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Mena-Giraldo P, Kaur M, Maurizio SL, Mandl GA, Capobianco JA. Janus Micromotors for Photophoretic Motion and Photon Upconversion Applications Using a Single Near-Infrared Wavelength. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4249-4260. [PMID: 38197400 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
External stimuli can trigger changes in temperature, concentration, and momentum between micromotors and the medium, causing their propulsion and enabling them to perform different tasks with improved kinetic efficiencies. Light-activated micromotors are attractive systems that achieve improved motion and have the potential for high spatiotemporal control. Photophoretic swarming motion represents an attractive means to induce micromotor movement through the generation of temperature gradients in the medium, enabling the micromotors to move from cold to hot regions. The micromotors studied herein are assembled with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and NaGdF4:Yb3+,Er3+/NaGdF4:Yb3+ and LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ upconverting nanoparticles. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were localized to one hemisphere to produce a Janus architecture that facilitates improved upconversion luminescence with the upconverting nanoparticles distributed throughout. Under 976 nm excitation, Fe3O4 nanoparticles generate the temperature gradient, while the upconverting nanoparticles produce visible light that is used for micromotor motion tracking and triggering of reactive oxygen species generation. As such, the motion and application of the micromotors are achieved using a single excitation wavelength. To demonstrate the practicality of this system, curcumin was adsorbed to the micromotor surface and degradation of Rhodamine B was achieved with kinetic rates that were over twice as fast as the static micromotors. The upconversion luminescence was also used to track the motion of the micromotors from a single image frame, providing a convenient means to understand the trajectory of these systems. Together, this system provides a versatile approach to achieving light-driven motion while taking advantage of the potential applications of upconversion luminescence such as tracking and detection, sensing, nanothermometry, particle velocimetry, photodynamic therapy, and pollutant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mena-Giraldo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Mannu Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Steven L Maurizio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Gabrielle A Mandl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - John A Capobianco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
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2
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Luan J, Kuijken PF, Chen W, Wang D, Charleston LA, Wilson DA. Microfluidic Design of Streamlined Alginate Hydrogel Micromotors with Run and Tumble Motion Patterns. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304995. [PMID: 37828568 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous micromotors demonstrate remarkable advancements in biomedical applications. A noteworthy example is streamlined motors, which display enhanced movement efficiency with low fluid-resistance. However, existing streamlined motors, primarily constructed from inorganic materials, present challenges due to their complex fabrication procedures and lack of a soft interface for interaction with biological systems. Herein, a novel design of biodegradable streamlined alginate hydrogel micromotors with a teardrop shape by microfluidics is introduced. The platform enables the high-throughput fabrication of monodisperse micromotors with varied dimensions. By incorporating Pt-coated Fe3 O4 nanoparticles, micromotors are equipped with dual capabilities of catalytic propulsion and accurate magnetic guidance. Through precisely tuning the localization regions of catalysts within the micromotors, the streamlined hydrogel micromotors not only exhibit enhanced propelling efficiency, but also accomplish distinct motion patterns of run and tumble. The design provides insights for developing advanced micromotors capable of executing intricate tasks across diverse application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Luan
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Peter F Kuijken
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Wen Chen
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Danni Wang
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Levy A Charleston
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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O'Callaghan JA, Lee D, Hammer DA. Asymmetry-Enhanced Motion of Urease-Powered Micromotors from Double Emulsion-Templated Microcapsules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37902731 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous motion of enzyme-powered motors has important implications for drug delivery, cell-cell communication, and protocell engineering. Although many of these systems are inspired by the motion of biological cells, most of them lack key structural features, like micrometer-sized boundaries and aqueous compartments, and rely on bubble propulsion to generation motion. In this study, we use droplet microfluidics to generate large populations of cell-sized microcapsules with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) shells and functionalize their surfaces with the enzyme urease to drive their motion. We adjust the number of surface functional groups for urease conjugation by preparing microcapsules with two different surfactants, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PEMA). We also tune the surface roughness of the microcapsules by varying the concentration of silica nanoparticles in the droplet middle phase. We find that PEMA plays a crucial role in increasing the grafting density of urease on the surface of smooth microcapsules, leading to active motion in the presence of urea. In addition, rough microcapsules prepared with PEMA and loaded with comparable amounts of urease move up to three times faster than their smooth counterparts, which we believe is due to an asymmetric distribution of urease on the surface, giving rise to a preferred direction of motion. