , 637553 , Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Mark Asta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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31
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Long M, Zhang T, Liu M, Chen Z, Wang C, Xie W, Xie F, Chen J, Li G, Xu J. Abnormal Synergetic Effect of Organic and Halide Ions on the Stability and Optoelectronic Properties of a Mixed Perovskite via In Situ Characterizations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801562. [PMID: 29797364 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mixed cation lead mixed halide perovskite (MLMP) Csx FA1-x PbIy Br3-y is one of the most promising candidates for both single-junction and tandem solar cells due to its high efficiency and remarkable stability. However, the composition effect on thermal stability and photovoltaic performances has not yet been comprehensively investigated. Therefore, the interplay between composition, crystal structure, morphology, and optoelectronic properties under heat stress, is systematically elucidated here through a series of in situ characterizations. It is revealed for the first time that the FA+ and Br- release synchronously at first even under mild annealing. This leads to a serious FA- and Br-deficiency issue, with only 88.3% of Br and 90.2% of FA retained after annealing at 100 °C, which significantly magnifies the hysteresis, phase segregation, and instability issues. Finally, a trace amount of FA+ and Br- is introduced onto the post-annealed MLMP surface to compensate for the deficiency through vacancy filling. The degradation lifetime to 80% of the initial efficiency (t80 ) is improved from 504 to 1056 h and the hysteresis issue is also well resolved. This work highlights the importance of the synergetic composition effect of the organic cation and halide anion on stability and efficiency optimization for long-term applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Long
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Tiankai Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Mingzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Zefeng Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Weiguang Xie
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Fangyan Xie
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
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32
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Ilie CC, Guzman F, Swanson BL, Evans IR, Costa PS, Teeter JD, Shekhirev M, Benker N, Sikich S, Enders A, Dowben PA, Sinitskii A, Yost AJ. Inkjet printable-photoactive all inorganic perovskite films with long effective photocarrier lifetimes. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:18LT02. [PMID: 29578449 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aab986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactive perovskite quantum dot films, deposited via an inkjet printer, have been characterized by x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The crystal structure and bonding environment are consistent with CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots. The current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) transport measurements indicate that the photo-carrier drift lifetime can exceed 1 ms for some printed perovskite films. This far exceeds the dark drift carrier lifetime, which is below 50 ns. The printed films show a photocarrier density 109 greater than the dark carrier density, making these printed films ideal candidates for application in photodetectors. The successful printing of photoactive-perovskite quantum dot films of CsPbBr3, indicates that the rapid prototyping of various perovskite inks and multilayers is realizable.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Ilie
- Department of Physics, State University of New York-Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126-3599, United States of America
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33
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Lang F, Shargaieva O, Brus VV, Neitzert HC, Rappich J, Nickel NH. Influence of Radiation on the Properties and the Stability of Hybrid Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30. [PMID: 29152795 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic perovskites are well suited for optoelectronic applications. In particular, perovskite single and perovskite tandem solar cells with silicon are close to their market entry. Despite their swift rise in efficiency to more than 21%, solar cell lifetimes are way below the needed 25 years. In fact, comparison of the time when the device performance has degraded to 80% of its initial value (T80 lifetime) of numerous solar cells throughout the literature reveals a strongly reduced stability under illumination. Herein, the various detrimental effects are discussed. Most notably, moisture- and heat-related degradation can be mitigated easily by now. Recently, however, several photoinduced degradation mechanisms have been observed. Under illumination, mixed perovskites tend to phase segregate, while, further, oxygen catalyzes deprotonation of the organic cations. Additionally, during illumination photogenerated charge can be trapped in the NH antibonding orbitals causing dissociation of the organic cation. On the other hand, organic-inorganic perovskites exhibit a high radiation hardness that is superior to crystalline silicon. Here, the proposed degradation mechanisms reported in the literature are thoroughly reviewed and the microscopic mechanisms and their implications for solar cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lang
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institut für Silizium Photovoltaik, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oleksandra Shargaieva
