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Jeong YH, Kwon M, Shin S, Lee J, Kim KS. Biomedical Applications of CNT-Based Fibers. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:137. [PMID: 38534244 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been regarded as emerging materials in various applications. However, the range of biomedical applications is limited due to the aggregation and potential toxicity of powder-type CNTs. To overcome these issues, techniques to assemble them into various macroscopic structures, such as one-dimensional fibers, two-dimensional films, and three-dimensional aerogels, have been developed. Among them, carbon nanotube fiber (CNTF) is a one-dimensional aggregate of CNTs, which can be used to solve the potential toxicity problem of individual CNTs. Furthermore, since it has unique properties due to the one-dimensional nature of CNTs, CNTF has beneficial potential for biomedical applications. This review summarizes the biomedical applications using CNTF, such as the detection of biomolecules or signals for biosensors, strain sensors for wearable healthcare devices, and tissue engineering for regenerating human tissues. In addition, by considering the challenges and perspectives of CNTF for biomedical applications, the feasibility of CNTF in biomedical applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ho Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegeun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Su Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Organic Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kim JH, Koo BH, Kim SU, Kim JY. Measurement of 3D Wrist Angles by Combining Textile Stretch Sensors and AI Algorithm. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1685. [PMID: 38475221 DOI: 10.3390/s24051685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The wrist is one of the most complex joints in our body, composed of eight bones. Therefore, measuring the angles of this intricate wrist movement can prove valuable in various fields such as sports analysis and rehabilitation. Textile stretch sensors can be easily produced by immersing an E-band in a SWCNT solution. The lightweight, cost-effective, and reproducible nature of textile stretch sensors makes them well suited for practical applications in clothing. In this paper, wrist angles were measured by attaching textile stretch sensors to an arm sleeve. Three sensors were utilized to measure all three axes of the wrist. Additionally, sensor precision was heightened through the utilization of the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) technique, a subtype of deep learning. Rather than fixing the measurement values of each sensor to specific axes, we created an algorithm utilizing the coupling between sensors, allowing the measurement of wrist angles in three dimensions. Using this algorithm, the error angle of wrist angles measured with textile stretch sensors could be measured at less than 4.5°. This demonstrated higher accuracy compared to other soft sensors available for measuring wrist angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ha Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Hak Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Un Kim
- Department of Smartwearable Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea
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3
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Chen S, Liu D, Chen W, Chen H, Li J, Wang J. Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:270-278. [PMID: 38440321 PMCID: PMC10910384 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The majority of crack sensors do not offer simultaneously both a significant stretchability and an ultrahigh sensitivity. In this study, we present a straightforward and cost-effective approach to fabricate metal crack sensors that exhibit exceptional performance in terms of ultrahigh sensitivity and ultrahigh stretchability. This is achieved by incorporating a helical structure into the substrate through a modeling process and, subsequently, depositing a thin film of gold onto the polydimethylsiloxane substrate via sputter deposition. The metal thin film is then pre-stretched to generate microcracks. The sensor demonstrates a remarkable stretchability of 300%, an exceptional sensitivity with a maximum gauge factor reaching 107, a rapid response time of 158 ms, minimal hysteresis, and outstanding durability. These impressive attributes are attributed to the deliberate design of geometric structures and careful selection of connection types for the sensing materials, thereby presenting a novel approach to fabricating stretchable and highly sensitive crack-strain sensors. This work offers a universal platform for constructing strain sensors with both high sensitivity and stretchability, showing a far-reaching significance and influence for developing next-generation practically applicable soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbi Chen
- Shanghai Xin Yue Lian Hui Electronic Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Inertial Technology Division, Shanghai Aerospace Control Technology Institute, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dewen Liu
- Shanghai Xin Yue Lian Hui Electronic Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Inertial Technology Division, Shanghai Aerospace Control Technology Institute, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Nursing, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Huajiang Chen
- Shanghai Xin Yue Lian Hui Electronic Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Inertial Technology Division, Shanghai Aerospace Control Technology Institute, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jinfang Wang
- Inertial Technology Division, Shanghai Aerospace Control Technology Institute, Shanghai, P.R. China
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4
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Truong T, Kim J. A Wearable Strain Sensor Utilizing Shape Memory Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites Measuring Respiration Movements. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:373. [PMID: 38337262 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible wearable sensors are integral in diverse applications, particularly in healthcare and human-computer interaction systems. This paper introduces a resistive stretch sensor crafted from shape memory polymers (SMP) blended with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and coated with silver paste. Initially, the sensor's characteristics underwent evaluation using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and an LCR meter. These sensors showcased exceptional sensitivity, boasting a gauge factor of up to 20 at 5% strain, making them adept at detecting subtle movements or stimuli. Subsequently, the study conducted a comparison between SMP-CNT conductors with and without the silver coating layer. The durability of the sensors was validated through 1000 cycles of stretching at 4% ∆R/R0. Lastly, the sensors were utilized for monitoring respiration and measuring human breathing. Fourier transform and power spectrum density (PSD) analysis were employed to discern frequency components. Positioned between the chest and abdominal wall for contact-based respiration monitoring, the sensors revealed a dominant frequency of approximately 0.35 Hz. Signal filtering further enhanced their ability to capture respiration signals, establishing them as valuable tools for next-generation personalized healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- TranThuyNga Truong
- Department of Smart Wearables Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea
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5
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Wang G, Wang X, Liu W, Liu X, Song Z, Yu D, Li G, Ge S, Wang H. Establishing a Corrugated Carbon Network with a Crack Structure in a Hydrogel for Improving Sensing Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48462-48474. [PMID: 37812139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Electronic conductive hydrogels have prompted immense research interest as flexible sensing materials. However, establishing a continuous electronic conductive network within a hydrogel is still highly challenging. Herein, we develop a new strategy to establish a continuous corrugated carbon network within a hydrogel by embedding carbonized crepe paper into the hydrogel with its corrugations perpendicular to the stretching direction using a casting technique. The corrugated carbon network within the as-prepared composite hydrogel serves as a rigid conductive network to simultaneously improve the tensile strength and conductivity of the composite hydrogel. The composite hydrogel also generates a crack structure when it is stretched, enabling the composite hydrogel to show ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor = 59.7 and 114 at strain ranges of 0-60 and 60-100%, respectively). The composite hydrogel also shows an ultralow detection limit of 0.1%, an ultrafast response/recovery time of 75/95 ms, and good stability and durability (5000 cycles at 10% strain) when used as a resistive strain sensing material. Moreover, the good stretchability, adhesiveness, and self-healing ability of the hydrogel were also effectively retained after the corrugated carbon network was introduced into the hydrogel. Because of its outstanding sensing performance, the composite hydrogel has potential applications in sensing various human activities, including accurately recording subtle variations in wrist pulse waves and small-/large-scale complex human activities. Our work provides a new approach to develop economical, environmentally friendly, and reliable electronic conductive hydrogels with ultrahigh sensing performance for the future development of electronic skin and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zhaoping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Huili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
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Zhang C, Wu M, Cao S, Liu M, Guo D, Kang Z, Li M, Ye D, Yang Z, Wang X, Xie Z, Liu J. Bioinspired Environment-Adaptable and Ultrasensitive Multifunctional Electronic Skin for Human Healthcare and Robotic Sensations. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304004. [PMID: 37300351 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional electronic skins (e-skins) that can sense various stimuli have demonstrated increasing potential in many fields. However, most e-skins are human-oriented that cannot work in hash environments such as high temperature, underwater, and corrosive chemicals, impairing their applications, especially in human-machine interfaces, intelligent machines, robotics, and so on. Inspired by the crack-shaped sensory organs of spiders, an environmentally robust and ultrasensitive multifunctional e-skin is developed. By developing a polyimide-based metal crack-localization strategy, the device has excellent environment adaptability since polyimide has high thermal stability and chemical durability. The localized cracked part serves as an ultrasensitive strain sensing unit, while the non-cracked serpentine part is solely responsible for temperature. Since the two units are made of the same material and process, the signals are decoupled easily. The proposed device is the first multifunctional e-skin that can be used in harsh environments, therefore is of great potential for both human and robot-oriented applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Mengxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Shuye Cao
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Mengjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Di Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Dong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhuoqing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro and Nano Fabrication, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Junshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
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7
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Nesser H, Mahmoud HA, Lubineau G. High-Sensitivity RFID Sensor for Structural Health Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301807. [PMID: 37407517 PMCID: PMC10502838 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is crucial for ensuring operational safety in applications like pipelines, tanks, aircraft, ships, and vehicles. Traditional embedded sensors have limitations due to expense and potential structural damage. A novel technology using radio frequency identification devices (RFID) offers wireless transmission of highly sensitive strain measurement data. The system features a thin, flexible sensor based on an inductance-capacitance (LC) circuit with a parallel-plate capacitance sensing unit. By incorporating tailored cracks in the capacitor electrodes, the sensor's capacitor electrodes become highly piezoresistive, modifying electromagnetic wave penetration. This unconventional change in capacitance shifts the resonance frequency, resulting in a wireless strain sensor with a gauge factor of 50 for strains under 1%. The frequency shift is passively detected through an external readout system using simple frequency sweeping. This wire-free, power-free design allows easy integration into composites without compromising structural integrity. Experimental results demonstrate the cracked wireless strain sensor's ability to detect small strains within composites. This technology offers a cost-effective, non-destructive solution for accurate structural health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Nesser
- Mechanical Engineering ProgramPhysical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering DivisionThuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
- Mechanics of Composites for Energy and Mobility LaboratoryKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Mahmoud
- Mechanical Engineering ProgramPhysical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering DivisionThuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
- Mechanics of Composites for Energy and Mobility LaboratoryKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Gilles Lubineau
- Mechanical Engineering ProgramPhysical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering DivisionThuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
- Mechanics of Composites for Energy and Mobility LaboratoryKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955Saudi Arabia
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8
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Gouveia AR, Oliveira W, Correia MV. Carbon Conductive Paste Smart Textile Strain Sensor for Sports and Rehabilitation . ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-5. [PMID: 38082684 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the growth observed in the wearable market, stretchable strain sensors have been the focus of several studies. However, combining high sensitivity and linearity with low hysteresis presents a difficult challenge.Here, we propose a stretchable strain sensor obtained with off-the-shelf materials by printing a carbon conductive paste into a piece of fabric to be integrated into a smart garment. This process is cheap and easily scalable, allowing its mass production. The sensor developed has a large sensitivity (GF=11.27), high linearity (R2>0.99), very low hysteresis (γH =4.23%) and brings an added value, for example, in sports or rehabilitation monitoring.