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the role that various stabilizing agents play in the induction of motion by enzymatic motors prepared from microfluidics, which is a potentially powerful tool for future preparation of motile protocells in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ann O'Callaghan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daniel A Hammer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Kierulf A, Enayati M, Yaghoobi M, Whaley J, Smoot J, Perez Herrera M, Abbaspourrad A. Starch Janus Particles: Bulk Synthesis, Self-Assembly, Rheology, and Potential Food Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:57371-57386. [PMID: 36533671 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although incredible progress in the field of Janus particles over the last three decades has delivered many promising smart-material prototypes, from cancer-targeting drug delivery vehicles to self-motile nanobots, their real-world applications have been somewhat tempered by concerns over scalability and sustainability. In this study, we adapt a simple, scalable 3D mask method to synthesize Janus particles in bulk using starch as the base material: a natural biopolymer that is safe, biocompatible, biodegradable, cheap, widely available, and versatile. Using this method, starch granules are first embedded on a wax droplet such that half of the starch is covered; then, the uncovered half is treated with octenyl succinic anhydride, after which the wax coating is removed. Janus particles with 49% Janus balance can be produced in this way and were observed to self-assemble into wormlike strings in water due to their hydrophobic/hydrophilic nature. Our Janus starch granules outperform the non-Janus controls as thickening and gelling agents: they exhibit a fourfold increase in water-holding capacity, a 30% lower critical caking concentration, and a viscosity greater by orders of magnitude. They also form gels that are much firmer and more stable. Starch Janus particles with these functional properties can be used as novel, lower-calorie, highly efficient, plant-based super-thickeners in the food industry, potentially reducing starch use in food by 55%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaye Kierulf
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 243 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois60192, United States
| | - Mojtaba Enayati
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 243 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Mohammad Yaghoobi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 243 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Judith Whaley
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois60192, United States
| | - James Smoot
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois60192, United States
| | - Mariana Perez Herrera
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois60192, United States
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 243 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
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Sha Z, Wang C, Ma R, Gao X, Sun S. Microfluidic synthesis of Janus-structured QD-encoded magnetic microbeads for multiplex immunoassay. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:407. [PMID: 36198915 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Uniform and monodisperse quantum dot (QD)-encoded magnetic microbeads with Janus structure were produced in a microfluidic device via photopolymerization. UV light through a microscope objective was used to solidify the microbeads which showed sharp interfaces and excellent magnetic responses. QDs with different emission peaks (450 nm for blue and 640 nm for red) were mixed at different ratios to provide three spectral codes. The QD-encoded microbeads can be distinguished by analyzing their fluorescent images in HSV color space. After hydrolysis of the anhydride group in alkaline solution, protein was immobilized on microbeads via activation of carboxyl groups using (1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminoprophyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS). A microhole array in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates with a specific size was fabricated to trap individual microbeads in a single microhole. The combination of Janus-structured QD-encoded magnetic microbeads and microhole arrays facilitates both flexibility, binding kinetics, sensitivity for suspension assay, and fluorescence mapping analysis for conventional biochips, thus providing a novel platform for multiplex bioanalysis. The capability of this integration for multiplex immunoassays was verified using three kinds of IgG and their corresponding anti-IgG. A detection limit of 0.07 ng/mL was achieved for human IgG, indicating practical applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Sha
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chunnan Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaochun Gao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuqing Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Li Y, Wu J, Oku H, Ma G. Polymer‐Modified Micromotors with Biomedical Applications: Promotion of Functionalization. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Division of Molecular Science Graduate School of Science and Engineering Gunma University Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Oku
- Division of Molecular Science Graduate School of Science and Engineering Gunma University Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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7
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Soft microswimmers: Material capabilities and biomedical applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Quantitative Analysis of Drag Force for Task-Specific Micromachine at Low Reynolds Numbers. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071134. [PMID: 35888951 PMCID: PMC9317653 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors have spread widely in order to meet the needs of new applications, including cell operation, drug delivery, biosensing, precise surgery and environmental decontamination, due to their small size, low energy consumption and large propelling power, especially the newly designed multifunctional micromotors that combine many extra shape features in one device. Features such as rod-like receptors, dendritic biosensors and ball-like catalyzing enzymes are added to the outer surface of the tubular micromotor during fabrication to perform their special mission. However, the structural optimization of motion performance is still unclear. The main factor restricting the motion performance of the micromotors is the drag forces. The complex geometry of a micromotor makes its dynamic behavior more complicated in a fluid environment. This study aimed to design the optimum structure of tubular micromotors with minimum drag forces and obtain the magnitude of drag forces considering both the internal and external fluids of the micromotors. By using the computational fluid dynamics software Fluent 18.0 (ANSYS), the drag force and the drag coefficient of different conical micromotors were calculated. Moreover, the influence of the Reynolds numbers Re, the semi-cone angle δ and the ratios ξ and η on the drag coefficient was analyzed. The results show the drag force monotonically increased with Reynolds numbers Re and the ratio η. The extreme point of the drag curve is reached when the semi-cone angle δ is 8° and the ratio ξ is 3.846. This work provides theoretical support and guidance for optimizing the design and development of conical micromotors.
