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Jia K, Yang G, He Y, Cao Z, Gao J, Zhao H, Piao Z, Wang J, Abdelkader AM, Liang Z, Kumar RV, Zhou G, Ding S, Xi K. Degradation Mechanisms of Electrodes Promotes Direct Regeneration of Spent Li-Ion Batteries: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313273. [PMID: 38533901 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The rapid growth of electric vehicle use is expected to cause a significant environmental problem in the next few years due to the large number of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Recycling spent LIBs will not only alleviate the environmental problems but also address the challenge of limited natural resources shortages. While several hydro- and pyrometallurgical processes are developed for recycling different components of spent batteries, direct regeneration presents clear environmental, and economic advantages. The principle of the direct regeneration approach is restoring the electrochemical performance by healing the defective structure of the spent materials. Thus, the development of direct regeneration technology largely depends on the formation mechanism of defects in spent LIBs. This review systematically details the degradation mechanisms and types of defects found in diverse cathode materials, graphite anodes, and current collectors during the battery's lifecycle. Building on this understanding, principles and methodologies for directly rejuvenating materials within spent LIBs are outlined. Also the main challenges and solutions for the large-scale direct regeneration of spent LIBs are proposed. Furthermore, this review aims to pave the way for the direct regeneration of materials in discarded lithium-ion batteries by offering a theoretical foundation and practical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jia
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Guorui Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yujia He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenjiang Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Juntao Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhihong Piao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Amr M Abdelkader
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole House, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - R Vasant Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shujiang Ding
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Kai Xi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Oh J, Lee S, Kim H, Ryu J, Gil B, Lee J, Kim M. Overcharge-Induced Phase Heterogeneity and Resultant Twin-Like Layer Deformation in Lithium Cobalt Oxide Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203639. [PMID: 36089656 PMCID: PMC9661829 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Overcharging is expected to be one of the solutions to overcome the current energy density limitation of lithium-ion battery cathodes, which will support the rapid growth of the battery market. However, high-voltage charging often poses a major safety threat including fatal incendiary incidents, limiting further application. Numerous researches are dedicated to the disadvantages of the overcharging process; nonetheless, the urgent demand for addressing failure mechanisms is still unfulfilled. Herein, it is revealed that overcharging induces phase heterogeneity into layered and cobalt oxide phases, and consequent "twin-like deformation" in lithium cobalt oxide. The interplay between the uncommon cobalt(III) oxide and the deformation is investigated by revealing the atomistic formation mechanism. Most importantly, abnormal cracking is discovered in the vicinity of the cobalt oxide where structural instability induces substantial contraction. In addition, surface degradation is widely observed in the crack boundary inside the particle. As unintentional overcharging can occur due to local imbalance in state-of-charge in severe operating conditions such as fast charging, the issues on overcharging should be emphasized to large extent and this study provides fundamental knowledge of overcharge by elucidating the crack development mechanism of layered cathodes, which is expected to broaden the horizon into high voltage operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Yong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Division of Materials Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Hwangsun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseok Ryu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongjun Gil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jongki Lee
- Product Engineering Team, Automotive & ESS Biz.Samsung SDIYongin‐siGyeonggi‐do17084Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