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institut für Silizium Photovoltaik, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktor V Brus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institut für Silizium Photovoltaik, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz C Neitzert
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIIn), Salerno University, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Jörg Rappich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institut für Silizium Photovoltaik, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert H Nickel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institut für Silizium Photovoltaik, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Shin D, Kang D, Jeong J, Park S, Kim M, Lee H, Yi Y. Unraveling the Charge Extraction Mechanism of Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated with Two-Step Spin Coating: Interfacial Energetics between Methylammonium Lead Iodide and C 60. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5423-5429. [PMID: 29057656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In organolead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), interfacial properties between the perovskite and charge transport layers are the critical factors governing charge extraction efficiency. In this study, the effect of interfacial energetics between two-step spin-coated methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) with different methylammonium iodide (MAI) concentrations and C60 on the charge extraction efficiency is investigated. The electronic structures of perovskite films are significantly varied by the MAI concentrations due to the changes in the residual precursor and MA+ defect content. As compared to the optimum PSCs with 25 mg mL-1 MAI, PSCs with other MAI concentrations show significantly lower power conversion efficiencies and severe hysteresis. The energy level alignment at the C60/MAPbI3 interface determined by ultraviolet and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy measurements reveals the origin of distinct differences in device performances. The conduction band offset at the C60/MAPbI3 interface plays a crucial role in efficient charge extraction in PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongguen Shin
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Kang
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyeong Jeong
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyung Park
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbok Lee
- Department of Physics, Kangwon National University , 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjin Yi
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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35
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Ramadan AJ, Rochford LA, Fearn S, Snaith HJ. Processing Solvent-Dependent Electronic and Structural Properties of Cesium Lead Triiodide Thin Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4172-4176. [PMID: 28820596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI3) is an attractive material for photovoltaic applications due to its appropriate band gap, strong optical absorption, and high thermal stability. However, the perovskite phase suffers from moisture induced structural instability. Previous studies have utilized a range of solvent systems to establish the role of solvent choice in structural instabilities. Despite this, effects of different solvents on the electronic structure of this material have not been compared. We report substantial chemical and compositional differences in thin films of CsPbI3 prepared from a range of solvent systems. We confirm via X-ray diffraction thin films formed from DMF, DMSO, and a mixture of these solvent systems share the same crystal structure. However, secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and low energy ion scattering measurements reveal significant differences between films processed via different solvent systems. Our findings reveal the critical impact solvents have upon compositional stoichiometry and thin-film morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Ramadan
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A Rochford
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham , University Road West, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fearn
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London , South Kensington, SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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36
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Xue J, Zhang Z, Zheng F, Xu Q, Xu J, Zou G, Li L, Zhu JJ. Efficient Solid-State Electrochemiluminescence from High-Quality Perovskite Quantum Dot Films. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8212-8216. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xue
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Fenfen Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Qin Xu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Jinchun Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Lingling Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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37
