1
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Biermaier C, Bechtold T, Pham T. Towards the Functional Ageing of Electrically Conductive and Sensing Textiles: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5944. [PMID: 34502835 PMCID: PMC8434635 DOI: 10.3390/s21175944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electronic textiles (e-textiles) have become more and more important in daily life and attracted increased attention of the scientific community over the last decade. This interdisciplinary field of interest ranges from material science, over chemistry, physics, electrical engineering, information technology to textile design. Numerous applications can already be found in sports, safety, healthcare, etc. Throughout the life of service, e-textiles undergo several exposures, e.g., mechanical stress, chemical corrosion, etc., that cause aging and functional losses in the materials. The review provides a broad and critical overview on the functional ageing of electronic textiles on different levels from fibres to fabrics. The main objective is to review possible aging mechanisms and elaborate the effect of aging on (electrical) performances of e-textiles. The review also provides an overview on different laboratory methods for the investigation on accelerated functional ageing. Finally, we try to build a model of cumulative fatigue damage theory for modelling the change of e-textile properties in their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tung Pham
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria; (C.B.); (T.B.)
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2
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Yokoyama S, Nozaki J, Umemoto Y, Motomiya K, Itoh T, Takahashi H. Flexible and adhesive sintered Cu nanomaterials on polyimide substrates prepared by combining Cu nanoparticles and nanowires with polyvinylpyrrolidone. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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3
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Hwang Y, Kim J, Yim C, Park HW. Deep-Sintered Copper Tracks for Thermal Oxidation Resistance Using Large Pulsed Electron Beam. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:19134-19143. [PMID: 34337251 PMCID: PMC8320104 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thermal oxidation resistance is an important property in printed electronics for sustaining electrical conductivity for long time and/or under harsh environments such as high temperature. This study reports the fabrication of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs)-based conductive tracks using large pulsed electron beam (LPEB) by irradiation on CuNPs to be sintered. With an acceleration voltage of 11 kV, the LPEB irradiation induced deep-sintering of CuNPs so that the sintered CuNPs exhibited bulk-like electrical conductivity. Consequently, the sintered Cu tracks maintained high electrical conductivity at 220 °C without using any thermal oxidation protection additive, such as silver, carbon nanotube, and graphene. In contrast, the films irradiated with an acceleration voltage of 8 kV and irradiated by intense pulsed light (IPL) showed fast oxidation characteristics and a corresponding reduction of electrical conductivities under high temperatures owing to a thin sintered layer. The performance of highly thermal oxidation-resistant Cu films sintered by LPEB irradiations was demonstrated through the device performance of a Joule heater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjae Hwang
- School
of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan
National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup,
Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Kim
- Department
of Advanced Science and Technology Convergence, Kyungpook National University (KNU), 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Precision Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook
National University (KNU), 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyong Yim
- Department
of Advanced Science and Technology Convergence, Kyungpook National University (KNU), 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
- School
of Nano & Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University (KNU), 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Park
- School
of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan
National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup,
Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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4
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Altay BN, Turkani VS, Pekarovicova A, Fleming PD, Atashbar MZ, Bolduc M, Cloutier SG. One-step photonic curing of screen-printed conductive Ni flake electrodes for use in flexible electronics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3393. [PMID: 33564062 PMCID: PMC7873258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Photonic curing has shown great promise in maintaining the integrity of flexible thin polymer substrates without structural degradation due to shrinkage, charring or decomposition during the sintering of printed functional ink films in milliseconds at high temperatures. In this paper, single-step photonic curing of screen-printed nickel (Ni) electrodes is reported for sensor, interconnector and printed electronics applications. Solid bleached sulphate paperboard (SBS) and polyethylene terephthalate polymer (PET) substrates are employed to investigate the electrical performance, ink transfer and ink spreading that directly affect the fabrication of homogeneous ink films. Ni flake ink is selected, particularly since its effects on sintering and rheology have not yet been examined. The viscosity of Ni flake ink yields shear-thinning behavior that is distinct from that of screen printing. The porous SBS substrate is allowed approximately 20% less ink usage. With one-step photonic curing, the electrodes on SBS and PET exhibited electrical performances of a minimum of 4 Ω/sq and 16 Ω/sq, respectively, at a pulse length of 1.6 ms, which is comparable to conventional thermal heating at 130 °C for 5 min. The results emphasize the suitability of Ni flake ink to fabricate electronic devices on flexible substrates by photonic curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Nazli Altay
- Institute of Science and Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul, 34722, Turkey.
- Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA.
- Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, QC, H3C 1K3, Canada.
| | - Vikram S Turkani
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA
| | - Alexandra Pekarovicova
- Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA
| | - Paul D Fleming
- Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA
| | - Massood Z Atashbar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5462, USA
| | - Martin Bolduc
- Mechanical Engineering, Université du Québec À Trois-Rivières, 555 University Blvd, Drummondville, QC, J2C 0R5, Canada
| | - Sylvain G Cloutier
- Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, QC, H3C 1K3, Canada
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5
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Zhuo L, Liu W, Zhao Z, Yin E, Li C, Zhou L, Zhang Q, Feng Y, Lin S. Cost-effective silver nano-ink for inkjet printing in application of flexible electronic devices. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Tomotoshi D, Kawasaki H. Surface and Interface Designs in Copper-Based Conductive Inks for Printed/Flexible Electronics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1689. [PMID: 32867267 PMCID: PMC7559014 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver (Ag), gold (Au), and copper (Cu) have been utilized as metals for fabricating metal-based inks/pastes for printed/flexible electronics. Among them, Cu is the most promising candidate for metal-based inks/pastes. Cu has high intrinsic electrical/thermal conductivity, which is more cost-effective and abundant, as compared to Ag. Moreover, the migration tendency of Cu is less than that of Ag. Thus, recently, Cu-based inks/pastes have gained increasing attention as conductive inks/pastes for printed/flexible electronics. However, the disadvantages of Cu-based inks/pastes are their instability against oxidation under an ambient condition and tendency to form insulating layers of Cu oxide, such as cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and cupric oxide (CuO). The formation of the Cu oxidation causes a low conductivity in sintered Cu films and interferes with the sintering of Cu particles. In this review, we summarize the surface and interface designs for Cu-based conductive inks/pastes, in which the strategies for the oxidation resistance of Cu and low-temperature sintering are applied to produce highly conductive Cu patterns/electrodes on flexible substrates. First, we classify the Cu-based inks/pastes and briefly describe the surface oxidation behaviors of Cu. Next, we describe various surface control approaches for Cu-based inks/pastes to achieve both the oxidation resistance and low-temperature sintering to produce highly conductive Cu patterns/electrodes on flexible substrates. These surface control approaches include surface designs by polymers, small ligands, core-shell structures, and surface activation. Recently developed Cu-based mixed inks/pastes are also described, and the synergy effect in the mixed inks/pastes offers improved performances compared with the single use of each component. Finally, we offer our perspectives on Cu-based inks/pastes for future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan;
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7
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Miyagawa M, Ikeyama Y, Kotake H, Maeda T, Tanaka H. Environmental-friendly degradation of clay-hybridized Cu nanoparticles by carboxylic acids. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Costa Bassetto V, Oliveira Silva W, Pereira CM, Girault HH. Flash light synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles for electrochemical applications: silver, gold, and their alloys. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Sooraj M, Nair AS, Pillai SC, Hinder SJ, Mathew B. CuNPs decorated molecular imprinted polymer on MWCNT for the electrochemical detection of l-DOPA. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Park HJ, Jo Y, Lee SS, Lee SY, Choi Y, Jeong S. Printable Thick Copper Conductors from Optically Modulated Multidimensional Particle Mixtures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20134-20142. [PMID: 31056900 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Printing techniques that enable the formation of arbitrarily designed architectures have been implemented in various research fields owing to their characteristic advantages in processing over other techniques. In particular, low-cost, printable conductors are of paramount importance in the production of highly functioning printed electronics. Among various candidates, copper (Cu) particle-based printable fluid has been regarded as the most promising constituent material in conjunction with the use of the flash-light-sintering (FLS) process in air. In this study, we synthesized surface-oxidation-suppressed Cu nanoparticles, sub-micronparticles, and flakes to regulate the optical absorption characteristics in FLS-processed, Cu-based printed conductors. Our results revealed clearly that the critical issues in FLS-processed conductors, namely, undesirable crack formation and a limitation of thickness, are resolved by adjusting the optical behaviors of particulate layers by variation of the composition of multidimensional mixture particles. It is suggested that crack-free, 13.2 μm thick printed Cu conductors can be generated with a resistivity of 11.4 μΩ cm by printing and FLS processes in air. The proposed alternative approach is demonstrated with electrical circuits comprising electrodes and interconnections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Park