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Jayasree SS, Nair S, Santhanagopalan D. Nanoscale-engineered LiCoO 2as a high energy cathode for wide temperature lithium-ion battery applications-role of coating chemistry and thickness. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:275403. [PMID: 35349990 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac622c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extending the charge cutoff voltage of LiCoO2(LCO) beyond 4.2 V is considered as a key parameter to obtain higher energy densities. Following gaps have been identified based on a thorough literature survey especially for higher cutoff voltage of nanoscale engineered LCO cathodes, (i) different metal oxides and metal fluoride surface coatings have been mostly done independently by different groups, (ii) room temperature performance was the focus with limited investigations at high temperature, (iii) nonexistence of low temperature cycling studies and (iv) no reports on high rate capability of LCO beyond 4.5 V (especially at 4.8 V) needs to be investigated. Herein, we report the effect of nanoscale engineering of LCO along with the role of coating chemistry and thickness to study its electrochemical performance at higher voltages and at wide operating temperatures. Surface coating was implemented with different metal oxides and a metal fluoride with tunable thickness. At 4.5 V, 5 wt% Al2O3coated LiCoO2(LCO@Al2O3-5) delivered a reversible capacity of 169 mAh g-1at 100 mA g-1and 151 mAh g-1at high rate of 10 C (2 A g-1) and 72% retention at the end of 500 cycles. At 55 °C, it exhibited better stability over 500 cycles at 5 C and even at -12.5 °C it maintained 72% of its initial capacity after 100 cycles at 200 mA g-1. At 4.8 V cut-off, LCO@Al2O3-5 rendered reversible capacity of 213 mAh g-1at 100 mA g-1, a high value compared to literatures reported for LCO. Also noted that it delivered a capacity of 126 mAh g-1at a current density of 1 A g-1, whereas bare could only exhibit 66 mAh g-1under same testing conditions. Enhanced performance of LCO@Al2O3-5 can be ascribed to the lower charge transfer resistance derived from the stable solid solution formation on the interface.Ex situXRD andex situRaman analysis at different stages of charge/discharge cycles correlates the enhanced performance of LCO@Al2O3-5 with its structural stability and minimal structural degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silpasree S Jayasree
- Centre for Nanosciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara Kochi 682 041, India
| | - Shantikumar Nair
- Centre for Nanosciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara Kochi 682 041, India
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Pokle A, Ahmed S, Schweidler S, Bianchini M, Brezesinski T, Beyer A, Janek J, Volz K. In Situ Monitoring of Thermally Induced Effects in Nickel-Rich Layered Oxide Cathode Materials at the Atomic Level. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:57047-57054. [PMID: 33296166 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The thermal stability of cathode active materials (CAMs) is of major importance for the safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). A thorough understanding of how commercially viable layered oxide CAMs behave at the atomic length scale upon heating is indispensable for the further development of LIBs. Here, structural changes of Li(Ni0.85Co0.15Mn0.05)O2 (NCM851005) at elevated temperatures are studied by in situ aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-STEM). Heating NCM851005 inside the microscope under vacuum conditions enables us to observe phase transitions and other structural changes at high spatial resolutions. This has been primarily possible by establishing low-dose electron beam conditions in STEM. Specific focus is put on the evolution of inherent nanopore defects found in the primary grains, which are believed to play an important role in LIB degradation. The onset temperature of structural changes is found to be ∼175 °C, resulting in phase transformation from a layered to a rock-salt-like structure, especially at the internal interfaces, and increasing intragrain inhomogeneity. The reducing environment and heat application lead to the formation and subsequent densification of {003}- and {014}-type facets. In the light of these results, postsynthesis electrode drying processes applied under reducing environment and heat, for example, in the preparation of solid-state batteries, should be re-examined carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Pokle
- Materials Science Center (WZMW) and Department of Physics, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein -Str.6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shamail Ahmed
- Materials Science Center (WZMW) and Department of Physics, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein -Str.6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schweidler
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Matteo Bianchini
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Torsten Brezesinski
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyer
- Materials Science Center (WZMW) and Department of Physics, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein -Str.6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Volz