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Nam JK, Jung MS, Chai SU, Choi YJ, Kim D, Park JH. Unveiling the Crystal Formation of Cesium Lead Mixed-Halide Perovskites for Efficient and Stable Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:2936-2940. [PMID: 28605910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermal instability of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites will be an inevitable hurdle for commercialization. Recently, all-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskites, in particular, CsPbI2Br, have emerged as thermally stable and efficient photovoltaic light absorbers. However, the fundamental properties of this material have not been studied in detail. The crystal formation behavior of CsPbI2Br is investigated by examining the surface morphology, crystal structure, and chemical state of the perovskite films. We discover a previously uncharacterized feature that the formation of black polymorph through optimal annealing temperature proves to be critical to both solar cell efficiency and phase stability. Our optimized planar heterojunction solar cell exhibits a J-V scan efficiency of 10.7% and open-circuit voltage of 1.23 V, which far outperforms the preceding literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Keun Nam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Myung Sun Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sung Uk Chai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yung Ji Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jong Hyeok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
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38
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Shen H, Wu Y, Peng J, Duong T, Fu X, Barugkin C, White TP, Weber K, Catchpole KR. Improved Reproducibility for Perovskite Solar Cells with 1 cm 2 Active Area by a Modified Two-Step Process. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5974-5981. [PMID: 28139114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With rapid progress in recent years, organohalide perovskite solar cells (PSC) are promising candidates for a new generation of highly efficient thin-film photovoltaic technologies, for which up-scaling is an essential step toward commercialization. In this work, we propose a modified two-step method to deposit the CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite film that improves the uniformity, photovoltaic performance, and repeatability of large-area perovskite solar cells. This method is based on the commonly used two-step method, with one additional process involving treating the perovskite film with concentrated methylammonium iodide (MAI) solution. This additional treatment is proved to be helpful for tailoring the residual PbI2 level to an optimal range that is favorable for both optical absorption and inhibition of recombination. Scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence image analysis further reveal that, compared to the standard two-step and one-step methods, this method is very robust for achieving uniform and pinhole-free large-area films. This is validated by the photovoltaic performance of the prototype devices with an active area of 1 cm2, where we achieved the champion efficiency of ∼14.5% and an average efficiency of ∼13.5%, with excellent reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Shen
- Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Yiliang Wu
- Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Jun Peng
- Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - The Duong
- Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Xiao Fu
- Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Chog Barugkin
- Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Thomas P White
- Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Klaus Weber
- Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Kylie R Catchpole
- Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
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Fu R, Zhao Y, Li Q, Zhou W, Yu D, Zhao Q. Enhanced long-term stability of perovskite solar cells by 3-hydroxypyridine dipping. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1829-1831. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With 3-HP treatment, perovskite solar cells can give a steady and long-term output at maximum power point for more than 50 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory
- School of Physics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory
- School of Physics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory
- School of Physics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Wenke Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory
- School of Physics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory
- School of Physics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Electron Microscopy Laboratory
- School of Physics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
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40
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Qin C, Matsushima T, Fujihara T, Adachi C. Multifunctional Benzoquinone Additive for Efficient and Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 27869339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Device stability of planar perovskite solar cells is improved by virtue of multifunctional BQ additive. The morphology and crystal quality of the perovskite films are improved because BQ slows the rate of perovskite crystal formation. Electron transfer from perovskite to BQ reduces charge-recombination losses, and the oxidizing ability of BQ effectively suppresses the formation of metallic lead and improves device lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjiang Qin
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshinori Matsushima
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujihara
- Innovative Organic Device Laboratory, Institute of Systems, Information Technologies and Nanotechnologies (ISIT), 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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41