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
| | - Yejin Jo
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , 217 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350 , Korea
| | - Sun Sook Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
| | - Youngmin Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , 217 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350 , Korea
| | - Sunho Jeong
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics , Kyung Hee University , Yongin -shi, Gyeonggi-do 17104 , Korea
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11
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Hwang HJ, Malhotra R. Shape-Tuned Junction Resistivity and Self-Damping Dynamics in Intense Pulsed Light Sintering of Silver Nanostructure Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:3536-3546. [PMID: 30585721 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concurrently reducing processing temperature, electrical resistance, and material cost with scalable fabrication capabilities is critical for conductive elements of flexible and planar electronics. Intense pulsed light sintering (IPL) of mixed dissimilar-shape conductive nanostructures may achieve this goal. However, this potential is hindered by knowledge gaps on how dissimilarity in nanostructure shape affects interparticle neck growth kinetics in general and the self-damping coupling between neck growth and optical absorption in IPL. We study these phenomena for IPL of mixed Ag nanowires (NWs, 40 nm diameter, 100-200 μm length) and nanospheres (NSs, 40 nm diameter), both experimentally and by linking molecular dynamics simulations with optical modeling. An optimal 50:50 mixing ratio lowers resistivity (5.59 μΩ·cm) and peak temperatures (250-150 °C) relative to pure NS films and reduces material costs relative to pure NW films with similar resistivity, in 2.5 s of IPL. The drop in peak temperatures in consecutive optical pulses reduces with greater NW content. Sintering-induced dislocation generation drives higher neck growth at NW-NS and NW-NW interfaces and anisotropic neck growth at NW-NS interfaces. This indicates that when NWs are introduced into NS films, along with lesser number of interfacial contact points, an inherent reduction in sintering-induced junction resistivity plays a major role in reducing film resistivity. The self-damping coupling and optical absorption, which drive temperature evolution in IPL, are tunable by nanostructure shape. The introduction of NWs into a NS ensemble reduces the dependence of optical absorption on neck growth. We discuss how these insights elucidate a set of physical phenomena that can guide the choice of dissimilar shaped nanostructures to concurrently reduce resistivity and temperatures in IPL and other sintering processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Hwang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Rutgers University , 98 Brett Road , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Rajiv Malhotra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Rutgers University , 98 Brett Road , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
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12
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Milowska KZ, Burda M, Wolanicka L, Bristowe PD, Koziol KKK. Carbon nanotube functionalization as a route to enhancing the electrical and mechanical properties of Cu-CNT composites. NANOSCALE 2018; 11:145-157. [PMID: 30525144 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper-CNT (carbon nanotube) composite materials are promising alternatives to conventional conductors in applications ranging from interconnects in microelectronics to electrical cabling in aircraft and vehicles. Unfortunately, exploiting the full potential of these composites is difficult due to the poor Cu-CNT electro-mechanical interface. We demonstrate through large-scale ab initio calculations and sonication experiments that this problem can be addressed by CNT surface modification. Our calculations show that covalent functionalization of CNTs below 6.7 at% significantly improves Cu-CNT wetting and the mechanical properties of the composite. Oxidative pre-treatment of CNTs enhances the Young's modulus of the composite by nearly a factor 3 above that of pure Cu, whereas amination slightly improves the electrical current density with respect to the unmodified Cu-CNT system in the high bias regime. However, only nitrogen doping can effectively improve both the mechanical and electrical properties of the composite. As the experiments show, consistent with the calculations, substitutional doping with nitrogen effectively improves adhesion of the CNT to the Cu matrix. We also predict an improvement in the mechanical properties for the composite containing doped double-wall CNTs. Moreover, the calculations indicate that the presence of nitrogen dopants almost doubles locally the transmission through the nanotube and reduces the back scattering in the Cu matrix around the CNT. The computed electrical conductance of N-doped Cu-CNT "carpets" exceeds that of an undoped system by ∼160%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Z Milowska
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, CB3 0FS Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Chen X, Wu X, Shao S, Zhuang J, Xie L, Nie S, Su W, Chen Z, Cui Z. Hybrid Printing Metal-mesh Transparent Conductive Films with Lower Energy Photonically Sintered Copper/tin Ink. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13239. [PMID: 29038555 PMCID: PMC5643557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