- Materials Science Center (WZMW) and Department of Physics, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein -Str.6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Kim H, Choi G, Kim S, Lee D, Doo SW, Park J, Lee WB, Lee KT. Plane-Selective Coating of Li 2SnO 3 on Li[Ni xCo 1-x]O 2 for High Power Li ion Batteries. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7096-7102. [PMID: 32787329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interphase engineering is becoming increasingly important in improving the electrochemical performance of cathode materials for rechargeable batteries, including Li ion, Li metal, and all-solid-state batteries, because irreversible surface reactions, such as electrolyte decomposition, and transition metal dissolution, constitute one of these batteries' failure modes. In this connection, various surface-engineered cathode materials have been investigated to improve interfacial properties. No synthesis methods, however, have considered a plane-selective surface modification of cathode materials. Herein, we introduce the basal-plane-selective coating of Li2SnO3 on layered Li[NixCo1-x]O2 (x = 0 and 0.5) using the concept of the thermal phase segregation of Sn-doped Li[NixCo1-x]O2 due to the solubility variation of Sn in Li[NixCo1-x]O2 with respect to temperature. The plane-selective surface modification enables the formation of Li2SnO3 nanolayers on only the Li[NixCo1-x]O2 basal plane without hindering the charge transfer of Li+ ions. As a result, the vertical heterostructure of Li[NixCo1-x]O2-Li2SnO3 core-shells show promising electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanseul Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Doo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Tae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Sun C, Liao X, Xia F, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Mu S, Shi S, Li Y, Peng H, Van Tendeloo G, Zhao K, Wu J. High-Voltage Cycling Induced Thermal Vulnerability in LiCoO 2 Cathode: Cation Loss and Oxygen Release Driven by Oxygen Vacancy Migration. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6181-6190. [PMID: 32302090 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The release of the lattice oxygen due to the thermal degradation of layered lithium transition metal oxides is one of the major safety concerns in Li-ion batteries. The oxygen release is generally attributed to the phase transitions from the layered structure to spinel and rocksalt structures that contain less lattice oxygen. Here, a different degradation pathway in LiCoO2 is found, through oxygen vacancy facilitated cation migration and reduction. This process leaves undercoordinated oxygen that gives rise to oxygen release while the structure integrity of the defect-free region is mostly preserved. This oxygen release mechanism can be called surface degradation due to the kinetic control of the cation migration but has a slow surface to bulk propagation with continuous loss of the surface cation ions. It is also strongly correlated with the high-voltage cycling defects that end up with a significant local oxygen release at low temperatures. This work unveils the thermal vulnerability of high-voltage Li-ion batteries and the critical role of the surface fraction as a general mitigating approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- NRC (Nanostructure Research Centre), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fanjie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- NRC (Nanostructure Research Centre), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sai Mu
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
| | - Shanshan Shi
- College of Sciences & Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanxi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Haoyang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- NRC (Nanostructure Research Centre), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gustaaf Van Tendeloo
- NRC (Nanostructure Research Centre), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- EMAT (Electron Microscopy for Materials Science), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kangning Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Sciences & Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- NRC (Nanostructure Research Centre), Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Abstract
This review article presents a survey of the literature on pulsed laser deposited thin film materials used in devices for energy storage and conversion, i.e., lithium microbatteries, supercapacitors, and electrochromic displays. Three classes of materials are considered: Positive electrode materials (cathodes), solid electrolytes, and negative electrode materials (anodes). The growth conditions and electrochemical properties are presented for each material and state-of-the-art of lithium microbatteries are also reported.