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Endres J, Egger D, Kulbak M, Kerner RA, Zhao L, Silver SH, Hodes G, Rand BP, Cahen D, Kronik L, Kahn A. Valence and Conduction Band Densities of States of Metal Halide Perovskites: A Combined Experimental-Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2722-9. [PMID: 27364125 PMCID: PMC4959026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report valence and conduction band densities of states measured via ultraviolet and inverse photoemission spectroscopies on three metal halide perovskites, specifically methylammonium lead iodide and bromide and cesium lead bromide (MAPbI3, MAPbBr3, CsPbBr3), grown at two different institutions on different substrates. These are compared with theoretical densities of states (DOS) calculated via density functional theory. The qualitative agreement achieved between experiment and theory leads to the identification of valence and conduction band spectral features, and allows a precise determination of the position of the band edges, ionization energy and electron affinity of the materials. The comparison reveals an unusually low DOS at the valence band maximum (VBM) of these compounds, which confirms and generalizes previous predictions of strong band dispersion and low DOS at the MAPbI3 VBM. This low DOS calls for special attention when using electron spectroscopy to determine the frontier electronic states of lead halide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Endres
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David
A. Egger
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Michael Kulbak
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Ross A. Kerner
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lianfeng Zhao
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Scott H. Silver
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Gary Hodes
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Barry P. Rand
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David Cahen
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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42
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Maughan AE, Ganose AM, Bordelon MM, Miller EM, Scanlon DO, Neilson JR. Defect Tolerance to Intolerance in the Vacancy-Ordered Double Perovskite Semiconductors Cs2SnI6 and Cs2TeI6. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8453-64. [PMID: 27284638 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vacancy-ordered double perovskites of the general formula A2BX6 are a family of perovskite derivatives composed of a face-centered lattice of nearly isolated [BX6] units with A-site cations occupying the cuboctahedral voids. Despite the presence of isolated octahedral units, the close-packed iodide lattice provides significant electronic dispersion, such that Cs2SnI6 has recently been explored for applications in photovoltaic devices. To elucidate the structure-property relationships of these materials, we have synthesized solid-solution Cs2Sn1-xTexI6. However, even though tellurium substitution increases electronic dispersion via closer I-I contact distances, the substitution experimentally yields insulating behavior from a significant decrease in carrier concentration and mobility. Density functional calculations of native defects in Cs2SnI6 reveal that iodine vacancies exhibit a low enthalpy of formation, and that the defect energy level is a shallow donor to the conduction band rendering the material tolerant to these defect states. The increased covalency of Te-I bonding renders the formation of iodine vacancy states unfavorable and is responsible for the reduction in conductivity upon Te substitution. Additionally, Cs2TeI6 is intolerant to the formation of these defects, because the defect level occurs deep within the band gap and thus localizes potential mobile charge carriers. In these vacancy-ordered double perovskites, the close-packed lattice of iodine provides significant electronic dispersion, while the interaction of the B- and X-site ions dictates the properties as they pertain to electronic structure and defect tolerance. This simplified perspective based on extensive experimental and theoretical analysis provides a platform from which to understand structure-property relationships in functional perovskite halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalise E Maughan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Alex M Ganose
- University College London , Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom.,Diamond Light Source, Ltd. , Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchell M Bordelon
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Elisa M Miller
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David O Scanlon
- University College London , Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom.,Diamond Light Source, Ltd. , Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - James R Neilson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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43
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Stoumpos CC, Kanatzidis MG. Halide Perovskites: Poor Man's High-Performance Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5778-93. [PMID: 27174223 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites are a rapidly developing class of medium-bandgap semiconductors which, to date, have been popularized on account of their remarkable success in solid-state heterojunction solar cells raising the photovoltaic efficiency to 20% within the last 5 years. As the physical properties of the materials are being explored, it is becoming apparent that the photovoltaic performance of the halide perovskites is just but one aspect of the wealth of opportunities that these compounds offer as high-performance semiconductors. From unique optical and electrical properties stemming from their characteristic electronic structure to highly efficient real-life technological applications, halide perovskites constitute a brand new class of materials with exotic properties awaiting discovery. The nature of halide perovskites from the materials' viewpoint is discussed here, enlisting the most important classes of the compounds and describing their most exciting properties. The topics covered focus on the optical and electrical properties highlighting some of the milestone achievements reported to date but also addressing controversies in the vastly expanding halide perovskite literature.