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Nikitina NA, Ryabkin DI, Suchkova VV, Kuksin AV, Pyankov ES, Ichkitidze LP, Maksimkin AV, Kitsyuk EP, Gerasimenko EA, Telyshev DV, Bobrinetskiy I, Selishchev SV, Gerasimenko AY. Laser-Formed Sensors with Electrically Conductive MWCNT Networks for Gesture Recognition Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1106. [PMID: 37374691 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently, an urgent need in the field of wearable electronics is the development of flexible sensors that can be attached to the human body to monitor various physiological indicators and movements. In this work, we propose a method for forming an electrically conductive network of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in a matrix of silicone elastomer to make stretchable sensors sensitive to mechanical strain. The electrical conductivity and sensitivity characteristics of the sensor were improved by using laser exposure, through the effect of forming strong carbon nanotube (CNT) networks. The initial electrical resistance of the sensors obtained using laser technology was ~3 kOhm (in the absence of deformation) at a low concentration of nanotubes of 3 wt% in composition. For comparison, in a similar manufacturing process, but without laser exposure, the active material had significantly higher values of electrical resistance, which was ~19 kOhm in this case. The laser-fabricated sensors have a high tensile sensitivity (gauge factor ~10), linearity of >0.97, a low hysteresis of 2.4%, tensile strength of 963 kPa, and a fast strain response of 1 ms. The low Young's modulus values of ~47 kPa and the high electrical and sensitivity characteristics of the sensors made it possible to fabricate a smart gesture recognition sensor system based on them, with a recognition accuracy of ~94%. Data reading and visualization were performed using the developed electronic unit based on the ATXMEGA8E5-AU microcontroller and software. The obtained results open great prospects for the application of flexible CNT sensors in intelligent wearable devices (IWDs) for medical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Nikitina
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry I Ryabkin
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria V Suchkova
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V Kuksin
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny S Pyankov
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Levan P Ichkitidze
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Maksimkin
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny P Kitsyuk
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex "Technological Centre", Shokin Square 1, bld. 7 off. 7237, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Gerasimenko
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Telyshev
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Bobrinetskiy
- Center for Probe Microscopy and Nanotechnology, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Selishchev
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu Gerasimenko
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Davis D, Narayanan SK, Ajeev A, Nair J, Jeeji J, Vijayan A, Viyyur Kuttyadi M, Nelliparambil Sathian A, Arulraj AK. Flexible Paper-Based Room-Temperature Acetone Sensors with Ultrafast Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37075219 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based lightweight, degradable, low-cost, and eco-friendly substrates are extensively used in wearable biosensor applications, albeit to a lesser extent in sensing acetone and other gas-phase analytes. Generally, rigid substrates with heaters have been employed to develop acetone sensors due to the high operating/recovery temperature (typically above 200 °C), limiting the use of papers as substrates in such sensing applications. In this work, we proposed fabricating the paper-based, room-temperature-operatable acetone sensor using ZnO-polyaniline-based acetone-sensing inks by a facile fabrication method. The fabricated paper-based electrodes showed good electrical conductivity (80 S/m) and mechanical stability (∼1000 bending cycles). The acetone sensors showed a sensitivity of 0.02/100 ppm and 0.6/10 μL with an ultrafast response (4 s) and recovery time (15 s) at room temperature. The sensors delivered a broad sensitivity over a physiological range of 260 to >1000 ppm with R2 > 0.98 under atmospheric conditions. Further, the role of the surface, interfacial, microstructure, electrical, and electromechanical properties of the paper-based sensor devices has been correlated with the sensitivity and room-temperature recovery observed in our system. These versatile, green, flexible electronic devices would be ideal for low-cost, highly regenerative, room-/low-temperature-operable wearable sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disiya Davis
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Shornur Road, Athani, MG Kavu Post, Thrissur 680581, Kerala, India
| | - Swathi Krishna Narayanan
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Shornur Road, Athani, MG Kavu Post, Thrissur 680581, Kerala, India
| | - Arya Ajeev
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Shornur Road, Athani, MG Kavu Post, Thrissur 680581, Kerala, India
| | - Jayashree Nair
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Shornur Road, Athani, MG Kavu Post, Thrissur 680581, Kerala, India
| | - Jithin Jeeji
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Shornur Road, Athani, MG Kavu Post, Thrissur 680581, Kerala, India
| | - Ananthu Vijayan
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Shornur Road, Athani, MG Kavu Post, Thrissur 680581, Kerala, India
| | - Midhun Viyyur Kuttyadi
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Shornur Road, Athani, MG Kavu Post, Thrissur 680581, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Nelliparambil Sathian
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Shornur Road, Athani, MG Kavu Post, Thrissur 680581, Kerala, India
| | - Arul Kashmir Arulraj
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Shornur Road, Athani, MG Kavu Post, Thrissur 680581, Kerala, India
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11
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Strain and Pressure Sensors Based on MWCNT/PDMS for Human Motion/Perception Detection. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061386. [PMID: 36987168 PMCID: PMC10055516 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible wearable devices have attracted wide attention in capacious fields because of their real-time and continuous monitoring of human information. The development of flexible sensors and corresponding integration with wearable devices is of great significance to build smart wearable devices. In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane-based (MWCNT/PDMS) resistive strain sensors and pressure sensors were developed to integrate a smart glove for human motion/perception detection. Firstly, MWCNT/PDMS conductive layers with excellent electrical and mechanical properties (resistivity of 2.897 KΩ · cm, elongation at break of 145%) were fabricated via a facile scraping-coating method. Then, a resistive strain sensor with a stable homogeneous structure was developed due to the similar physicochemical properties of the PDMS encapsulation layer and MWCNT/PDMS sensing layer. The resistance changes of the prepared strain sensor exhibited a great linear relationship with the strain. Moreover, it could output obvious repeatable dynamic response signals. It still had good cyclic stability and durability after 180° bending/restoring cycles and 40% stretching/releasing cycles. Secondly, MWCNT/PDMS layers with bioinspired spinous microstructures were formed by a simple sandpaper retransfer process and then assembled face-to-face into a resistive pressure sensor. The pressure sensor presented a linear relationship of relative resistance change and pressure in the range of 0–31.83 KPa with a sensitivity of 0.026 KPa−1, and a sensitivity of 2.769 × 10−4 KPa−1 over 32 KPa. Furthermore, it responded quickly and kept good cycle stability at 25.78 KPa dynamic loop over 2000 s. Finally, as parts of a wearable device, resistive strain sensors and a pressure sensor were then integrated into different areas of the glove. The cost-effective, multi-functional smart glove can recognize finger bending, gestures, and external mechanical stimuli, which holds great potential in the fields of medical healthcare, human-computer cooperation, and so on.