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Ashby DS, DeBlock RH, Choi CS, Sugimoto W, Dunn B. Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Analysis of the Ionogel-Electrode Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12088-12097. [PMID: 30801176 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ionogels, pseudo-solid-state electrolytes consisting of an ionic liquid electrolyte confined in a mesoporous inorganic matrix, have attracted interest recently due to their high ionic conductivity and physicochemical stability. These traits, coupled with their inherent solution processability, make them a viable solid electrolyte for solid-state battery systems. Despite the promising properties of ionogels, there have been very few investigations of the electrode-ionogel interface. In the present study, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements were utilized to probe the surface reactions occurring at the electrode-ionogel interface for several electrode materials. Our results indicate that the sol acidity initiates breakdown of the organic constituents of the sol and reduction of the transition metals present in the electrode materials. This chemical attack forms an organic surface layer and affects the electrode composition, both of which can impede Li+ access. By modifying the silica sol-gel reaction via a two-step acid-base catalysis, these interfacial reactions can be avoided. Results are shown for a LiCoO2 electrode in which a high Li-ion capacity and stable cycling were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Ashby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Ryan H DeBlock
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Christopher S Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Wataru Sugimoto
- Center for Energy and Environmental of Science , Shinshu University , 3-15-1 Tokida , Ueda, Nagano 386-8567 , Japan
| | - Bruce Dunn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Energy and Environmental of Science , Shinshu University , 3-15-1 Tokida , Ueda, Nagano 386-8567 , Japan
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Seong WM, Yoon K, Lee MH, Jung SK, Kang K. Unveiling the Intrinsic Cycle Reversibility of a LiCoO 2 Electrode at 4.8-V Cutoff Voltage through Subtractive Surface Modification for Lithium-Ion Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:29-37. [PMID: 30365316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamic instability of the LiCoO2 layered structure at >0.5Li extraction has been considered an obstacle for the reversible utilization of its near theoretical capacity at high cutoff voltage (>4.6 V vs Li/Li+) in lithium-ion batteries. Many previous studies have focused on resolving this issue by surface modification of LiCoO2, which has proven to be effective in suppressing phase transformation. To determine the extent to which surface protection of LiCoO2 is effective despite its thermodynamic instability and presumably incomplete reversibility involving the O1 phase, here we verify the intrinsic reversibility of bulk LiCoO2 with extended lithium extraction by ruling out the effect of a surface. Specifically, first, we show that, contrary to conventional belief, electrochemical cycling of LiCoO2 at a cutoff voltage of 4.8 V (vs Li/Li+) results in better cycle stability and lower polarizations than those at 4.6 V. We demonstrate, using an exhaustive suite of characterization tools, that the rapid cycle degradation under high-voltage cycling is mostly caused by the formation of a surface resistive layer; however, these damaged surfaces are leached out faster than they are accumulated above a certain potential, which results in superior cyclability compared with that achieved for less oxidative 4.6-V cycling. This beneficial leaching out of the resistive surface layer serves as a "subtractive" surface modification and plays a role in enhancing the cycle stability and is distinguished from conventional "additive" surface modification such as coating. This approach allows us to decouple factors of the bulk and surface degradations that contribute to the capacity fade and leads to the finding that, in the absence of a resistive surface, the capacity retention of a LiCoO2 electrode with 4.8-V cutoff cycling can be intrinsically high, indicating that the instability of the crystalline Li xCoO2 ( x < 0.5) has a limited effect on the cycle stability. Our findings also explain why the strategy of coating foreign materials on the surface of LiCoO2 can improve the high-voltage cycling to some extent despite the expected thermodynamic instability of the highly charged phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Mo Seong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM) , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM) , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hwan Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM) , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM) , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kisuk Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM) , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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A deep study of the protection of Lithium Cobalt Oxide with polymer surface modification at 4.5 V high voltage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:863. [PMID: 29339743 PMCID: PMC5770406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Charging the cells above a conventional voltage of 4.2 V is a promising attempt to increase the energy density of Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), however, the problem of crystal instability at high voltage that leading deterioration of cycle performance needs to be urgently resolved. In this work, as an effective and easy approach to improve the cycle performance and crystal stability of LCO cycling at 4.5 V high voltage, we demonstrate direct surface modification of a LCO cathode by poly [N,N-bis(2-cryano-ethyl)-acrylamide]. The results of SEM, TEM and XRD all indicate that the crystal structure of polymer coating LCO remains unchanged after cycling at 4.5 V high voltage for 60 times. Furthermore, the XPS study of valence of cobalt on the surface of LCO demonstrates that cobaltic ion of polymer coating LCO can be reduced to cobaltous ion after charging the cell. Thus, the activity of the crystal surface can be weakened, as a result, the stability is improved, leading to the performance improvement.