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Kichatov B, Korshunov A, Sudakov V, Petrov O, Gubernov V, Korshunova E, Kolobov A, Kiverin A. Magnetic Nanomotors in Emulsions for Locomotion of Microdroplets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10976-10986. [PMID: 35179020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The locomotion of droplets in emulsions is of practical significance for fields related to medicine and chemical engineering, which can be done with a magnetic field to move droplets containing magnetic materials. Here, we demonstrate a new method of droplet locomotion in the oil-in-water emulsion with the help of a nonuniform magnetic field in the case where magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are dispersed in the continuous phase of the emulsion. The paper analyses the motion of the droplets in a liquid film and in a capillary for various diameters of droplets, their number density, and viscosity of the continuous phase of the emulsion. It is established that the mechanism of droplet locomotion in the emulsion largely depends on the wettability of MNPs. Hydrophobic nanoparticles are adsorbed on the droplet surfaces, forming the agglomerates of MNPs with the droplets. Such agglomerates move at much higher velocities than passive droplets. Hydrophilic nanoparticles are not adsorbed at the surfaces of the droplets but form mobile magnetic clusters dispersed in the continuous phase of the emulsion. Mobile magnetic clusters set the surrounding liquid and droplets in motion. The results obtained in this paper can be used in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kichatov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Korshunov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sudakov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Petrov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Gubernov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Korshunova
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Kolobov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kiverin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow State Technical University by N.E. Bauman, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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Mena-Giraldo P, Orozco J. Photosensitive Polymeric Janus Micromotor for Enzymatic Activity Protection and Enhanced Substrate Degradation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5897-5907. [PMID: 34978178 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Immobilizing enzymes into microcarriers is a strategy to improve their long-term stability and reusability, hindered by (UV) light irradiation. However, in such approaches, enzyme-substrate interaction is mediated by diffusion, often at slow kinetics. In contrast, enzyme-linked self-propelled motors can accelerate this interaction, frequently mediated by the convection mechanism. This work reports on a new photosensitive polymeric Janus micromotor (JM) for UV-light protection of enzymatic activity and efficient degradation of substrates accelerated by the JMs. The JMs were assembled with UV-photosensitive modified chitosan, co-encapsulating fluorescent-labeled proteins and enzymes as models and magnetite and platinum nanoparticles for magnetic and catalytic motion. The JMs absorbed UV light, protecting the enzymatic activity and accelerating the enzyme-substrate degradation by magnetic/catalytic motion. Immobilizing proteins in photosensitive JMs is a promising strategy to improve the enzyme's stability and hasten the kinetics of substrate degradation, thereby enhancing the enzymatic process's efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mena-Giraldo
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Complejo Ruta N, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Jahir Orozco
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Complejo Ruta N, Medellín 050010, Colombia
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Zhang C, Wang Y, Chen Y, Ma X, Chen W. Droplet-Based Microfluidic Preparation of Shape-Variable Alginate Hydrogel Magnetic Micromotors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:115. [PMID: 35010065 PMCID: PMC8796028 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article introduces a facile droplet-based microfluidic method for the preparation of Fe3O4-incorporated alginate hydrogel magnetic micromotors with variable shapes. By using droplet-based microfluidics and water diffusion, monodisperse (quasi-)spherical microparticles of sodium alginate and Fe3O4 (Na-Alg/Fe3O4) are obtained. The diameter varies from 31.9 to 102.7 µm with the initial concentration of Na-Alginate in dispersed fluid ranging from 0.09 to 9 mg/mL. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is used for gelation, immediately transforming Na-Alg/Fe3O4 microparticles into Ca-Alginate hydrogel microparticles incorporating Fe3O4 nanoparticles, i.e., Ca-Alg/Fe3O4 micromotors. Spherical, droplet-like, and worm-like shapes are yielded depending on the concentration of CaCl2, which is explained by crosslinking and anisotropic swelling during the gelation. The locomotion of Ca-Alg/Fe3O4 micromotors is activated by applying external magnetic fields. Under the rotating magnetic field (5 mT, 1-15 Hz), spherical Ca-Alg/Fe3O4 micromotors exhibit an average advancing velocity up to 158.2 ± 8.6 µm/s, whereas worm-like Ca-Alg/Fe3O4 micromotors could be rotated for potential advancing. Under the magnetic field gradient (3 T/m), droplet-like Ca-Alg/Fe3O4 micromotors are pulled forward with the average velocity of 70.7 ± 2.8 µm/s. This article provides an inspiring and timesaving approach for the preparation of shape-variable hydrogel micromotors without using complex patterns or sophisticated facilities, which holds potential for biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
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12
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Mena-Giraldo P, Orozco J. Polymeric Micro/Nanocarriers and Motors for Cargo Transport and Phototriggered Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3920. [PMID: 34833219 PMCID: PMC8621231 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart polymer-based micro/nanoassemblies have emerged as a promising alternative for transporting and delivering a myriad of cargo. Cargo encapsulation into (or linked to) polymeric micro/nanocarrier (PC) strategies may help to conserve cargo activity and functionality when interacting with its surroundings in its journey to the target. PCs for cargo phototriggering allow for excellent spatiotemporal control via irradiation as an external stimulus, thus regulating the delivery kinetics of cargo and potentially increasing its therapeutic effect. Micromotors based on PCs offer an accelerated cargo-medium interaction for biomedical, environmental, and many other applications. This review collects the recent achievements in PC development based on nanomicelles, nanospheres, and nanopolymersomes, among others, with enhanced properties to increase cargo protection and cargo release efficiency triggered by ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, including light-stimulated polymeric micromotors for propulsion, cargo transport, biosensing, and photo-thermal therapy. We emphasize the challenges of positioning PCs as drug delivery systems, as well as the outstanding opportunities of light-stimulated polymeric micromotors for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jahir Orozco
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 # 52-20, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
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13
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Llacer-Wintle J, Rivas-Dapena A, Chen XZ, Pellicer E, Nelson BJ, Puigmartí-Luis J, Pané S. Biodegradable Small-Scale Swimmers for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102049. [PMID: 34480388 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most forms of biomatter are ephemeral, which means they transform or deteriorate after a certain time. From this perspective, implantable healthcare devices designed for temporary treatments should exhibit the ability to degrade and either blend in with healthy tissues, or be cleared from the body with minimal disruption after accomplishing their designated tasks. This topic is currently being investigated in the field of biomedical micro- and nanoswimmers. These tiny devices have the ability to move through fluids by converting physical or chemical energy into motion. Several architectures of these devices have been designed to mimic the motion strategies of nature's motile microorganisms and cells. Due to their motion abilities, these devices have been proposed as minimally invasive tools for precision healthcare applications. Hence, a natural progression in this field is to produce motile structures that can adopt, or even surpass, similar transient features as biological systems. The fate of small-scale swimmers after accomplishing their therapeutic mission is critical for the successful translation of small-scale swimmers' technologies into clinical applications. In this review, recent research efforts are summarized on the topic of biodegradable micro- and nanoswimmers for biomedical applications, with a focus on targeted therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Llacer-Wintle