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12
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Zhao K, Han J, Ma Y, Tong Z, Suhr J, Wang M, Xiao L, Jia S, Chen X. Highly Sensitive and Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensors Based on Vertical Graphene and Micro-Pyramidal Dielectric Layer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:701. [PMID: 36839069 PMCID: PMC9962134 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many practical applications require flexible high-sensitivity pressure sensors. However, such sensors are difficult to achieve using conventional materials. Engineering the morphology of the electrodes and the topography of the dielectrics has been demonstrated to be effective in boosting the sensing performance of capacitive pressure sensors. In this study, a flexible capacitive pressure sensor with high sensitivity was fabricated by using three-dimensional vertical graphene (VG) as the electrode and micro-pyramidal polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the dielectric layer. The engineering of the VG morphology, size, and interval of the micro-pyramids in the PDMS dielectric layer significantly boosted the sensor sensitivity. As a result, the sensors demonstrated an exceptional sensitivity of up to 6.04 kPa-1 in the pressure range of 0-1 kPa, and 0.69 kPa-1 under 1-10 kPa. Finite element analysis revealed that the micro-pyramid structure in the dielectric layer generated a significant deformation effect under pressure, thereby ameliorating the sensing properties. Finally, the sensor was used to monitor finger joint movement, knee motion, facial expression, and pressure distribution. The results indicate that the sensor exhibits great potential in various applications, including human motion detection and human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiemin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhaomin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Liantuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xuyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, Department of Microsystems, University of Southeast Norway, 3184 Borre, Norway
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13
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Choi S, Lee S, Lee B, Yoon J, Lee CY, Kim T, Hong Y. Crack-inducing Strain Sensor Array using Inkjet-Printed Silver Thin Film for Underplate and Off-centered Force Sensing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4487-4494. [PMID: 36642889 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The change in resistance upon bending in metal films as thick as 1 mm used for underpanel force touch applications is limited by the low sensitivity, thus requiring high-performance readout circuitry. In this paper, we report inkjet-printed silver thin films having crack-inducing underlayers, which further increases the sensitivity of their resistance changes under deformation. This allows for detecting weak vertical forces even through the plates (force-receiving layer), such as 0.4 or 1.2 mm thick polyethylene terephthalate or 0.4 mm thick glass. The underplate sensors will detect a force level as low as 10 gf, which corresponds to the amount of force required for fingerprint recognition. Furthermore, such highly sensitive strain sensors can potentially solve the inaccuracy issue of wearable devices, which can occur when misplaced sensors detect relatively weak biosignals, such as heart rate and blood pressure. The sensor detects the accurate pulse patterns of the wrist artery even though it is off-centered from the artery by 6 mm or larger. The crack-based strain sensor and its usage as a hidden underplate force sensing device will create various wearable and user-machine interface applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongdae Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongmoon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chea-Young Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongtaek Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
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14
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Nie M, Li B, Hsieh YL, Fu KK, Zhou J. Stretchable One-Dimensional Conductors for Wearable Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19810-19839. [PMID: 36475644 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous, one-dimensional (1D) stretchable conductors have attracted significant attention for the development of wearables and soft-matter electronics. Through the use of advanced spinning, printing, and textile technologies, 1D stretchable conductors in the forms of fibers, wires, and yarns can be designed and engineered to meet the demanding requirements for different wearable applications. Several crucial parameters, such as microarchitecture, conductivity, stretchability, and scalability, play essential roles in designing and developing wearable devices and intelligent textiles. Methodologies and fabrication processes have successfully realized 1D conductors that are highly conductive, strong, lightweight, stretchable, and conformable and can be readily integrated with common fabrics and soft matter. This review summarizes the latest advances in continuous, 1D stretchable conductors and emphasizes recent developments in materials, methodologies, fabrication processes, and strategies geared toward applications in electrical interconnects, mechanical sensors, actuators, and heaters. This review classifies 1D conductors into three categories on the basis of their electrical responses: (1) rigid 1D conductors, (2) piezoresistive 1D conductors, and (3) resistance-stable 1D conductors. This review also evaluates the present challenges in these areas and presents perspectives for improving the performance of stretchable 1D conductors for wearable textile and flexible electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Nie
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
| | - Boxiao Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California at Davis, California95616, United States
| | - Kun Kelvin Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
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15
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Zhou Y, Lian H, Li Z, Yin L, Ji Q, Li K, Qi F, Huang Y. Crack engineering boosts the performance of flexible sensors. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20220025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhou
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Flexible Electronics Research Center Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Haoxiang Lian
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Flexible Electronics Research Center Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhenlei Li
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Liting Yin
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Flexible Electronics Research Center Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Qian Ji
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kan Li
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Flexible Electronics Research Center Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Fei Qi
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - YongAn Huang
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Flexible Electronics Research Center Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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16
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Zhang G, Qiu H, Elkhodary KI, Tang S, Peng D. Modeling Tunable Fracture in Hydrogel Shell Structures for Biomedical Applications. Gels 2022; 8:515. [PMID: 36005116 PMCID: PMC9407534 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are nowadays widely used in various biomedical applications, and show great potential for the making of devices such as biosensors, drug- delivery vectors, carriers, or matrices for cell cultures in tissue engineering, etc. In these applications, due to the irregular complex surface of the human body or its organs/structures, the devices are often designed with a small thickness, and are required to be flexible when attached to biological surfaces. The devices will deform as driven by human motion and under external loading. In terms of mechanical modeling, most of these devices can be abstracted as shells. In this paper, we propose a mixed graph-finite element method (FEM) phase field approach to model the fracture of curved shells composed of hydrogels, for biomedical applications. We present herein examples for the fracture of a wearable biosensor, a membrane-coated drug, and a matrix for a cell culture, each made of a hydrogel. Used in combination with experimental material testing, our method opens a new pathway to the efficient modeling of fracture in biomedical devices with surfaces of arbitrary curvature, helping in the design of devices with tunable fracture properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, Wuhan 430205, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Hai Qiu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Khalil I. Elkhodary
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shan Tang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
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17
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Minimizing the wiring in distributed strain sensing using a capacitive sensor sheet with variable-resistance electrodes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13950. [PMID: 35978095 PMCID: PMC9385860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain mapping over a large area usually requires an array of sensors, necessitating extensive and complex wiring. Our solution is based on creating multiple sensing regions within the area of a single capacitive sensor body by considering the sensor as an analogical transmission line, reducing the connections to only two wires and simplifying the electronic interface. We demonstrate the technology by using piezoresistive electrodes in a parallel plate capacitor that create varying proportions of electromagnetic wave dissipation through the sensor length according to the interrogation frequency. We demonstrate, by a sensor divided into four virtual zones, that our cracked capacitive sensor can simultaneously record strain in each separated zone by measuring the sensor capacitance at a high frequency. Moreover, we confirm that by changing the frequency from high to low, our sensor is able to measure the local strain amplitudes. This sensor is unique in its ability to monitor strain continuously over a large area with promoted spatial resolution. This sensing technology with a reduced number of wires and a simple electronic interface will increase the reliability of sensing while reducing its cost and complexity.
