1
|
Zhang H, Liu N, Zhang Y, Cang H, Cai Z, Huang Z, Li J. Croconaine conjugated cationic polymeric nanoparticles for NIR enhanced bacterial killing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 233:113665. [PMID: 38008013 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-triggered treatment approach has been regarded as an effective option for sterilization due to noninvasiveness, limited drug resistance, and minimized adverse effects. Herein, we designed and synthesized a functionalized cationic polymer, CR-PQAC, with croconaine bridging agent and quaternary ammonium groups for photothermal enhanced antimicrobial therapy under near-infrared irradiation. The quaternary ammonium group on the pendent chain endowing CR-PQAC the ability to effectively bind to bacteria. The CR-PQAC could self-assembles into micellar nanoparticles in aqueous solution, which exhibited strong absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region, excellent photostability, and photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 43.8 %. Notably, the CR-PQAC nanoparticles presented remarkable antibacterial activity against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacteria with 808 nm laser irradiation. Moreover, the developed CR-PQAC has negligible dark cytotoxicity and good hemolytic compatibility against mammalian cells. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the desirable antibacterial efficacy of CR-PQAC was obtained. Therefore, the proposed CR-PQAC may be a promising antimicrobial agent for NIR-enhanced killing bacterial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaihong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China.
| | - Na Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Hui Cang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Zhaosheng Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Ziqun Huang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Luan 237012, China.
| | - Jun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi CY, Zhan YF, Liu Y, Zhang ZP, Shen XY, Wu CK, Bai ZY, Zhang ZA, Wang J. Hydrophobic effects enhance xylooligosaccharides production from mulberry branch using xylanase-methacrylate conjugate-catalyzed hydrolysis. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
|
3
|
Mathieu‐Gaedke M, Böker A, Glebe U. How to Characterize the Protein Structure and Polymer Conformation in Protein‐Polymer Conjugates – a Perspective. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mathieu‐Gaedke
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Ulrich Glebe
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chemical modification for improving catalytic performance of lipase B from Candida antarctica with hydrophobic proline ionic liquid. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:749-759. [PMID: 35113231 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of proline ionic liquids with different lengths of hydrophobic alkyl on the side chain were used to modify the Candida Antarctic lipase B (CALB). The catalytic activity, thermal stability and tolerance to methanol and DMSO of the modified enzyme were all improved simultaneously. The optimum temperature changed from 55 to 60 ℃. The hydrophobicity and anion type of the modifier have important influence on the catalytic performance of CALB. CALB modified by [ProC12][H2PO4] has a better effect. Under the optimal conditions, its hydrolysis activity was 3.0 times than that of the native enzyme, the catalytic efficiency Kcat/Km improved 2.8 times in aqueous phase, and the tolerance to organic solvent with strong polarity (50% methanol 2 h) was increased by 6.8 times. Fluorescence spectra and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed that the introduction of ionic liquids changed the microenvironment near the fluorophores of the enzyme protein, the α-helix decreased and β-sheet increased in the secondary structure of the modified enzymes. The root mean square deviation (RMSD), residue root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), and solution accessible surface area (SASA) of [ProC2][Br]-CALB, [ProC12][Br]-CALB and native CALB were obtained for comparison by molecular dynamics simulation. The results of dynamics simulation were in good agreement with enzymology experiment. The introduction of ionic liquids can keep CALB in a better active conformation, and proline ionic liquids with long hydrophobic chains can significantly improve the surface hydrophobicity and overall rigidity of CALB. This research offers a new idea for rapid screening of efficient modifiers and provision of enzymes with high stability and activity for industrial application.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yao Y, Yang J, Li W, Zhang A. Confinements of Thermoresponsive Dendronized Polymers to Proteins. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crowding environment created by host polymers plays crucial roles in manipulating interactions with proteins and modulating their bioactivity. Here, we report our investigation on interactions between polymers and proteins in...