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Antón Rivas-Dapena
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Xiang-Zhong Chen
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Eva Pellicer
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Josep Puigmartí-Luis
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica I Computacional, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 0 8010, Spain
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
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Kichatov B, Korshunov A, Sudakov V, Gubernov V, Golubkov A, Kiverin A. Superfast Active Droplets as Micromotors for Locomotion of Passive Droplets and Intensification of Mixing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38877-38885. [PMID: 34351762 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors are fascinating objects that are able to move autonomously and perform various complex tasks related to drug delivery, chemical processes, and environmental remediation. Among the types of micromotors, droplet-based micromotors are characterized by a wide range of functional properties related to the capability of encapsulation and deformation and the possibility of using them as microreactors. Relevant problems of micromotor utilization in the chemical processes include intensification of mixing and locomotion of passive objects. In this paper, the technique for preparation of superfast active droplets, which can be used as micromotors for effective locomotion of passive droplets in the oil-in-water emulsion, is demonstrated. The possibility of passive droplet locomotion in the emulsion is determined by a relation between the diameters of active and passive droplets. If the diameter of active droplets is larger than the diameter of passive droplets, the agglomerates form spontaneously in the emulsion and move in a straight line. In the case of the opposite relation between diameters, the agglomerates consisting of active and passive droplets rotate intensively. This makes it impossible to move the passive droplets to a given distance. Such micromotors can achieve unprecedentedly high velocities of motion and can be used to intensify mixing on the microscales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kichatov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Korshunov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sudakov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vladimir Gubernov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr Golubkov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kiverin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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Song R, Cho S, Shin S, Kim H, Lee J. From shaping to functionalization of micro-droplets and particles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:3395-3416. [PMID: 36133725 PMCID: PMC9419121 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00276g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The structure of microdroplet and microparticle is a critical factor in their functionality, which determines the distribution and sequence of physicochemical reactions. Therefore, the technology of precisely tailoring their shape is requisite for implementing the user demand functions in various applications. This review highlights various methodologies for droplet shaping, classified into passive and active approaches based on whether additional body forces are applied to droplets to manipulate their functions and fabricate them into microparticles. The passive approaches cover batch emulsification, solvent evaporation and diffusion, micromolding, and microfluidic methods. In active approaches, the external forces, such as electrical and magnetic fields or optical lithography, are applied to microdroplets. Special attention is also given to latest technologies using microdroplets and microparticles, especially in the fields of biological, optical, robotic, and environmental applications. Finally, this review aims to address the advantages and disadvantages of the introduced approaches and suggests the direction for further development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungeun Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Seongsu Cho
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Seonghun Shin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Hyejeong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Jinkee Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
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16
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Kunti G, Wu Y, Yossifon G. Rational Design of Self-Propelling Particles for Unified Cargo Loading and Transportation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007819. [PMID: 33709614 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on electrically powered active particles that can both self-propel and manipulate cargo load and release, have focused on both spherically shaped Janus particles (JP) and on a parallel electrically conducting plates setup. Yet, spherically shaped JPs set a geometrical limitation on the ability to smartly design multiple dielectrophoretic traps on a single active particle. Herein, these active carriers are extended to accommodate any desired shape and selective metallic coating, using a standard photolithography method. The resulting designed positive and negative dielectrophoretic traps of controlled size, location, and intensity, performed as sophisticated active carriers with a high level of control over their mobility and cargo loading. In addition to cargo loading, the engineered particles exhibit interesting motion in an electrically insulating substrate setup, with in-plane electric field, and, in particular, a tilt angle, and even flipping, that strongly depended on the field frequency and amplitude, hence, exhibiting a much more diverse and rich behavior than spherical JP. The engineered self-propelling carriers are expected to open up new possibilities for unified, label-free and selective cargo loading, transport, and delivery of complex multi-particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golak Kunti
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000, Israel
| | - Yue Wu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000, Israel
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17
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Engineering motile aqueous phase-separated droplets via liposome stabilisation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1673. [PMID: 33723263 PMCID: PMC7960712 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There are increasing efforts to engineer functional compartments that mimic cellular behaviours from the bottom-up. One behaviour that is receiving particular attention is motility, due to its biotechnological potential and ubiquity in living systems. Many existing platforms make use of the Marangoni effect to achieve motion in water/oil (w/o) droplet systems. However, most of these systems are unsuitable for biological applications due to biocompatibility issues caused by the presence of oil phases. Here we report a biocompatible all aqueous (w/w) PEG/dextran Pickering-like emulsion system consisting of liposome-stabilised cell-sized droplets, where the stability can be easily tuned by adjusting liposome composition and concentration. We demonstrate that the compartments are capable of negative chemotaxis: these droplets can respond to a PEG/dextran polymer gradient through directional motion down to the gradient. The biocompatibility, motility and partitioning abilities of this droplet system offers new directions to pursue research in motion-related biological processes.