With the help of photonic sintering using intensive pulse light (IPL), copper has started to replace silver as a printable conductive material for printing electrodes in electronic circuits. However, to sinter copper ink, high energy IPL has to be used, which often causes electrode destruction, due to unreleased stress concentration and massive heat generated. In this study, a Cu/Sn hybrid ink has been developed by mixing Cu and Sn particles. The hybrid ink requires lower sintering energy than normal copper ink and has been successfully employed in a hybrid printing process to make metal-mesh transparent conductive films (TCFs). The sintering energy of Cu/Sn hybrid films with the mass ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 (Cu:Sn) were decreased by 21% compared to sintering pure Cu film, which is attributed to the lower melting point of Sn for hybrid ink. Detailed study showed that the Sn particles were effectively fused among Cu particles and formed conducting path between them. The hybrid printed Cu/Sn metal-mesh TCF with line width of 3.5 μm, high transmittance of 84% and low sheet resistance of 14 Ω/□ have been achieved with less defects and better quality than printed pure copper metal-mesh TCFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhou Wu
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Shao
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Zhuang
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Xie
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Nie
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng Chen
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng Cui
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
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14
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Kanzaki M, Kawaguchi Y, Kawasaki H. Fabrication of Conductive Copper Films on Flexible Polymer Substrates by Low-Temperature Sintering of Composite Cu Ink in Air. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20852-20858. [PMID: 28574247 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of a thermal sintering method for Cu-based inks under an air atmosphere could greatly expand their application for printed electronics. However, it is well-known that Cu-based inks cannot produce conductive Cu films when sintered at low temperatures in air because Cu readily oxidizes under such conditions. In this study, we have successfully demonstrated air atmosphere sintering at low temperatures (less than 150 °C) via a simple hot plate heat treatment for producing conductive Cu films on flexible polymer substrates, using a novel Cu-based composite ink with sub-10 nm Cu nanoparticles protected with 1-amino-2-propanol with micrometer-sized Cu particles and submicrometer-sized Cu particles; oxalic acid was also added to prevent the oxidation of the Cu during sintering. The Cu films showed a minimum resistivity of 5.5 × 10-5 Ω·cm when sintered in air at 150 °C for a very short period of 10 s. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of sintering of Cu-based inks in air at less than 150 °C. Another novel property of the present Cu-based composite ink is the lowest reported resistivity at 80 °C under N2 flow (5.3 × 10-5 Ω·cm at 80 °C and 8.4 × 10-6 Ω·cm at 120 °C). This fast, efficient, and inexpensive technology for thermal sintering in ambient air using composite inks could be a commercially viable method for fabricating printed electronics on flexible substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Kanzaki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University , 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawaguchi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University , 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita 564-8680, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University , 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita 564-8680, Japan
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15
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Yu MH, Joo SJ, Kim HS. Multi-pulse flash light sintering of bimodal Cu nanoparticle-ink for highly conductive printed Cu electrodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:205205. [PMID: 28402291 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6cda] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, bimodal Cu nano-inks composed of two different sizes of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) (40 and 100 nm in diameter) were successfully sintered with a multi-pulse flashlight sintering technique. Bimodal Cu nano-inks were fabricated and printed with various mixing ratios and subsequently sintered by a flash light sintering method. The effects of the flashlight sintering conditions, including irradiation energy and pulse number, were investigated to optimize the sintering conditions. A detailed mechanism of the sintering of bimodal Cu nano-ink was also studied via real-time resistance measurement during the sintering process. The sintered Cu nano-ink films were characterized using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. From these results, it was found that the optimal ratio of 40-100 nm NPs was found to be 25:75 wt%, and the optimal multi-pulse flash light sintering condition (irradiation energy: 6 J cm-2, and pulse duration: 1 ms, off-time: 4 ms, and pulse number: 5) was found. The optimally sintered Cu nano-ink film exhibited the lowest resistivity of 5.68 μΩ cm and 5B adhesion level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Hyeon Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