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18
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Qu X, Wu Y, Ji P, Wang B, Liang Q, Han Z, Li J, Wu Z, Chen S, Zhang G, Wang H. Crack-Based Core-Sheath Fiber Strain Sensors with an Ultralow Detection Limit and an Ultrawide Working Range. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29167-29175. [PMID: 35695912 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the booming development of flexible wearable sensing devices, flexible stretchable strain sensors with crack structure and high sensitivity have been widely concerned. However, the narrow sensing range has been hindering the development of crack-based strain sensors. In addition, the existence of the crack structure may reduce the interface compatibility between the elastic matrix and the sensing material. Herein, to overcome these problems, integrated core-sheath fibers were prepared by coaxial wet spinning with partially added carbon nanotube sensing materials in thermoplastic polyurethane elastic materials. Due to the superior interface compatibility and the change in the conductive path during stretching, the fiber strain sensor exhibits excellent durability (5000 tensile cycles), high sensitivity (>104), large stretchability (500%), a low detection limit (0.01%), and a fast response time of ∼60 ms. Based on these outstanding strain sensing performances, the fiber sensor is demonstrated to detect subtle strain changes (e.g., pulse wave and swallowing) and large strain changes (e.g., finger joint and wrist movement) in real time. Moreover, the fabric sensor woven with the core-sheath fibers has an excellent performance in wrist bending angle detection, and the smart gloves based on the fabric sensors also show exceptional recognition ability as a wireless sign language translation device. This integrated strategy may provide prospective opportunities to develop highly sensitive strain sensors with durable deformation and a wide detection range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Peng Ji
- Co-Innovation Center for Textile Industry, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Baoxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Han
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Zhuotong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Guanglin Zhang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Huaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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19
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Babu VJ, Anusha M, Sireesha M, Sundarrajan S, Abdul Haroon Rashid SSA, Kumar AS, Ramakrishna S. Intelligent Nanomaterials for Wearable and Stretchable Strain Sensor Applications: The Science behind Diverse Mechanisms, Fabrication Methods, and Real-Time Healthcare. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2219. [PMID: 35683893 PMCID: PMC9182624 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become a scientific obligation to unveil the underlying mechanisms and the fabrication methods behind wearable/stretchable strain sensors based on intelligent nanomaterials in order to explore their possible potential in the field of biomedical and healthcare applications. This report is based on an extensive literature survey of fabrication of stretchable strain sensors (SSS) based on nanomaterials in the fields of healthcare, sports, and entertainment. Although the evolution of wearable strain sensors (WSS) is rapidly progressing, it is still at a prototype phase and various challenges need to be addressed in the future in special regard to their fabrication protocols. The biocalamity of COVID-19 has brought a drastic change in humans' lifestyles and has negatively affected nations in all capacities. Social distancing has become a mandatory rule to practice in common places where humans interact with each other as a basic need. As social distancing cannot be ruled out as a measure to stop the spread of COVID-19 virus, wearable sensors could play a significant role in technologically impacting people's consciousness. This review article meticulously describes the role of wearable and strain sensors in achieving such objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veluru Jagadeesh Babu
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Merum Anusha
- Department of Pharmacology, S V Medical College, Dr NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada 517501, India;
| | - Merum Sireesha
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Subramanian Sundarrajan
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Syed Sulthan Alaudeen Abdul Haroon Rashid
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - A. Senthil Kumar
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
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20
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Jhou YR, Wang CH, Tsai HP, Shan YS, Lee GB. An integrated microfluidic platform featuring real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of COVID-19. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2022; 358:131447. [PMID: 35095200 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.131497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An integrated microfluidic platform (IMP) utilizing real-time reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was developed here for detection and quantification of three genes of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; i.e., coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19)): RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the envelope gene, and the nucleocapsid gene for molecular diagnosis. The IMP comprised a microfluidic chip, a temperature control module, a fluidic control module that collectively carried out viral lysis, RNA extraction, RT-LAMP, and the real-time detection within 90 min in an automatic format. A limit of detection of 5 × 103 copies/reaction for each gene was determined with three samples including synthesized RNAs, inactive viruses, and RNAs extracted from clinical samples; this compact platform could be a useful tool for COVID-19 diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ru Jhou
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Pin Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Nano Engineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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21
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Zhang F, Ma PC, Wang J, Zhang Q, Feng W, Zhu Y, Zheng Q. Anisotropic conductive networks for multidimensional sensing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2615-2653. [PMID: 34617540 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, flexible physical sensors have attracted great attention due to their wide applications in many emerging areas including health-monitoring, human-machine interfaces, smart robots, and entertainment. However, conventional sensors are typically designed to respond to a specific stimulus or a deformation along only one single axis, while directional tracking and accurate monitoring of complex multi-axis stimuli is more critical in practical applications. Multidimensional sensors with distinguishable signals for simultaneous detection of complex postures and movements in multiple directions are highly demanded for the development of wearable electronics. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to the design and fabrication of multidimensional sensors that are capable of distinguishing stimuli from different directions accurately. Benefiting from their unique decoupling mechanisms, anisotropic architectures have been proved to be promising structures for multidimensional sensing. This review summarizes the present state and advances of the design and preparation strategies for fabricating multidimensional sensors based on anisotropic conducting networks. The fabrication strategies of different anisotropic structures, the working mechanism of various types of multidimensional sensing and their corresponding unique applications are presented and discussed. The potential challenges faced by multidimensional sensors are revealed to provide an insightful outlook for the future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Ma
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
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22
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Yaragalla S, Dussoni S, Zahid M, Maggiali M, Metta G, Athanasiou A, Bayer IS. Stretchable graphene and carbon nanofiber capacitive touch sensors for robotic skin applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Nesser H, Lubineau G. Achieving Super Sensitivity in Capacitive Strain Sensing by Electrode Fragmentation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36062-36070. [PMID: 34309375 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accurate wireless strain monitoring is critical for many engineering applications. Capacitive strain sensors are well suited for remote sensing but currently have a limited sensitivity. This study presents a new approach for improving the sensitivity of electrical capacitance change-based strain sensors. Our technology is based on a dielectric elastomer layer laminated between two fragmented electrodes (i.e., carbon nanotube papers) that, by design, experiences a significant change in resistance (from Ω to MΩ) when stretched and makes the sensor behave as a transmission line, a well-known structure in telecommunication engineering. The strain-dependent voltage attenuation over the structure length results in a large variation of the effective capacitance (gauge factor exceeding 37 at 3% strain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Nesser
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gilles Lubineau
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Kim T, Kim D, Yoon J, Joo Y, Hong Y. Stamp-Perforation-Inspired Micronotch for Selectively Tearing Fiber-Bridged Carbon Nanotube Thin Films and Its Applications for Strain Classification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32307-32315. [PMID: 34181397 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cracks typically deteriorate the structural and electrical properties of materials when not properly controlled. A few papers recently reported the controlling methods of crack formation in the brittle materials utilizing the lateral V-notch structure. For ductile materials, however, there have been few papers reporting cracking phenomenon, but full cracking control including predesigned initiation, propagation, and termination has not been reported yet. Therefore, we report a predesigned full cracking control in ductile conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) films by introducing inkjet-printed L-shape micronotch (LMN) structures inspired by directional stamp perforation marks. In spite of the high fracture toughness of CNT films, the LMNs determine locations of initial crack formation and guide crack propagation in a predesigned way. Selective connection of isolated cracks in the CNT film increases its resistance monotonically under tensile strain and thus tremendously well maintains high linearity (adj. R2 value > 0.99) in resistance change over record large strain ranges of 0.01-100%, which enables us to quantitatively classify strain values accurately for previously reported practical body signals for the first time. We believe that our facile printing-based crack control strategy not only provides a comprehensive solution to various stretchable sensor applications but also builds a new milestone for cracking mechanism studies in fracture mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Daesik Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yunsik Joo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yongtaek Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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25