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Chen L, Zhang MJ, Zhang SY, Shi L, Yang YM, Liu Z, Ju XJ, Xie R, Wang W, Chu LY. Simple and Continuous Fabrication of Self-Propelled Micromotors with Photocatalytic Metal-Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Synergistic Environmental Remediation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35120-35131. [PMID: 32648440 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on a simple and general strategy for continuous fabrication of self-propelled micromotors with photocatalytic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for enhanced synergistic degradation of organic contaminants. With emulsion microdroplets from microfluidics as templates, uniform porous micromotors decorated with Fe3O4@Ag nanoparticles (Fe3O4@AgNPs) at the bottom and zeolitic imidazolate framework-8@ZnO nanoparticles (ZIF-8@ZnONPs) on the surface can be synthesized. The spatial location of ZIF-8@ZnONPs and Fe3O4@AgNPs in micromotors is accurately controlled in one step via their directional migration in the confined microspace of emulsion droplets driven by interfacial energy and magnetic field. The nanoengines Fe3O4@AgNPs enable asymmetric decomposition of H2O2 for bubble-propelled motion and easy magnetic recycling of the micromotor. The porous structures of micromotors provide a large surface area, benefiting decoration of Fe3O4@AgNPs and their contact with H2O2 for promoting bubble generation and reduced micromotor weight for promoting bubble-propelled motion. The nanophotocatalysts ZIF-8@ZnONPs allow enrichment of organic contaminant molecules via adsorption for efficient photocatalytic degradation. With synergistic coupling of the photocatalysis of ZIF-8@ZnONPs and advanced oxidation of the H2O2/UV system, the micromotors with bubble-propelled motion for improved mixing can achieve enhanced degradation of organic contaminants via dual synergistic degradation mechanisms. As highlighted by degradation of rhodamine B, the micromotors exhibit the highest degradation performance as compared to control groups with a single degradation mechanism and with dual degradation mechanisms but without self-propelled motion. This simple fabrication strategy is general and can be flexibly extended to other MOF materials, which may open up new avenues for developing advanced MOF-integrated micromotors for myriad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Jie Zhang
- College of Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610101, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yuan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Lu Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Min Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Rui Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
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Ge L, Cheng J, Sun X, Liu J, Wei D, Guo R. Controlled Group Motion of Anisotropic Janus Droplets Prepared by One-Step Vortex Mixing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:14588-14598. [PMID: 32134625 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In living systems, highly efficient biological micromotors are fascinating and crucial to the maintenance and regulation of normal functions. Inspired by this, solid colloid motors with controlled movements were recently developed for diverse applications. However, to meet the requirements of more elaborate functionalities, the development of droplet-based micromotors, which feature with appealing advantages such as deformability, encapsulation capability, and biocompatibility, is demanding. Herein, responsive Janus droplets with intrinsic magnetic anisotropy were fabricated, taking advantage of the traditional one-step vortex mixing that guarantees large-scale production. Furthermore, the size range of the droplets can be easily extended continuously from hundreds of micrometers down to tens of nanometers. What is more appealing, directed in situ group motions that include alignment, rotation, and transfer of the Janus droplets prepared were successfully realized and precisely controlled by using an external magnetic field. These collective motions induced excellent performances in pollutant adsorption and separation, switchable conductivities, and the size grading. Such scalable, simple, and controllable strategy can expand the application of Janus emulsions to complicated fields of microreactors, microsensors, and environmental regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jingru Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaohuan Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Junliang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Duo Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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20
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Janus particles: from concepts to environmentally friendly materials and sustainable applications. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractJanus particles represent a unique group of patchy particles combining two or more different physical or chemical functionalities at their opposite sides. Especially, individual Janus particles (JPs) with both chemical and geometrical anisotropy as well as their assembled layers provide considerable advantages over the conventional monofunctional particles or surfactant molecules offering (a) a high surface-to-volume ratio; (b) high interfacial activity; (c) target controlling and manipulation of their interfacial activity by external signals such as temperature, light, pH, or ionic strength and achieving switching between stable emulsions and macro-phase separation; (d) recovery and recycling; (e) controlling the mass transport across the interface between the two phases; and finally (f) tunable several functionalities in one particle allowing their use either as carrier materials for immobilized catalytically active substances or, alternatively, their site-selective attachment to substrates keeping another functionality active for further reactions. All these advantages of JPs make them exclusive materials for application in (bio-)catalysis and (bio-)sensing. Considering “green chemistry” aspects covering biogenic materials based on either natural or fully synthetic biocompatible and biodegradable polymers for the design of JPs may solve the problem of toxicity of some existing materials and open new paths for the development of more environmentally friendly and sustainable materials in the very near future. Considering the number of contributions published each year on the topic of Janus particles in general, the number of contributions regarding their environmentally friendly and sustainable applications is by far smaller. This certainly pinpoints an important challenge and is addressed in this review article. The first part of the review focuses on the synthesis of sustainable biogenic or biocompatible Janus particles, as well as strategies for their recovery, recycling, and reusability. The second part addresses recent advances in applications of biogenic/biocompatible and non-biocompatible JPs in environmental and biotechnological fields such as sensing of hazardous pollutants, water decontamination, and hydrogen production. Finally, we provide implications for the rational design of environmentally friendly and sustainable materials based on Janus particles.