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16
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Zhang Y, Kang Z, Bessho T. Two-component spin-coated Ag/CNT composite films based on a silver heterogeneous nucleation mechanism adhesion-enhanced by mechanical interlocking and chemical grafting. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:105607. [PMID: 28177931 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa595f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new method for the synthesis of silver carbon nanotube (Ag/CNT) composite films as conductive connection units for flexible electronic devices is presented. This method is about a two-component solution process by spin coating with an after-treatment annealing process. In this method, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) act as the core of silver heterogeneous nucleation, which can be observed and analyzed by a field-emission scanning electron microscope. With the effects of mechanical interlocking, chemical grafting, and annealing, the interfacial adhesive strength between films and PET sheets was enhanced to 12 N cm-1. The tensile strength of the Ag/CNT composite films was observed to increase by 38% by adding 5 g l-1 MWCNTs. In the four-probe method, the resistivity of Ag/CNT-5 declined by 78.2% compared with pristine Ag films. The anti-fatigue performance of the Ag/CNT composite films was monitored by cyclic bending deformation and the results revealed that the growth rate of electrical resistance during the deformation was obviously retarded. As for industrial application, this method provides an efficient low-cost way to prepare Ag/CNT composite films and can be further applied to other coating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials Processing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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17
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Rosen YS, Yakushenko A, Offenhäusser A, Magdassi S. Self-Reducing Copper Precursor Inks and Photonic Additive Yield Conductive Patterns under Intense Pulsed Light. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:573-581. [PMID: 31457455 PMCID: PMC6641306 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Printing conducting copper interconnections on plastic substrates is of growing interest in the field of printed electronics. Photonic curing of copper inks with intense pulsed light (IPL) is a promising process as it is very fast and thus can be incorporated in roll-to-roll production. We report on using IPL for obtaining conductive patterns from inks composed of submicron particles of copper formate, a copper precursor that has a self-reduction property. Decomposition of copper formate can be performed by IPL and is affected both by the mode of energy application and the properties of the printed precursor layer. The energy application mode was controlled by altering three pulse parameters: duration, intensity, and repetitions at 1 Hz. As the decomposition results from energy transfer via light absorption, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added to the ink to increase the absorbance. We show that there is a strict set of IPL parameters necessary to obtain conductive copper patterns. Finally, we show that by adding as little as 0.5 wt % single-wall CNTs to the ink the absorptance was enhanced by about 50% and the threshold energy required to obtain a conductive pattern decreased by ∼25%. These results have major implications for tailoring inks intended for IPL processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitzchak S. Rosen
- Casali
Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alexey Yakushenko
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future
Information Technology, Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute
of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future
Information Technology, Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Casali
Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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18
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Wu X, Shao S, Chen Z, Cui Z. Printed highly conductive Cu films with strong adhesion enabled by low-energy photonic sintering on low-Tg flexible plastic substrate. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:035203. [PMID: 27941231 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/28/3/035203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) films and circuits were fabricated by screen-printing Cu nanoink on low-Tg (glass transition temperature) flexible plastic substrates (PEN and PET) instead of widely used high-Tg polyimide (PI) substrate. Photonic sintering of printed Cu films was carried out using intensive pulsed light (IPL). Low resistivities of 28 μΩ · cm on PEN and 44 μΩ · cm on PET were obtained without damaging the substrates. The sintered Cu films exhibited strong adhesion to PEN and PET substrates, with measured adhesion strength of 5B by the ASTM D3359 international standard, whereas the top part of the copper film on the PI substrate was stripped off during the adhesion test. The sintered Cu films also showed excellent stability in harsh conditions and mechanical flexibility in rolling tests. The underlying mechanisms of the high conductivity and strong adhesion on PEN and PET substrates with low-energy IPL sintering were investigated. Simple circuits and radio frequency identification antennas were made by screen-printing Cu nanoink and IPL sintering, demonstrating the technique's feasibility for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhou Wu