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Yang X, Zhang M. Review of flexible microelectromechanical system sensors and devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0004301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Menglun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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26
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Herrmann A, Haag R, Schedler U. Hydrogels and Their Role in Biosensing Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100062. [PMID: 33939333 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels play an important role in the field of biomedical research and diagnostic medicine. They are emerging as a powerful tool in the context of bioanalytical assays and biosensing. In this context, this review gives an overview of different hydrogels and the role they adopt in a range of applications. Not only are hydrogels beneficial for the immobilization and embedding of biomolecules, but they are also used as responsive material, as wearable devices, or as functional material. In particular, the scientific and technical progress during the last decade is discussed. The newest hydrogel types, their synthesis, and many applications are presented. Advantages and performance improvements are described, along with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herrmann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Freie Universität Berlin Takustr. 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Freie Universität Berlin Takustr. 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Uwe Schedler
- PolyAn GmbH Rudolf‐Baschant‐Straße 2 Berlin 13086 Germany
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27
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So J, Kim U, Kim YB, Seok DY, Yang SY, Kim K, Park JH, Hwang ST, Gong YJ, Choi HR. Shape Estimation of Soft Manipulator Using Stretchable Sensor. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2021; 2021:9843894. [PMID: 36285126 PMCID: PMC9494719 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9843894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The soft robot manipulator is attracting attention in the surgical fields with its intrinsic softness, lightness in its weight, and safety toward the human organ. However, it cannot be used widely because of its difficulty of control. To control a soft robot manipulator accurately, shape sensing is essential. This paper presents a method of estimating the shape of a soft robot manipulator by using a skin-type stretchable sensor composed of a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and silicone (p7670). The sensor can be easily fabricated and applied by simply attaching it to the surface of the soft manipulator. In its fabrication, MWCNT is sprayed on a teflon sheet, and liquid-state silicone is poured on it. After curing, we turn it over and cover it with another silicone layer. The sensor is fabricated with a sandwich structure to decrease the hysteresis of the sensor. After calibration and determining the relationship between the resistance of the sensor and the strain, three sensors are attached at 120° intervals. Using the obtained data, the curvature of the manipulator is calculated, and the entire shape is reconstructed. To validate its accuracy, the estimated shape is compared with the camera data. We experiment with three, six, and nine sensors attached, and the result of the error of shape estimation is compared. As a result, the minimum tip position error is approximately 8.9 mm, which corresponded to 4.45% of the total length of the manipulator when using nine sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho So
- Mechatronics R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Republic of Korea
| | - Uikyum Kim
- Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong-Yeop Seok
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yul Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyeon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeong Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Tak Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyouk Ryeol Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
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28
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Kim T, Park C, Samuel EP, An S, Aldalbahi A, Alotaibi F, Yarin AL, Yoon SS. Supersonically Sprayed Washable, Wearable, Stretchable, Hydrophobic, and Antibacterial rGO/AgNW Fabric for Multifunctional Sensors and Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10013-10025. [PMID: 33595267 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronic textiles are used in sensors, energy-harvesting devices, healthcare monitoring, human-machine interfaces, and soft robotics to acquire real-time big data for machine learning and artificial intelligence. Wearability is essential while collecting data from a human, who should be able to wear the device with sufficient comfort. In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) were supersonically sprayed onto a fabric to ensure good adhesiveness, resulting in a washable, stretchable, and wearable fabric without affecting the performance of the designed features. This rGO/AgNW-decorated fabric can be used to monitor external stimuli such as strain and temperature. In addition, it is used as a heater and as a supercapacitor and features an antibacterial hydrophobic surface that minimizes potential infection from external airborne viruses or virus-containing droplets. Herein, the wearability, stretchability, washability, mechanical durability, temperature-sensing capability, heating ability, wettability, and antibacterial features of this metallized fabric are explored. This multifunctionality is achieved in a single fabric coated with rGO/AgNWs via supersonic spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwoo Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Edmund P Samuel
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongpil An
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Aldalbahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander L Yarin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
| | - Sam S Yoon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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29
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The Effect of Encapsulation on Crack-Based Wrinkled Thin Film Soft Strain Sensors. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020364. [PMID: 33450998 PMCID: PMC7828450 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Practical wearable applications of soft strain sensors require sensors capable of not only detecting subtle physiological signals, but also of withstanding large scale deformation from body movement. Encapsulation is one technique to protect sensors from both environmental and mechanical stressors. We introduced an encapsulation layer to crack-based wrinkled metallic thin film soft strain sensors as an avenue to improve sensor stretchability, linear response, and robustness. We demonstrate that encapsulated sensors have increased mechanical robustness and stability, displaying a significantly larger linear dynamic range (~50%) and increased stretchability (260% elongation). Furthermore, we discovered that these sensors have post-fracture signal recovery. They maintained conductivity to the 50% strain with stable signal and demonstrated increased sensitivity. We studied the crack formation behind this phenomenon and found encapsulation to lead to higher crack density as the source for greater stretchability. As crack formation plays an important role in subsequent electrical resistance, understanding the crack evolution in our sensors will help us better address the trade-off between high stretchability and high sensitivity.
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30
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Zhao P, Zhang R, Tong Y, Zhao X, Zhang T, Tang Q, Liu Y. Strain-Discriminable Pressure/Proximity Sensing of Transparent Stretchable Electronic Skin Based on PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55083-55093. [PMID: 33232130 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pressure/proximity sensing as the essential function of electronic skin (e-skin) has become an emerging technological goal for new-generation electronic devices in a wide variety of application fields, for example, smart electronics, human-machine interaction, and prosthetics. However, the current research lacks pressure/proximity detection of the stretched e-skin, which ignores the key elastic characteristic of skin and hinders the development of e-skin. Here, the pressure/proximity detection of the transparent e-skin in the stretching state is demonstrated based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). The high transparency of the e-skin realizes the visual imperception for wearable electronic systems. The perfect combination of stretchable SWCNT and highly conductive PEDOT:PSS endows the sensors with high stretchability and high discrimination capability toward strain, providing an effective way to overcome the interference of strain to realize accurate pressure/proximity detection of stretched e-skin at different strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ruimin Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanhong Tong
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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31
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Akhtar I, Chang SH. Highly aligned carbon nanotubes and their sensor applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21447-21458. [PMID: 33084708 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05951j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics comprising carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes and polymer composites are used in diverse applications, including health monitoring. Devices prepared using such electronics need to exhibit acceptable sensitivity at high strains, with the advantage of negligible hysteresis. Herein, we report a simple, physically robust method to fabricate a highly sensitive and stretchable sensor that enables the detection of pressure, strain, and human activity with facial expressions based on the highly aligned carbon nanotubes embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The aligned CNT network in PDMS modulates the electron conduction path in a unidirectional manner and provides multimodal mechanical sensing ability with a wide sensing range and high sensitivity. The highly aligned CNT sensor demonstrates high-pressure sensitivity (1.29 kPa-1), excellent stability and repeatability (over 10 000 cycles) with negligible hysteresis, and a good strain sensitivity over a wide range (up to 65%) with a good linear response. We confirmed the applicability of the sensor to detect small signals, such as heartbeat and pulse rate, expressions, and voice recognition, and that it could distinguish between various human motions with a very short recovery time of approximately 50 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtisal Akhtar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hwan Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Huang J, Zhou J, Luo Y, Yan G, Liu Y, Shen Y, Xu Y, Li H, Yan L, Zhang G, Fu Y, Duan H. Wrinkle-Enabled Highly Stretchable Strain Sensors for Wide-Range Health Monitoring with a Big Data Cloud Platform. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:43009-43017. [PMID: 32856459 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable strain sensors are vital for emerging fields of wearable and personal electronics, but it is a huge challenge for them to possess both wide-range measurement capability and good sensitivity. In this study, a highly stretchable strain sensor with a wide strain range and a good sensitivity is fabricated based on smart composites of carbon black (CB)/wrinkled Ecoflex. The sensor exhibits a maximum recoverable strain of up to 500% and a high gauge factor of 67.7. It has a low hysteresis, a fast signal response (as short as 120 ms), and a high reproducibility (up to 5000 cycles with a strain of 150%). The sensor is capable of detecting and capturing wide-range human activities, from speech recognition and pulse monitoring to vigorous motions. It is also applicable for real-time monitoring of robot movements and vehicle security crash in an anthropomorphic field. More importantly, the sensor is successfully used to send signals of a volunteer's breathing data to a local hospital in real time through a big data cloud platform. This research provides the feasibility of using a strain sensor for wearable Internet of things and demonstrates its exciting prospect for healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yangmei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Gan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Maintenance for Mechanical Equipment, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Maintenance for Mechanical Equipment, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yong Xu