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Geng Y, Ling S, Huang J, Xu J. Multiphase Microfluidics: Fundamentals, Fabrication, and Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906357. [PMID: 31913575 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase microfluidics enables an alternative approach with many possibilities in studying, analyzing, and manufacturing functional materials due to its numerous benefits over macroscale methods, such as its ultimate controllability, stability, heat and mass transfer capacity, etc. In addition to its immense potential in biomedical applications, multiphase microfluidics also offers new opportunities in various industrial practices including extraction, catalysis loading, and fabrication of ultralight materials. Herein, aiming to give preliminary guidance for researchers from different backgrounds, a comprehensive overview of the formation mechanism, fabrication methods, and emerging applications of multiphase microfluidics using different systems is provided. Finally, major challenges facing the field are illustrated while discussing potential prospects for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Geng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - SiDa Ling
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinpei Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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22
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DeMella KC, Raghavan SR. Catalyst-Loaded Capsules that Spontaneously Inflate and Violently Eject their Core. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13718-13726. [PMID: 31603331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a design for polymer capsules that exhibit a range of unusual autonomous behaviors when exposed to a chemical fuel. The capsules have a physically gelled core (alginate-Ca2+) loaded with catalytic (silver) particles and a shell composed of a chemically cross-linked gel. In the presence of the fuel (H2O2), a catalytic reaction occurs, which generates oxygen (O2) gas. The gas collects in a zone between the core and the shell, and the resulting gas pressure causes the elastic shell to stretch. This makes the capsule inflate in a process reminiscent of a swelling pufferfish. As the capsule inflates, the polymer chains in the shell continue to stretch until a breaking point is reached, whereupon the shell ruptures. Three rupture modes are documented: gentle, moderate, and violent. The latter involves the gelled core being forcefully ejected out of the shell in a manner similar to the ejection of needles out of nematocysts on jellyfish. The extent and duration of inflation can be tuned by altering the core and shell composition; for example, shells that are more densely cross-linked swell less and rupture faster. Also, instead of a catalytic reaction, capsule inflation can be achieved by combining reactants, one in the capsule and the other in the external solution, that together generate a different gas (e.g., CO2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry C DeMella
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Srinivasa R Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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Wei F, Yin C, Zheng J, Zhan Z, Yao L. Rise of cyborg microrobot: different story for different configuration. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:651-664. [PMID: 31573533 PMCID: PMC8676360 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
By integrating organic parts achieved through evolution and inorganic parts developed by human civilisation, the cyborg microrobot is rising by taking advantage of the high flexibility, outstanding energy efficiency, extremely exquisite structure in the natural components and the fine upgradability, nice controllability in the artefact parts. Compared to the purely synthetic microrobots, the cyborg microrobots, due to the exceptional biocompatibility and biodegradability, have already been utilised in in situ diagnosis, precise therapy and other biomedical applications. In this review, through a thorough summary of recent advances of cyborg microrobots, the authors categorise the cyborg microrobots into four major classes according to the configuration between biomaterials and artefact materials, i.e. microrobots integrated inside living cell, microrobots modified with biological debris, microrobots integrated with single cell and microrobots incorporated with multiple cells. Cyborg microrobots with the four types of configurations are introduced and summarised with the combination approaches, actuation mechanisms, applications and challenges one by one. Moreover, they conduct a comparison among the four different cyborg microrobots to guide the actuation force promotion, locomotion control refinement and future applications. Finally, conclusions and future outlook of the development and potential applications of the cyborg microrobots are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghong Zheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziheng Zhan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligang Yao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People's Republic of China
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24
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Micromotors from Microfluidics. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2417-2430. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ren M, Guo W, Guo H, Ren X. Microfluidic Fabrication of Bubble-Propelled Micromotors for Wastewater Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22761-22767. [PMID: 31203603 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bubble-propelled micromotors with controllable shapes and sizes have been developed by a microfluidic method, which serves for effective wastewater treatment. Using the emulsion from microfluidics as the template, monodisperse micromotors can be fabricated in large quantities based on phase separation and UV-induced monomer polymerization. By adjusting the volume ratio of the two immiscible oils (ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate/paraffin oil) in the initial emulsion, the geometry of the resulting micromotor can be precisely controlled from nearly spherical, hemispherical to crescent-shaped. The size of the micromotor can be manipulated by varying the fluid flow parameters. In addition, by incorporating functional nanoparticles into the asymmetric structure, the micromotor can be functionalized flexibly for water remediation. In this research, Fe3O4 and MnO2 nanoparticles were successfully loaded on Janus micromotors. Fe3O4 nanoparticles can act as catalysts for pollutant degradation and also control the movement direction of micromotors. MnO2 nanoparticles on the concave of the micromotor catalyzed H2O2 to produce bubble propulsion motion in solution, which further enhanced the degradation of pollutants. Consequently, the obtained micromotor demonstrated effective degradation of methylene blue and can be easily recovered by magnets. Furthermore, this simple and flexible strategy offers a synthetic way for anisotropic Janus particles, which will broaden their potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ren
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , China
| | - Weilin Guo
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , China
| | - Huaisu Guo
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , China
| | - Xiaohua Ren
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , China
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26