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Shao
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
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19
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Miyagawa M, Shibusawa A, Maeda K, Tashiro A, Sugai T, Tanaka H. Diameter-controlled Cu nanoparticles on saponite and preparation of film by using spontaneous phase separation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08659h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their optical, catalytic, and electrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Miyagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Chuo University
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Akane Shibusawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Chuo University
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Kaho Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Chuo University
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Tashiro
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Toho University
- Funabashi-shi
- Japan
| | - Toshiki Sugai
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Toho University
- Funabashi-shi
- Japan
| | - Hideki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Chuo University
- Tokyo
- Japan
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20
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Hwang HJ, Lim SC, Ok KC, Park JS, Kim HS. Photonic sintering via flash white light combined with deep UV and NIR for SrTiO 3 thin film vibration touch panel applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:505209. [PMID: 27861167 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/50/505209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-high speed photonic sintering method consisting of flash white light (FWL) combined with near infrared (NIR) and deep UV light irradiations was developed to fabricate a SrTiO3 (STO) thin film for application in electro-vibration touch panels. The STO thin film was sintered on PEN by FWL irradiation at room temperature under ambient conditions, which is a dramatically simple and ultrahigh speed fabrication process compared to the conventional high temperature (600 °C-900 °C) thermal sintering process. The effects of the FWL irradiation conditions (energy density, pulse numbers, and pulse duration) on the dielectric constant of the sintered STO thin films were evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of NIR and deep UV irradiation during the FWL sintering process were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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21
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Yim C, Sandwell A, Park SS. Hybrid Copper-Silver Conductive Tracks for Enhanced Oxidation Resistance under Flash Light Sintering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:22369-22373. [PMID: 27514569 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed a simple method to prepare hybrid copper-silver conductive tracks under flash light sintering. The developed metal nanoparticle-based ink is convenient because its preparation process is free of any tedious washing steps. The inks were composed of commercially available copper nanoparticles which were mixed with formic acid, silver nitrate, and diethylene glycol. The role of formic acid is to remove the native copper oxide layer on the surface of the copper nanoparticles. In this way, it facilitates the formation of a silver outer shell on the surface of the copper nanoparticles through a galvanic replacement. In the presence of formic acid, the copper nanoparticles formed copper formate, which was present in the unsintered tracks. However, under illumination by a xenon flash light, the copper formate was then converted to copper. Moreover, the resistance of the copper-only films increased by 6 orders of magnitude when oxidized at high temperatures (∼220 °C). However, addition of silver nitrate to the inks suppressed the oxidation of the hybrid copper-silver films, and the resistance changes in these inks at high temperatures were greatly reduced. In addition, the hybrid inks proved to be advantageous for use in electrical circuits as they demonstrated a stable electrical conductivity after exposure to ambient air at 180 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Yim
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Allen Sandwell
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Simon S Park
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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22
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Mallikarjuna K, Hwang HJ, Chung WH, Kim HS. Photonic welding of ultra-long copper nanowire network for flexible transparent electrodes using white flash light sintering. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25548a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A schematic representation of the white flash light welding process of a percolated Cu NW network electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mallikarjuna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
| | - Hyun-Jun Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
| | - Wan-Ho Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
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