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44
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Yan J, Zhang B, Chen Y, Zhang A, Ke X. Improving the Photoluminescence Properties of Perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3-xClx Films by Modulating Organic Cation and Chlorine Concentrations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:12756-63. [PMID: 27163386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The photoluminescence (PL) properties of inorganic-organic perovskites can be drastically changed by tuning the halogen composition, especially the Cl content. However, our research demonstrated that in addition to the influence of Cl concentration, the PL emission intensity of CH3NH3PbBr3 strongly depends on the content of CH3NH3Br in the coating solution. The effects of CH3NH3Br and Cl concentrations on the PL properties of CH3NH3PbBr3-xClx were investigated. We found that a strong PL emission intensity of CH3NH3PbBr3 can be obtained from solutions with a high CH3NH3Br concentration. The PL emission intensities of CH3NH3PbBr3-xClx films were enhanced by adjusting the molar ratio of PbBr to PbCl2 only in a highly concentrated CH3NH3Br environment. Moreover, it was found that an optimum CH3NH3Br/PbBr2/PbCl2 ratio in the precursor solutions can be used to obtain the strongest PL emission intensity of CH3NH3PbBr3-xClx films. Further studies revealed that both CH3NH3Br and Cl concentrations significantly influence the CH3NH3PbBr3-xClx films evolution, which affects their PL properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Materials, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Materials, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlin Chen
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Materials, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Materials, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Ke
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Materials, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
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45
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Zhang W, Pathak S, Sakai N, Stergiopoulos T, Nayak PK, Noel NK, Haghighirad AA, Burlakov VM, deQuilettes DW, Sadhanala A, Li W, Wang L, Ginger DS, Friend RH, Snaith HJ. Enhanced optoelectronic quality of perovskite thin films with hypophosphorous acid for planar heterojunction solar cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10030. [PMID: 26615763 PMCID: PMC4674686 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution-processed metal halide perovskite semiconductors, such as CH3NH3PbI3, have exhibited remarkable performance in solar cells, despite having non-negligible density of defect states. A likely candidate is halide vacancies within the perovskite crystals, or the presence of metallic lead, both generated due to the imbalanced I/Pb stoichiometry which could evolve during crystallization. Herein, we show that the addition of hypophosphorous acid (HPA) in the precursor solution can significantly improve the film quality, both electronically and topologically, and enhance the photoluminescence intensity, which leads to more efficient and reproducible photovoltaic devices. We demonstrate that the HPA can reduce the oxidized I2 back into I−, and our results indicate that this facilitates an improved stoichiometry in the perovskite crystal and a reduced density of metallic lead. An imbalance in I/Pb stoichiometry is thought to lead to defects in metal halide films. Here, Zhang et al. show that the addition of hypophosphorous acid in the precursor solution can significantly improve the film quality and enhance the photoluminescence intensity, leading to improved photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Sandeep Pathak
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Nobuya Sakai
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Thomas Stergiopoulos
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Pabitra K Nayak
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Nakita K Noel
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Amir A Haghighirad
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Victor M Burlakov
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.,Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Dane W deQuilettes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
| | - Aditya Sadhanala
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liduo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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46
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Tian Y, Merdasa A, Unger E, Abdellah M, Zheng K, McKibbin S, Mikkelsen A, Pullerits T, Yartsev A, Sundström V, Scheblykin IG. Enhanced Organo-Metal Halide Perovskite Photoluminescence from Nanosized Defect-Free Crystallites and Emitting Sites. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4171-7. [PMID: 26722793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) of organo-metal halide perovskite semiconductors can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by exposure to visible light. We applied PL microscopy and super-resolution optical imaging to investigate this phenomenon with spatial resolution better than 10 nm using films of CH3NH3PbI3 prepared by the equimolar solution-deposition method, resulting in crystals of different sizes. We found that PL of ∼100 nm crystals enhances much faster than that of larger, micrometer-sized ones. This crystal-size dependence of the photochemical light passivation of charge traps responsible for PL quenching allowed us to conclude that traps are present in the entire crystal volume rather than at the surface only. Because of this effect, "dark" micrometer-sized perovskite crystals can be converted into highly luminescent smaller ones just by mechanical grinding. Super-resolution optical imaging shows spatial inhomogeneity of the PL intensity within perovskite crystals and the existence of <100 nm-sized localized emitting sites. The possible origin of these sites is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Tian
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aboma Merdasa
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Unger
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Abdellah
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaibo Zheng
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sarah McKibbin
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University , Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University , Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arkady Yartsev
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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