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Dong Y, Yi C, Yang S, Wang J, Chen P, Liu X, Du W, Wang S, Liu BF. A substrate-free graphene oxide-based micromotor for rapid adsorption of antibiotics. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4562-4570. [PMID: 30806402 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled micro/nanomotors play a crucial role in the fields of biomedicine, energy and the environment but are limited by low throughput and a tedious fabrication approach. Here, we propose a simple microfluidics-based scheme for fabricating substrate-free graphene oxide (GO)-based micromotors of different shapes and sizes with high throughput. The micromotors are designed to possess a 'Janus'-like porous structure, and half of each micromotor is modified with hierarchical Pt nanoflowers, which can promote the wetting of Pt with an H2O2 solution and result in a high speed of movement. To investigate the applicability of the micromotors, they were employed to rapidly remove an antibiotic, namely, tetracycline, from a solution. It was found that the rapid movement of the micromotors increased the mass transfer of tetracycline and the frequency of collisions between tetracycline molecules and the micromotors, which led to a high removal efficiency. The direction of movement of the micromotors can be conveniently controlled by an external magnetic field. Furthermore, the removal efficiency and removal time as functions of the number of micromotors, the adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm, and the removal amount as a function of the pH were investigated. This proved that the micromotors that were constructed exhibit high adsorption capabilities for tetracycline and implied that they hold great promise for the removal of antibiotics with similar structures or other pollutants, including organic compounds, heavy metals and oil droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
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Su YY, Zhang MJ, Wang W, Deng CF, Peng J, Liu Z, Faraj Y, Ju XJ, Xie R, Chu LY. Bubble-Propelled Hierarchical Porous Micromotors from Evolved Double Emulsions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Su
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mao-Jie Zhang
- College of Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Fu Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yousef Faraj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
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Cui Y, Wang Y, Wu J, He X, Xuan S, Gong X. Magneto-thermochromic coupling Janus sphere for dual response display. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17959-17966. [PMID: 35520571 PMCID: PMC9064662 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates a simple microfluidic device to synthesize a magneto-thermochromic sphere with Janus inner structure. The Janus sphere is composed of Fe3O4 microspheres, thermochromic particles, and polyacrylamide matrix. Because the Fe3O4 microspheres are assembled together in one pole, the Janus sphere can turn around by varying the direction of the external magnetic field. Originating from the temperature-dependent property of the thermochromic particles, the final Janus sphere can change its color from red to pale blue when the temperature is increased from 5 to 45 °C. The detailed formation process and the magneto-thermochromic mechanism are carefully investigated. Due to the magnetic switch and thermochromism, these Janus spheres can be applied as colorful displays by controlling the magnetic field and temperature. The results demonstrate that the dual responsive Janus spheres possess broad application potential in temperature sensors and displays. This work demonstrates a simple microfluidic device to synthesize a magneto-thermochromic sphere with Janus inner structure.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials
- Department of Modern Mechanics
- CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials
- Department of Modern Mechanics
- CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Jie Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials
- Department of Modern Mechanics
- CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Xiaokang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials
- Department of Modern Mechanics
- CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Shouhu Xuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials
- Department of Modern Mechanics
- CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Xinglong Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials
- Department of Modern Mechanics
- CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
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29
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Self-propulsion of aluminum particle-coated Janus droplet in alkaline solution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 532:657-665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pourrahimi AM, Pumera M. Multifunctional and self-propelled spherical Janus nano/micromotors: recent advances. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:16398-16415. [PMID: 30178795 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05196h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in autonomous self-propelled multifunctional Janus nano/micromotors, which are able to convert chemical or light energy into mechanical motion, is presented. This technology of moving micro- and nanodevices is at the forefront of materials research and is a promising and growing technology with the possibility of using these motors in both biomedical and environmental applications. The development of novel multifunctional Janus motors together with their motion mechanisms is discussed. Different preparation and synthesis routes are compared. The effects of the size, interfacial structures and porosity on the directional motion and the speed of Janus micromotors are discussed. For light-derived Janus micromotors, newly developed techniques that are able to observe directly the interfaces' charge distribution on a nanometer scale are presented in order to clarify the underlying electrophoresis motion mechanism. This review aims to encourage further research in the field of micromotors using new and facile methodologies for obtaining novel Janus motors with enhanced motion and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Masoud Pourrahimi
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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31
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Keller S, Teora SP, Hu GX, Nijemeisland M, Wilson DA. High-Throughput Design of Biocompatible Enzyme-Based Hydrogel Microparticles with Autonomous Movement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9814-9817. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shauni Keller
- Department Systems Chemistry; Institution Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Serena P. Teora
- Department Systems Chemistry; Institution Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Guo Xun Hu
- Department Systems Chemistry; Institution Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Nijemeisland
- Department Systems Chemistry; Institution Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Current address: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering Novel Aerospace Material; Institution Tu Delft University; The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Department Systems Chemistry; Institution Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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32
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Keller S, Teora SP, Hu GX, Nijemeisland M, Wilson DA. High-Throughput Design of Biocompatible Enzyme-Based Hydrogel Microparticles with Autonomous Movement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shauni Keller
- Department Systems Chemistry; Institution Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Serena P. Teora
- Department Systems Chemistry; Institution Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Guo Xun Hu
- Department Systems Chemistry; Institution Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Nijemeisland
- Department Systems Chemistry; Institution Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Current address: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering Novel Aerospace Material; Institution Tu Delft University; The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Department Systems Chemistry; Institution Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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33
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Geng YH, Ge XH, Zhang SB, Zhou YW, Wang ZQ, Chen J, Xu JH. Microfluidic preparation of flexible micro-grippers with precise delivery function. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1838-1843. [PMID: 29850737 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00293b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We used microfluidic technology for preparing gas-liquid Janus emulsions; we firstly proposed a one-step preparation method of micro-grippers and then characterized the function of oriented and precise delivery behavior. Because of the enrichment of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the micro-gripper can reach a speed of 1.5 mm s-1 driven by a magnetic field. The micro-gripper's body is made of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel, a reversible temperature-responsive polymer. The thermo-sensitivity of hydrogels offers the function of grasping, to closely integrate with the target carried, ensuring the stability of the carrying process. The reversible variation of the hydrogel allows the micro-gripper to be reusable and have a long shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Geng