- The Affiliated ZhuZhou Hospital of XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Honglang Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lingbo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guanhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Huigao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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33
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Yu Y, Peng S, Blanloeuil P, Wu S, Wang CH. Wearable Temperature Sensors with Enhanced Sensitivity by Engineering Microcrack Morphology in PEDOT:PSS-PDMS Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:36578-36588. [PMID: 32667193 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wearable temperature sensors with high sensitivity, linearity, and flexibility are required to meet the increasing demands for unobtrusive monitoring of temperature changes indicative of the onset of infections and diseases. Herein, we present a new method for engineering highly sensitive and flexible temperature sensors made by sandwiching a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene (PEDOT:PSS) sensing film between two poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrates. Pre-stretching the sensor to a certain strain can create stable microcracks in the sensing layer that bestow high senstivity and linearity. The average length and density of the microcracks, which dictate the sensor's temperature sensitivity, can be engineered by controlling three key processing parameters, incuding (a) pre-stretching strain, (b) sulfuric acid treatment time, and (c) surface roughness of the substrate. For a given acid treatment time and surface roughness condition, the density and average length of the microcracks increase pre-stretching strain. A smooth PDMS substrate tends to yield long and straight cracks in the PEDOT:PSS film, compared to shorter microcracks with higher density on rough surfaces. Crack density can be further increased via sulfuric acid treatment with an optimum duration of approximately 3 h. Prolonged treatment would result in weak adhesion between the PEDOT:PSS film and the PDMS substrate, which in turn reduces the microcrack density but increases the crack length. By optimizing the three design parameters we have designed a high performance PEDOT:PSS-PDMS sensor that provides a combined high temperature sensitivity of 0.042 °C-1 with an excellent linearity of 0.998 (from 30 to 55 °C), better than the highest temperature sensitivity of PEDOT:PSS based sensors reported in the literature. With a good optical transparency, high temperature sensitivity, excellent linearity, and high flexibility, this microcrack-based sensor is a very promising wearable temperature-sensing solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Yu
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shuhua Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Philippe Blanloeuil
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shuying Wu
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Chun H Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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34
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Dinh T, Nguyen T, Phan HP, Nguyen TK, Dau VT, Nguyen NT, Dao DV. Advances in Rational Design and Materials of High-Performance Stretchable Electromechanical Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905707. [PMID: 32101372 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable and wearable sensor technology has attracted significant interests and created high technological impact on portable healthcare and smart human-machine interfaces. Wearable electromechanical systems are an important part of this technology that has recently witnessed tremendous progress toward high-performance devices for commercialization. Over the past few years, great attention has been paid to simultaneously enhance the sensitivity and stretchability of the electromechanical sensors toward high sensitivity, ultra-stretchability, low power consumption or self-power functionalities, miniaturisation as well as simplicity in design and fabrication. This work presents state-of-the-art advanced materials and rational designs of electromechanical sensors for wearable applications. Advances in various sensing concepts and structural designs for intrinsic stretchable conductive materials as well as advanced rational platforms are discussed. In addition, the practical applications and challenges in the development of stretchable electromechanical sensors are briefly mentioned and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toan Dinh
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane, 4300, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hoang-Phuong Phan
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tuan-Khoa Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Van Thanh Dau
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4125, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dzung Viet Dao
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane, 4300, Queensland, Australia
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35
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Sun Z, Yang S, Zhao P, Zhang J, Yang Y, Ye X, Zhao X, Cui N, Tong Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Tang Q. Skin-like Ultrasensitive Strain Sensor for Full-Range Detection of Human Health Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13287-13295. [PMID: 32100528 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of strain sensors with high sensitivity and stretchability, which can accurately detect different human activities such as subtle physiological signals and large-scale joint motions is essential for disease diagnosis and human health monitoring. However, achieving both high sensitivity and stretchability is still an enormous challenge at the moment, particularly for intrinsically stretchable strain sensors. Herein, utilizing large differences in the conductivity and stretchability of micropatterned Au and SWCNTs, we present an ultrasensitive intrinsically stretchable strain sensor by a one-step photolithography process. Its high sensitivity is inspired from spiders' slit organ and the high stretchability is enlightened from spiders' neural pathway. The skin-like sensor exhibits many superior merits, including ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factors of 7.1 × 104 to 3.4 × 106), wide detection range (up to 100% strain), excellent durability (1000 cycles), ultralow limit of detection (0.1% strain), fast response (1.3 ms), and minimal feature size (≤100 μm). These fascinating merits allow the strain sensor to precisely detect diverse human activities. This work opens up a feasible path to fabricate highly sensitive and stretchable strain sensors, presenting their promising potential in future personalized healthcare, as electronic skins, and being a portable friendly human-machine interaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Sun
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Junmo Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yahan Yang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaolin Ye
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Nan Cui
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanhong Tong
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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36
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Gu J, Kwon D, Ahn J, Park I. Wearable Strain Sensors Using Light Transmittance Change of Carbon Nanotube-Embedded Elastomers with Microcracks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10908-10917. [PMID: 31877014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A number of flexible and stretchable strain sensors based on piezoresistive and capacitive principles have been recently developed. However, piezoresistive sensors suffer from poor long-term stability and considerable hysteresis of signals. On the other hand, capacitive sensors exhibit limited sensitivity and strong electromagnetic interference from the neighboring environment. In order to resolve these problems, a novel stretchable strain sensor based on the modulation of optical transmittance of carbon nanotube (CNT)-embedded Ecoflex is introduced in this paper. Within the film of multiwalled CNTs embedded in the Ecoflex substrate, the microcracks are propagated under tensile strain, changing the optical transmittance of the film. The proposed sensor exhibits good stretchability (ε ≈ 400%), high linearity (R2 > 0.98) in the strain range of ε = 0-100%, excellent stability, high sensitivity (gauge factor ≈ 30), and small hysteresis (∼1.8%). The sensor was utilized to detect the bending of the finger and wrist for the control of a robot arm. Furthermore, the applications of this sensor to the real-time posture monitoring of the neck and to the detection of subtle human motions were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Donguk Kwon
- Package Process Development Team Samsung Electronics, 158 Baebang-ro, Baebang-eup, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea
| | - Junseong Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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Li J, Wang L, Wang X, Yang Y, Hu Z, Liu L, Huang Y. Highly Conductive PVA/Ag Coating by Aqueous in Situ Reduction and Its Stretchable Structure for Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:1427-1435. [PMID: 31847519 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly stretchable fiber-based strain sensor is essential to develop various applications in intelligent textiles, biomedical electronics, and integrated circuits. Although several fiber-based strain sensors have been reported, attaining the balance between excellent stretchability, high conductivity, and controllable sensitivity remains challenging. Herein, we present a facile approach for fabricating highly conductive, stretchable, and sensitive fiber strain sensors by synthesizing poly(vinyl alcohol)/Ag nanoparticle composite coating through aqueous in situ reduction on a stretchable fiber with a braided structure. The conductive coating with a flexible structure shows an ultrahigh conductivity of 120 903 S/cm. The unique braided structure and dense conductive Ag network enable the strain sensor to simultaneously exhibit 150% of strain sensing, controllable gauge factor from 1.85 to 8.14 within 65% strain, and a rapid response time of 75 ms. Meanwhile, long-term durability and low hysteresis are other initial features of the fiber-based strain sensor. Most importantly, the fiber-based strain sensor is capable of detecting human motions, including vocal cord vibration, finger movements, walking, and running, exhibiting significant potential in real-time monitoring and intelligent textiles.