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11
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Wang Q, Hu E, Pan Y, Xiao N, Hong F, Fu Z, Wu X, Bak S, Yang X, Zhou Y. Utilizing Co 2+/Co 3+ Redox Couple in P2-Layered Na 0.66Co 0.22Mn 0.44Ti 0.34O 2 Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700219. [PMID: 29201619 PMCID: PMC5700635 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing sodium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage applications is facing big challenges of the lack of high-performance cathode materials. Here, a series of new cathode materials Na0.66Co x Mn0.66-x Ti0.34O2 for sodium-ion batteries are designed and synthesized aiming to reduce transition metal-ion ordering, charge ordering, as well as Na+ and vacancy ordering. An interesting structure change of Na0.66Co x Mn0.66-x Ti0.34O2 from orthorhombic to hexagonal is revealed when Co content increases from x = 0 to 0.33. In particular, Na0.66Co0.22Mn0.44Ti0.34O2 with a P2-type layered structure delivers a reversible capacity of 120 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C. When the current density increases to 10 C, a reversible capacity of 63.2 mAh g-1 can still be obtained, indicating a promising rate capability. The low valence Co2+ substitution results in the formation of average Mn3.7+ valence state in Na0.66Co0.22Mn0.44Ti0.34O2, effectively suppressing the Mn3+-induced Jahn-Teller distortion, and in turn stabilizing the layered structure. X-ray absorption spectroscopy results suggest that the charge compensation of Na0.66Co0.22Mn0.44Ti0.34O2 during charge/discharge is contributed by Co2.2+/Co3+ and Mn3.3+/Mn4+ redox couples. This is the first time that the highly reversible Co2+/Co3+ redox couple is observed in P2-layered cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. This finding may open new approaches to design advanced intercalation-type cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin‐Chao Wang
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry DivisionBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNY11973USA
| | - Yang Pan
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Na Xiao
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Fan Hong
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Zheng‐Wen Fu
- Department of Chemistry & Laser Chemistry InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Jing Wu
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Seong‐Min Bak
- Chemistry DivisionBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNY11973USA
| | - Xiao‐Qing Yang
- Chemistry DivisionBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNY11973USA
| | - Yong‐Ning Zhou
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
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Lu W, Zhang J, Xu J, Wu X, Chen L. In Situ Visualized Cathode Electrolyte Interphase on LiCoO 2 in High Voltage Cycling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:19313-19318. [PMID: 28497948 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Charging lithium ion battery cathode materials such as LiCoO2 to a higher voltage may simultaneously enhance the specific capacity and average operating voltage and thus improve the energy density. However, battery cycle life is compromised in high voltage cycling due to lattice instability and undesired oxidation of electrolyte. Cathode solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), or cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI), in situ formed at the cathode-electrolyte interface under high voltage, is critically important in understanding the cathode degradation process and crucial in improving high voltage cycle stability. Here we present in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation of CEI on LiCoO2 at high voltage. The formation of CEI is only observed at the LiCoO2 edge plane, not at the basal plane. The thin layer of Al2O3 coating completely suppresses the formation of CEI at the edge planes, and is shown to significantly improve coin cell high voltage cycle stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Zhang
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, SINANO, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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13
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Crystallography and Growth of Epitaxial Oxide Films for Fundamental Studies of Cathode Materials Used in Advanced Li-Ion Batteries. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7050127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Gong Y, Zhang J, Jiang L, Shi JA, Zhang Q, Yang Z, Zou D, Wang J, Yu X, Xiao R, Hu YS, Gu L, Li H, Chen L. In Situ Atomic-Scale Observation of Electrochemical Delithiation Induced Structure Evolution of LiCoO2 Cathode in a Working All-Solid-State Battery. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4274-4277. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gong
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of
Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jienan Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liwei Jiang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jin-An Shi
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenzhong Yang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dongli Zou
- Department
of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China
| | - Jiangyong Wang
- Department
of Physics, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ruijuan Xiao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Hu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department
of Physics, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of
Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liquan Chen
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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