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Lukas S, Esteki A, Rademacher N, Jangra V, Gross M, Wang Z, Ngo HD, Bäuscher M, Mackowiak P, Höppner K, Wehenkel DJ, van Rijn R, Lemme MC. High-Yield Large-Scale Suspended Graphene Membranes over Closed Cavities for Sensor Applications. ACS NANO 2024; 18:25614-25624. [PMID: 39244663 PMCID: PMC11411726 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Suspended membranes of monatomic graphene exhibit great potential for applications in electronic and nanoelectromechanical devices. In this work, a "hot and dry" transfer process is demonstrated to address the fabrication and patterning challenges of large-area graphene membranes on top of closed, sealed cavities. Here, "hot" refers to the use of high temperature during transfer, promoting the adhesion. Additionally, "dry" refers to the absence of liquids when graphene and target substrate are brought into contact. The method leads to higher yields of intact suspended monolayer chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene and artificially stacked double-layer CVD graphene membranes than previously reported. The yield evaluation is performed using neural-network-based object detection in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, ascertaining high yields of intact membranes with large statistical accuracy. The suspended membranes are examined by Raman tomography and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The method is verified by applying the suspended graphene devices as piezoresistive pressure sensors. Our technology advances the application of suspended graphene membranes and can be extended to other two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lukas
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ardeshir Esteki
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nico Rademacher
- AMO GmbH, Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Vikas Jangra
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Gross
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- AMO GmbH, Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ha-Duong Ngo
- University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Wilhelminenhofstr. 75A (C 525), 12459 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Bäuscher
- Fraunhofer IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Piotr Mackowiak
- Fraunhofer IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Höppner
- Fraunhofer IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Richard van Rijn
- Applied Nanolayers B.V., Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Max C Lemme
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- AMO GmbH, Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Qin M, Chen L, Zhang W, Yang J. A Self-Consistent Framework for Tailored Single-Atom Catalysts in Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1089-1096. [PMID: 38261607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The catalytic activity of single-atom catalysts (SACs) is crucially affected by the actual ligand configurations under the reaction condition; thus, carefully considering the reaction condition is crucial for the theoretical design of SACs. With single metal atoms supported by g-C3N4 as a model system, a self-consistent screening framework is proposed for the theoretical design of SACs with respect to the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). Pourbaix diagrams are constructed on the basis of various co-adsorption configurations of N2, H, and OH. Possible stable configurations containing N2 under the expected reaction condition are considered to obtain the limiting potential of NRR, and the stability of the configuration at the calculated UL is rechecked. With this framework, AC stacking of double-layer g-C3N4-supported Nb and AA stacking and AB stacking of double-layer g-C3N4-supported W are predicted to exhibit superior NRR activity with UL values of -0.36, -0.45, and -0.52 V, respectively. This procedure can be widely applied to the screening of SACs for electrocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Zhao Y, Niu Z, Zhao J, Xue L, Fu X, Long J. Recent Advancements in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Zhang M, Yang L, Wu X, Wang J. Black Phosphorus for Photonic Integrated Circuits. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0206. [PMID: 37593339 PMCID: PMC10430873 DOI: 10.34133/research.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus gives several advantages and complementarities over other two-dimensional materials. It has drawn extensive interest owing to its relatively high carrier mobility, wide tunable bandgap, and in-plane anisotropy in recent years. This manuscript briefly reviews the structure and physical properties of black phosphorus and targets on black phosphorus for photonic integrated circuits. Some of the applications are discussed including photodetection, optical modulation, light emission, and polarization conversion. Corresponding recent progresses, associated challenges, and future potentials are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junjia Wang
- National Research Center for Optical Sensors/communications Integrated Networks, School of Electronic Science and Engineering,
Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