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Dinh Le TS, An J, Huang Y, Vo Q, Boonruangkan J, Tran T, Kim SW, Sun G, Kim YJ. Ultrasensitive Anti-Interference Voice Recognition by Bio-Inspired Skin-Attachable Self-Cleaning Acoustic Sensors. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13293-13303. [PMID: 31687810 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human voice recognition systems (VRSs) are a prerequisite for voice-controlled human-machine interfaces (HMIs). In order to avoid interference from unexpected background noises, skin-attachable VRSs are proposed to directly detect physiological mechanoacoustic signals based on the vibrations of vocal cords. However, the sensitivity and response time of existing VRSs are bottlenecks for efficient HMIs. In addition, water-based contaminants in our daily lives, such as skin moisture and raindrops, normally result in performance degradation or even functional failure of VRSs. Herein, we present a skin-attachable self-cleaning ultrasensitive and ultrafast acoustic sensor based on a reduced graphene oxide/polydimethylsiloxane composite film with bioinspired microcracks and hierarchical surface textures. Benefitting from the synergetic effect of the spider-slit-organ-like multiscale jagged microcracks and the lotus-leaf-like hierarchical structures, our superhydrophobic VRS exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor, GF = 8699), an ultralow detection limit (ε = 0.000 064%), an ultrafast response/recovery behavior, an excellent device durability (>10 000 cycles), and reliable detection of acoustic vibrations over the audible frequency range (20-20 000 Hz) with high signal-to-noise ratios. These superb performances endow our skin-attachable VRS with anti-interference perception of human voices with high precision even in noisy environments, which will expedite the voice-controlled HMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Son Dinh Le
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Jianing An
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Quoc Vo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Jeeranan Boonruangkan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Tuan Tran
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Science Town, Daejeon 34141 , South Korea
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) , Northwestern Polytechnical University , 127 West Youyi Road , Xi'an 710072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Science Town, Daejeon 34141 , South Korea
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Tas MO, Baker MA, Masteghin MG, Bentz J, Boxshall K, Stolojan V. Highly Stretchable, Directionally Oriented Carbon Nanotube/PDMS Conductive Films with Enhanced Sensitivity as Wearable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39560-39573. [PMID: 31552734 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent interest in the fields of human motion monitoring, electronic skin, and human-machine interface technology demands strain sensors with high stretchability/compressibility (ε > 50%), high sensitivity (or gauge factor (GF > 100)), and long-lasting electromechanical compliance. However, current metal- and semiconductor-based strain sensors have very low (ε < 5%) stretchability or low sensitivity (GF < 2), typically sacrificing the stretchability for high sensitivity. Composite elastomer sensors are a solution where the challenge is to improve the sensitivity to GF > 100. We propose a simple, low-cost fabrication of mechanically compliant, physically robust metallic carbon nanotube (CNT)-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) strain sensors. The process allows the alignment of CNTs within the PDMS elastomer, permitting directional sensing. Aligning CNTs horizontally (HA-CNTs) on the substrate before embedding in the PDMS reduces the number of CNT junctions and introduces scale-like features on the CNT film perpendicular to the tensile strain direction, resulting in improved sensitivity compared to vertically-aligned CNT-(VA-CNT)-PDMS strain sensors under tension. The CNT alignment and the scale-like features modulate the electron conduction pathway, affecting the electrical sensitivity. Resulting GF values are 594 at 15% and 65 at 50% strains for HA-CNT-PDMS and 326 at 25% and 52 at 50% strains for VA-CNT-PDMS sensors. Under compression, VA-CNT-PDMS sensors show more sensitivity to small-scale deformation than HA-CNT-PDMS sensors due to the CNT orientation and the continuous morphology of the film, demonstrating that the sensing ability can be improved by aligning the CNTs in certain directions. Furthermore, mechanical robustness and electromechanical durability are tested for over 6000 cycles up to 50% tensile and compressive strains, with good frequency responses with negligible hysteresis. Finally, both types of sensors are shown to detect small-scale human motions, successfully distinguishing various human motions with reaction and recovery times of as low as 130 ms and 0.5 s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jedidiah Bentz
- Smiths Interconnect , 8851 SW Old Kansas Ave. , Stuart , Florida 34997 , United States
| | - Keir Boxshall
- Smiths Interconnect , 8851 SW Old Kansas Ave. , Stuart , Florida 34997 , United States
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Liang B, Zhang Z, Chen W, Lu D, Yang L, Yang R, Zhu H, Tang Z, Gui X. Direct Patterning of Carbon Nanotube via Stamp Contact Printing Process for Stretchable and Sensitive Sensing Devices. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2019; 11:92. [PMID: 34138033 PMCID: PMC7770666 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and wearable sensing devices have broad application prospects in bio-monitoring such as pulse measurement, motion detection and voice recognition. In recent years, many significant improvements had been made to enhance the sensor's performance including sensitivity, flexibility and repeatability. However, it is still extremely complicated and difficult to prepare a patterned sensor directly on a flexible substrate. Herein, inspired by typography, a low-cost, environmentally friendly stamping method for the mass production of transparent conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) film is proposed. In this dry transfer strategy, a porous CNT block was used as both the seal and the ink; and Ecoflex film was served as an object substrate. Well-designed CNT patterns can be easily fabricated on the polymer substrate by engraving the target pattern on the CNT seal before the stamping process. Moreover, the CNT film can be directly used to fabricate ultrathin (300 μm) strain sensor. This strain sensor possesses high sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) up to 9960 at 85% strain, high stretchability (> 200%) and repeatability (> 5000 cycles). It has been used to measure pulse signals and detect joint motion, suggesting promising application prospects in flexible and wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zikang Tang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuchun Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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Qiu D, Chu Y, Zeng H, Xu H, Dan G. Stretchable MoS 2 Electromechanical Sensors with Ultrahigh Sensitivity and Large Detection Range for Skin-on Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37035-37042. [PMID: 31532615 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although two-dimensional (2D) layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has widespread electrical applications in catalysis, energy storage, display, and photodetection, very few reports are available to achieve MoS2 for electromechanical sensing. Here, we report a novel solution-processed MoS2 strain sensor by constructing nanojunctions between layered MoS2 nanosheets and high-conductivity silver nanofibers (AgNFs) inside an elastic film. Benefiting from the outstanding lubrication property of layered MoS2 nanosheets, these nanojunctions can be easily separated by strains, giving rise to excellent electromechanical response. The resulting MoS2 strain sensor for the first time exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity with a gauge factor of 3,300 in a large detection range over 10%. The pronounced strain-sensing ability, combined with fast response speed and good operational stability, enables the MoS2 sensor for real-time and skin-on monitorings of various physiological signals such as finger movements, pulse, and breath. Our results may pave the way to extend 2D materials in novel applications such as soft robotics and human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexing Qiu
- Department of Biomedical and Engineering, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China , 518000
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging , Shenzhen , China , 518000
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound , Shenzhen , China , 518000
| | - Yican Chu
- Department of Biomedical and Engineering, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China , 518000
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging , Shenzhen , China , 518000
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound , Shenzhen , China , 518000
| | - Haoxuan Zeng
- Department of Biomedical and Engineering, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China , 518000
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging , Shenzhen , China , 518000
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound , Shenzhen , China , 518000
| | - Haihua Xu
- Department of Biomedical and Engineering, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China , 518000
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging , Shenzhen , China , 518000
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound , Shenzhen , China , 518000
| | - Guo Dan
- Department of Biomedical and Engineering, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China , 518000
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging , Shenzhen , China , 518000
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound , Shenzhen , China , 518000
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Wang B, Facchetti A. Mechanically Flexible Conductors for Stretchable and Wearable E-Skin and E-Textile Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901408. [PMID: 31106490 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress in materials development and device integration for mechanically bendable and stretchable optoelectronics will broaden the application of "Internet-of-Things" concepts to a myriad of new applications. When addressing the needs associated with the human body, such as the detection of mechanical functions, monitoring of health parameters, and integration with human tissues, optoelectronic devices, interconnects/circuits enabling their functions, and the core passive components from which the whole system is built must sustain different degrees of mechanical stresses. Herein, the basic characteristics and performance of several of these devices are reported, particularly focusing on the conducting element constituting them. Among these devices, strain sensors of different types, energy storage elements, and power/energy storage and generators are included. Specifically, the advances during the past 3 years are reported, wherein mechanically flexible conducting elements are fabricated from (0D, 1D, and 2D) conducting nanomaterials from metals (e.g., Au nanoparticles, Ag flakes, Cu nanowires), carbon nanotubes/nanofibers, 2D conductors (e.g., graphene, MoS2 ), metal oxides (e.g., Zn nanorods), and conducting polymers (e.g., poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrene sulfonate), polyaniline) in combination with passive fibrotic and elastomeric materials enabling, after integration, the so-called electronic skins and electronic textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
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Abstract
Flexible sensors have the potential to be seamlessly applied to soft and irregularly shaped surfaces such as the human skin or textile fabrics. This benefits conformability dependant applications including smart tattoos, artificial skins and soft robotics. Consequently, materials and structures for innovative flexible sensors, as well as their integration into systems, continue to be in the spotlight of research. This review outlines the current state of flexible sensor technologies and the impact of material developments on this field. Special attention is given to strain, temperature, chemical, light and electropotential sensors, as well as their respective applications.