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun J, Liu X, Guo J, Zhao W, Gao W. Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxaldehyde-Enabled N-Terminal In Situ Growth of Polymer-Interferon α Conjugates with Significantly Improved Pharmacokinetics and In Vivo Bioactivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:88-96. [PMID: 33382581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-protein conjugates are a class of biohybrids with unique properties that are highly useful in biomedicine ranging from protein therapeutics to biomedical imaging; however, it remains a considerable challenge to conjugate polymers to proteins in a site-specific, mild, and efficient way to form polymer-protein conjugates with uniform structures and properties and optimal functions. Herein we report pyridine-2,6-dicarboxaldehyde (PDA)-enabled N-terminal modification of proteins with polymerization initiators for in situ growth of poly(oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) conjugates uniquely at the N-termini of a range of natural and recombinant proteins in a mild and efficient fashion. The formed POEGMA-protein conjugates showed highly retained in vitro bioactivity as compared with free proteins. Notably, the in vitro bioactivity of a POEGMA-interferon α (IFN) conjugate synthesized by this new chemistry is 8.1-fold higher than that of PEGASYS that is a commercially available and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved PEGylated IFN. The circulation half-life of the conjugate is similar to that of PEGASYS but is 46.2 times longer than that of free IFN. Consequently, the conjugate exhibits considerably improved antiviral bioactivity over free IFN and even PEGASYS in a mouse model. These results indicate that the PDA-enabled N-terminal grafting-from method is applicable to a number of proteins whose active sites are far away from the N-terminus for the synthesis of N-terminal polymer-protein conjugates with high yield, well-retained activity, and considerably improved pharmacology for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianwen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenguo Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiping Gao
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Activation and stabilization of lipase by grafting copolymer of hydrophobic and zwitterionic monomers onto the enzyme. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Wright TA, Page RC, Konkolewicz D. Polymer conjugation of proteins as a synthetic post-translational modification to impact their stability and activity. Polym Chem 2019; 10:434-454. [PMID: 31249635 PMCID: PMC6596429 DOI: 10.1039/c8py01399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For more than 40 years, protein-polymer conjugates have been widely used for many applications, industrially and biomedically. These bioconjugates have been shown to modulate the activity and stability of various proteins while introducing reusability and new activities that can be used for drug delivery, improve pharmacokinetic ability, and stimuli-responsiveness. Techniques such as RDRP, ROMP and "click" have routinely been utilized for development of well-defined bioconjugate and polymeric materials. Synthesis of bioconjugate materials often take advantage of natural amino acids present within protein and peptide structures for a host of coupling chemistries. Polymer modification may elicit increased or decreased activity, activity retention under harsh conditions, prolonged activity in vivo and in vitro, and introduce stimuli responsiveness. Bioconjugation has resulted to modulated thermal stability, chemical stability, storage stability, half-life and reusability. In this review we aim to provide a brief state of the field, highlight a wide range of behaviors caused by polymer conjugation, and provide areas of future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun Y, Li Z, Wu J, Wang Z, Dong Y, Wang H, Brash JL, Yuan L, Chen H. Gold nanoparticle–protein conjugate dually-responsive to pH and temperature for modulation of enzyme activity. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic activity of the dual-responsive gold nanoparticle–protein–polymer conjugate can be modulated almost in a full range under different pH and temperature conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Sun
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Zhenhua Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Jingxian Wu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Yishi Dong
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - John L. Brash
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Lin Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baker SL, Munasinghe A, Murata H, Lin P, Matyjaszewski K, Colina CM, Russell AJ. Intramolecular Interactions of Conjugated Polymers Mimic Molecular Chaperones to Stabilize Protein–Polymer Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3798-3813. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scott Hall 4N201, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Aravinda Munasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, 312 Leigh Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Chemistry, 312 Leigh Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Coray M. Colina
- Department of Chemistry, 312 Leigh Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scott Hall 4N201, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Disruptive Health Technology Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Yan L, He S, Zhou D, Cheng Y, Chen X, Jing X, Huang Y. A Versatile Method to Prepare Protein Nanoclusters for Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2017; 18. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Lesan Yan
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Shasha He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Dongfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Yanxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xiabin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Yubin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gu Y, Wu X, Liu H, Pan Q, Chen Y. Photoswitchable Heparinase III for Enzymatic Preparation of Low Molecular Weight Heparin. Org Lett 2017; 20:48-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia St., Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuri Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia St., Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia St., Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia St., Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia St., Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pan Y, Ren X, Wang S, Li X, Luo X, Yin Z. Annexin V-Conjugated Mixed Micelles as a Potential Drug Delivery System for Targeted Thrombolysis. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:865-876. [PMID: 28240872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To alleviate the hemorrhagic side effect of thrombolysis therapy, a thrombus targeted drug delivery system based on the specific affinity of Annexin V to phosphatidylserine exposed on the membrane surface of activated platelet was developed. The amphiphilic and biodegradable biomaterial, polycaprolactone-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PCL-b-PDMAEMA-b-PHEMA (PCDH)) triblock polymer, was synthesized via ring opening polymerization (ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to use as the nanocarriers of thrombolytic drug. In order to conjugate Annexin V to the polymer, PCDH was modified by succinic anhydride via ring-opening reaction to introduce the carboxyl group (PCDH-COOH). After preparation of PCDH/PCDH-COOH (9/1, m/m) mixed micelles, Annexin V was coupled with the micelles using carbodiimide chemistry. The blood clot lysis assay in vitro confirmed that lumbrokinase-loaded targeted micelles (LKTM) had stronger thrombolysis potency than free lumbrokinase (LK) and LK-loaded nontargeted micelles (LKM, P < 0.05). In vivo thrombolytic assay, multispectral, optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) was used to assess the target ability of LKTM. The results of MSOT images indicated the fluorescence intensity of the LKTM group located in the blood clot position were significantly stronger than the LKM group. A 5 mm of carotid artery containing blood clot was cut out 24 h later after administration to assess the degree of thrombolysis. The results of thrombolytic assay in vivo were consistent with the assay in vitro, which the differences between LK, LKM, and LKTM groups were both statistically significant. All the results of thrombolysis assays above proved that the capacity of thrombolysis in the LKTM group was optimal. It suggested that Annexin V-conjugated micelles will be a potential drug delivery system for targeted thrombolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoting Ren
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xianglin Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zongning Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|