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Carminati SA, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez I, de Morais A, da Silva BL, Melo MA, Souza FL, Nogueira AF. Challenges and prospects about the graphene role in the design of photoelectrodes for sunlight-driven water splitting. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14374-14398. [PMID: 35424005 PMCID: PMC8698315 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives have emerged as potential materials for several technological applications including sunlight-driven water splitting reactions. This review critically addresses the latest achievements concerning the use of graphene as a player in the design of hybrid-photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical cells. Insights about the charge carrier dynamics of graphene-based photocatalysts which include metal oxides and non-metal oxide semiconductors are also discussed. The concepts underpinning the continued progress in the field of graphene/photoelectrodes, including different graphene structures, architecture as well as the possible mechanisms for hydrogen and oxygen reactions are also presented. Despite several reports having demonstrated the potential of graphene-based photocatalysts, the achieved performance remains far from the targeted benchmark efficiency for commercial application. This review also highlights the challenges and opportunities related to graphene application in photoelectrochemical cells for future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo A Carminati
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 Campinas São Paulo 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Ingrid Rodríguez-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) Santo André São Paulo 09210-580 Brazil
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano) Campinas São Paulo 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Andreia de Morais
- Center for Information Technology Renato Archer (CTI Renato Archer) Rodovia D. Pedro I, km 143.6 13069-901 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Bruno L da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 Campinas São Paulo 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Mauricio A Melo
- Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University Outeiro de São João Batista, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói Rio de Janeiro 24020-141 Brazil
| | - Flavio L Souza
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 Campinas São Paulo 13083-970 Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) Santo André São Paulo 09210-580 Brazil
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano) Campinas São Paulo 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Ana F Nogueira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 Campinas São Paulo 13083-970 Brazil
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Lim Y, Lee DK, Kim SM, Park W, Cho SY, Sim U. Low Dimensional Carbon-Based Catalysts for Efficient Photocatalytic and Photo/Electrochemical Water Splitting Reactions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 13:E114. [PMID: 31881793 PMCID: PMC6982202 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A universal increase in energy consumption and the dependency on fossil fuels have resulted in increasing severity of global warming, thus necessitating the search of new and environment-friendly energy sources. Hydrogen is as one of the energy sources that can resolve the abovementioned problems. Water splitting promotes ecofriendly hydrogen production without the formation of any greenhouse gas. The most common process for hydrogen production is electrolysis, wherein water molecules are separated into hydrogen and oxygen through electrochemical reactions. Solar-energy-induced chemical reactions, including photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry, have gained considerable attention because of the simplicity of their procedures and use of solar radiation as the energy source. To improve performance of water splitting reactions, the use of catalysts has been widely investigated. For example, the novel-metal catalysts possessing extremely high catalytic properties for various reactions have been considered. However, due to the rarity and high costs of the novel-metal materials, the catalysts were considered unsuitable for universal use. Although other transition-metal-based materials have also been investigated, carbon-based materials, which are obtained from one of the most common elements on Earth, have potential as low-cost, nontoxic, high-performance catalysts for both photo and electrochemical reactions. Because abundancy, simplicity of synthesis routes, and excellent performance are the important factors for catalysts, easy optimization and many variations are possible in carbon-materials, making them more attractive. In particular, low-dimensional carbon materials, such as graphene and graphitic carbon nitride, exhibit excellent performance because of their unique electrical, mechanical, and catalytic properties. In this mini-review, we will discuss the performance of low-dimensional carbon-based materials for water splitting reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoongu Lim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.L.); (D.-K.L.)
| | - Dong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.L.); (D.-K.L.)
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Woosung Park
- Division of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Sung Yong Cho
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Uk Sim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.L.); (D.-K.L.)
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Han CP, Chen CJ, Hsu CC, Jena A, Chang H, Yeh NC, Hu SF, Liu RS. Pressure-controlled chemical vapor deposition of graphene as catalyst for solar hydrogen evolution reaction. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Functionalization of Graphite with the Diels–Alder Reaction to Fabricate Metal‐Free Electrocatalysts for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Li C, Cao Q, Wang F, Xiao Y, Li Y, Delaunay JJ, Zhu H. Engineering graphene and TMDs based van der Waals heterostructures for photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4981-5037. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a systematic overview of the integration, surface, and interfacial engineering of 2D/3D and 2D/2D homo/heterojunctions for PV and PEC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Qi Cao
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Faze Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yequan Xiao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
- China
| | | | - Hongwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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