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Lee J, Pyo S, Kwon DS, Jo E, Kim W, Kim J. Ultrasensitive Strain Sensor Based on Separation of Overlapped Carbon Nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805120. [PMID: 30748123 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although there have been remarkable improvements in stretchable strain sensors, the development of strain sensors with scalable fabrication techniques and which both high sensitivity and stretchability simultaneously is still challenging. In this work, a stretchable strain sensor based on overlapped carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles coupled with a silicone elastomer is presented. The strain sensor with overlapped CNTs is prepared by synthesizing line-patterned vertically aligned CNT bundles and rolling and transferring them to the silicone elastomer. With the sliding and disconnection of the overlapped CNTs, the strain sensor performs excellently with a broad sensing range (≥145% strain), ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor of 42 300 at a strain of 125-145%), high repeatability, and durability. The performance of the sensor is also tunable by controlling the overlapped area of CNT bundles. Detailed mechanisms of the sensor and its applications in human motion detection are also further investigated. With the novel structure and mechanism, the sensor can detect a wide range of strains with high sensitivity, demonstrating the potential for numerous applications including wearable healthcare devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyong Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonjae Pyo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Kwon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhwan Jo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wondo Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Ma J, Wang P, Chen H, Bao S, Chen W, Lu H. Highly Sensitive and Large-Range Strain Sensor with a Self-Compensated Two-Order Structure for Human Motion Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8527-8536. [PMID: 30730127 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Constructing flexible, high-sensitivity strain sensors with large working ranges is an urgent task in view of their widespread applications, including human health monitoring. Herein, we propose a self-compensated two-order structure strategy to significantly enhance the sensitivity and workable range of strain sensors. Three-dimensional printing was employed to construct highly stretchable, conductive polymer composite open meshes, in which the percolation network of graphene sheets constitutes a deformable conductive path. Meanwhile, the graphene layer coated on the open mesh provides an additional conductive path that can compensate spontaneously for the conductivity loss of the percolation network at large strains, through new conductive paths formed by the graphene sheets in the coating layer and the inner networks. At strains lower than 20%, the sliding and disconnection of graphene sheets coated on the mesh surface largely enhance the sensitivity of the sensor, a 20 times increase as opposed to that of the non-two-order structure sensor. The resulting sensor reveals high gauge factors (from 18.5 to 88 443) in a strain range of 0-350% and the exceptional capability to monitor a wide range of human motions, from the subtle pulse, acoustic vibration to breathing and arm bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Industrial Design , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB , The Netherlands
| | - Shenjie Bao
- Center for Intelligent Medical Electronics, School of Information Science and Technology , Fudan University , 220 Han Dan Road , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Intelligent Medical Electronics, School of Information Science and Technology , Fudan University , 220 Han Dan Road , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites , Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road , Shanghai 200438 , China
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Zhou Y, Zhan P, Ren M, Zheng G, Dai K, Mi L, Liu C, Shen C. Significant Stretchability Enhancement of a Crack-Based Strain Sensor Combined with High Sensitivity and Superior Durability for Motion Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7405-7414. [PMID: 30698944 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have attracted tremendous interest due to their potential application as intelligent wearable sensing devices. Among them, crack-based flexible strain sensors have been studied extensively owing to their ultrahigh sensitivity. Nevertheless, the detection range of a crack-based sensor is quite narrow, limiting its application. In this work, a stretchable strain sensor based on a designed crack structure was fabricated by spray-coating carbon nanotube (CNT) ink onto an electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous mat and prestretching treatment to overcome the trade-off relationship. Our sensor exhibited combined features of high sensitivity in a greatly widened workable sensing range [a gauge factor of 428.5 within 100% strain, 9268.8 for a strain of 100-220%, and larger than 83982.8 for a strain of 220-300%], a fast response time (about 70 ms), superior durability (>10 000 stretching-releasing cycles), and excellent response toward bending. The microstructural evolution of CNT branches extending from two edges of the cracks and the excellent stretchability of TPU fibrous mats are mainly related to the remarkable sensing properties. Our sensor is then assembled to detect various human motions and physical vibrational signals, demonstrating its potential applications in intelligent devices, electronic skins, and wearable healthcare monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Miaoning Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Liwei Mi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering , Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007 , China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
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Song J, Tan Y, Chu Z, Xiao M, Li G, Jiang Z, Wang J, Hu T. Hierarchical Reduced Graphene Oxide Ridges for Stretchable, Wearable, and Washable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1283-1293. [PMID: 30525398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, flexible and wearable devices are increasingly in demand and graphene has been widely used due to its exceptional chemical, mechanical and electrical properties. Building complex buckling patterns of graphene is an essential strategy to increase its flexible and stretchable properties. Herein, a facile dimensionally controlled four-dimensional (4D) shrinking method was proposed to generate hierarchical reduced graphene oxide (rGO) buckling patterns on curved substrates mimicking different parts of the uniforms. The reduced graphene oxide ridges (rGORs) generated on the spherical substrate seem isotropic, while those generated on the cylindrical substrate are obviously more hierarchical or oriented, especially when the cylindrical substrate are shrinking via two steps. The oriented rGORs are superhydrophobic and strain sensitive but obviously anisotropic along the axial and circumferential directions. The sensitivity of rGORs along the axial direction is much higher than those along the circumferential direction. In addition, the intrinsic solvent barrier property of graphene enables the crack-free rGORs an excellent chemical protective performance, withstanding DCM immersion for more than 2.5 h. The flexible rGORs-based strain sensors can be used to detect both large and subtle human motions and activities by achieving high sensitivity (maximum gauge factor up to 48), high unidirectional stretchability (300-530%), and ultrahigh areal stretchability (up to 2690%). Excellent durability was also demonstrated for human motion monitoring with resistance to hand rubbing, ultrasonic cleaning, machine washing, and chemical immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Yinlong Tan
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Zengyong Chu
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Min Xiao
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Gongyi Li
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Tianjiao Hu
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
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Oh S, Kim J, Chang ST. Highly sensitive metal-grid strain sensors via water-based solution processing. RSC Adv 2018; 8:42153-42159. [PMID: 35558796 PMCID: PMC9092150 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08721k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain sensor technologies have been spotlighted for their versatility for healthcare, soft robot, and human-robot applications. Expecting large future demands for such technology, extensive studies have investigated flexible and stretchable strain sensors based on various nanomaterials and metal films. However, it is still challenging to simultaneously satisfy parameters such as sensitivity, stretchability, linearity, hysteresis, and mass producibility. In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach for producing highly sensitive metal-grid strain sensors based on an all-solution process, which is suitable for mass production. We investigated the effects of the width of the metal grid and width/spacing ratio on the piezoresistivity of the strain sensors. The metal grid strain sensors exhibited high sensitivity (gauge factor of 4685.9 at 5% strain), rapid response time (∼18.6 ms), and superior strain range (≤5%) compared to other metal-based sensors. We demonstrated that the sensors could successfully convert voice signals and tiny movements of fingers and muscles into electrical signals. In addition, the metal-grid strain sensors were produced using a low-cost procedure without toxic solvent via an all water-based solution process, which is expected to allow the integration of such metal-grid strain sensors into future highly sensitive physical sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoo Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Tai Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
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Chen S, Wu R, Li P, Li Q, Gao Y, Qian B, Xuan F. Acid-Interface Engineering of Carbon Nanotube/Elastomers with Enhanced Sensitivity for Stretchable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37760-37766. [PMID: 30284440 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors with high sensitivity or gauge factor (GF), large stretchability, and long-term durability are highly demanded in human motion detection, artificial intelligence, and electronic skins. Nevertheless, to develop high-sensitive sensors without sacrificing the stretchability cannot be realized using simple device configurations. In this work, an acid-interface engineering (AIE) method was proposed to develop a stretchable strain sensor with high GF and large stretchability. The AIE generates a layer of SiO x at the interface between the carbon nanotube (CNT) film and Ecoflex, playing a key role in enhancing the sensor's GF. Compared to devices without AIE (GF = 2.4), the ones with AIE are significantly improved. At an AIE time of 10 min, the GF up to 1665.9 is achieved without sacrificing the stretchability (>100%). The AIE-generated cracks are found to modulate the electrical behaviors and enhance the GFs of sensors with AIE through the crack-induced rapid reduction in the electrical conduction pathway, which is manipulated by the CNTs bridging over the cracks. The device with AIE proves its high mechanical durability through a cycling test (>10 000 cycles) at a high strain up to ∼80%, further paving its practical applications in various human motion detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Chen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Rongyao Wu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Pei Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Bo Qian
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Fuzhen Xuan
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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Xin Y, Zhou J, Tao R, Xu X, Lubineau G. Making a Bilateral Compression/Tension Sensor by Pre-Stretching Open-Crack Networks in Carbon Nanotube Papers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33507-33515. [PMID: 30211536 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Highly stretchable strain sensors are key elements of new applications in wearable electronics and soft robotics. Most of the available technologies only measure positive strain (stretching), and cannot measure negative strains (compression). We propose here a stretchable technology that enables the measurement of both negative and positive strains with high sensitivity. A carbon nanotube paper is pre-cracked to introduce a well-controlled network of open cracks as the sensing element; then, the pre-cracked paper is sandwiched by a thermoplastic elastomer. The resulting sensor is also pre-stretched and subjected to thermal annealing, which removes any residual stress so that the pre-stretched configuration remains stable. This process results in a stretchable structure with a network of open cracks that is sensitive to both negative and positive strains. We demonstrate that such sensors can measure negative strains up to -13% with high sensitivity and robust stretchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xin
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jian Zhou
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ran Tao
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuezhu Xu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Gilles Lubineau
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
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