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
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34
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Mallick A, Laskar A, Adhikari R, Roy S. Redox Reaction Triggered Nanomotors Based on Soft-Oxometalates With High and Sustained Motility. Front Chem 2018; 6:152. [PMID: 29780800 PMCID: PMC5946003 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent interest in self-propulsion raises an immediate challenge in facile and single-step synthesis of active particles. Here, we address this challenge and synthesize soft oxometalate nanomotors that translate ballistically in water using the energy released in a redox reaction of hydrazine fuel with the soft-oxometalates. Our motors reach a maximum speed of 370 body lengths per second and remain motile over a period of approximately 3 days. We report measurements of the speed of a single motor as a function of the concentration of hydrazine. It is also possible to induce a transition from single-particle translation to collective motility with biomimetic bands simply by tuning the loading of the fuel. We rationalize the results from a physicochemical hydrodynamic theory. Our nanomotors may also be used for transport of catalytic materials in harsh chemical environments that would otherwise passivate the active catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apabrita Mallick
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhrajit Laskar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - R Adhikari
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Soumyajit Roy
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Chen XZ, Jang B, Ahmed D, Hu C, De Marco C, Hoop M, Mushtaq F, Nelson BJ, Pané S. Small-Scale Machines Driven by External Power Sources. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705061. [PMID: 29443430 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanorobots have shown great potential for applications in various fields, including minimally invasive surgery, targeted therapy, cell manipulation, environmental monitoring, and water remediation. Recent progress in the design, fabrication, and operation of these miniaturized devices has greatly enhanced their versatility. In this report, the most recent progress on the manipulation of small-scale robots based on power sources, such as magnetic fields, light, acoustic waves, electric fields, thermal energy, or combinations of these, is surveyed. The design and propulsion mechanism of micro- and nanorobots are the focus of this article. Their fabrication and applications are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhong Chen
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bumjin Jang
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmela De Marco
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Hoop
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fajer Mushtaq
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, CH, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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37
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Li ZL, Wang W, Li M, Zhang MJ, Tang MJ, Su YY, Liu Z, Ju XJ, Xie R, Chu LY. Facile Fabrication of Bubble-Propelled Micromotors Carrying Nanocatalysts for Water Remediation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mao-Jie Zhang
- College of Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
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Liu L, Bai T, Chi Q, Wang Z, Xu S, Liu Q, Wang Q. How to Make a Fast, Efficient Bubble-Driven Micromotor: A Mechanical View. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E267. [PMID: 30400455 PMCID: PMC6189961 DOI: 10.3390/mi8090267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors, which can be moved at a micron scale, have special functions and can perform microscopic tasks. They have a wide range of applications in various fields with the advantages of small size and high efficiency. Both high speed and efficiency for micromotors are required in various conditions. However, the dynamical mechanism of bubble-driven micromotors movement is not clear, owing to various factors affecting the movement of micromotors. This paper reviews various factors acting on micromotor movement, and summarizes appropriate methods to improve the velocity and efficiency of bubble-driven micromotors, from a mechanical view. The dynamical factors that have significant influence on the hydrodynamic performance of micromotors could be divided into two categories: environment and geometry. Improving environment temperature and decreasing viscosity of fluid accelerate the velocity of motors. Under certain conditions, raising the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is applied. However, a high concentration of hydrogen peroxide is not applicable. In the environment of low concentration, changing the geometry of micromotors is an effective mean to improve the velocity of micromotors. Increasing semi-cone angle and reducing the ratio of length to radius for tubular and rod micromotors are propitious to increase the speed of micromotors. For Janus micromotors, reducing the mass by changing the shape into capsule and shell, and increasing the surface roughness, is applied. This review could provide references for improving the velocity and efficiency of micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tao Bai
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qingjia Chi
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shuang Xu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qiwen Liu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Infrastructure Management Department, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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39
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Jurado-Sánchez B, Pacheco M, Rojo J, Escarpa A. Magnetocatalytic Graphene Quantum Dots Janus Micromotors for Bacterial Endotoxin Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Pacheco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Jaime Rojo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
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40
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Jurado-Sánchez B, Pacheco M, Rojo J, Escarpa A. Magnetocatalytic Graphene Quantum Dots Janus Micromotors for Bacterial Endotoxin Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6957-6961. [PMID: 28504463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetocatalytic hybrid Janus micromotors encapsulating phenylboronic acid (PABA) modified graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are described herein as ultrafast sensors for the detection of deadly bacteria endotoxins. A bottom-up approach was adopted to synthesize an oil-in-water emulsion containing the GQDs along with a high loading of platinum and iron oxide nanoparticles on one side of the Janus micromotor body. The two different "active regions" enable highly efficient propulsion in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or magnetic actuation without the addition of a chemical fuel. Fluorescence quenching was observed upon the interaction of GQDs with the target endotoxin (LPS), whereby the PABA tags acted as highly specific recognition receptors of the LPS core polysaccharide region. Such adaptive hybrid operation and highly specific detection hold considerable promise for diverse clinical, agrofood, and biological applications and integration in future lab-on-chip technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pacheco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Rojo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Janus Micromotors for Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing Applications: A Review. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; E28871 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; E28871 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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