1
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Sun Z, Wang X, An H, Liang S, Li N. A review on intelligence of cellulose based materials. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 338:122219. [PMID: 38763716 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose based materials are widely used in various fields such as papermaking, packaging, composite materials, textiles and clothing due to their diverse types, environmental friendliness, natural degradation, high specific strength, and low cost. The intelligence of cellulose based materials will further expand their application fields. This article first gives an in-depth analyzation on the intelligent structural design of these materials according to the two major categories of isotropic and anisotropic, then lists the main preparation methods of cellulose based intelligent materials. Subsequently, this article systematically summarizes the recent intelligent response methods and characteristics of cellulose based materials, and extensively elaborates on the intelligent application of these materials. Finally, the prospects for the intelligence of cellulose based materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanying Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China..
| | - Xin Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China..
| | - Haoran An
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China..
| | - Shuang Liang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China..
| | - Na Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China..
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2
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Li B, Zhu X, Xu C, Yu J, Fan Y. A tough, reversible and highly sensitive humidity actuator based on cellulose nanofiber films by intercalation modulated plasticization. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122108. [PMID: 38616082 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofiber was an ideal candidate for humidity actuators based on its wide availability, biocompatibility and excellent hydrophilicity. However, conventional cellulose nanofiber-based actuators faced challenges like poor water resistance, flexibility, and sensitivity. Herein, water-resistant, flexible, and highly sensitive cross-linked cellulose nanofibers (CCNF) single-layer humidity actuators with remarkable reversible humidity responsiveness were prepared by combining the green click chemistry modification and intercalation modulated plasticization (IMP). The incorporation of phenyl ring and the crosslinked network structure in CCNF films contributed to its improved water resistance and mechanical properties (with a stress increased from 85.9 ± 3.1 MPa to 141.2 ± 21.5 MPa). SEM analysis confirmed enhanced interlaminar sliding properties facilitated by IMP. This resulted in increased flexibility and toughness of CCNF films, with a strain of 11.5 % and toughness of 9.9 MJ/m3. These improvements efficiently enhanced humidity sensitivity for cellulose nanofiber, with a 4.8-fold increase in bending curvature and a response time of only 3.4 ± 0.1 s. Finally, the good humidity sensitivity of modified CNF can be easily imparted to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via simple self-assembly method, thus leading to a high-performance humidity-responsive actuator. The click chemistry modification and IMP offer a new avenue to fabricate tough, reversible and highly sensitive humidity actuator based on cellulose nanofiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Juan Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yimin Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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3
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Yu J, Xu Z, Wan Q, Shuai Y, Wang J, Mao C, Yang M. Ultrafast Bi-Directional Bending Moisture-Responsive Soft Actuators through Superfine Silk Rod Modified Bio-Mimicking Hierarchical Layered Structure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309364. [PMID: 38225691 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Development of stimulus-responsive materials is crucial for novel soft actuators. Among these actuators, the moisture-responsive actuators are known for their accessibility, eco-friendliness, and robust regenerative attributes. A major challenge of moisture-responsive soft actuators (MRSAs) is achieving significant bending curvature within short response times. Many plants naturally perform large deformation through a layered hierarchical structure in response to moisture stimuli. Drawing inspiration from the bionic structure of Delosperma nakurense (D. nakurense) seed capsule, here the fabrication of an ultrafast bi-directional bending MRSAs is reported. Combining a superfine silk fibroin rod (SFR) modified graphene oxide (GO) moisture-responsive layer with a moisture-inert layer of reduced graphene oxide (RGO), this actuator demonstrated large bi-directional bending deformation (-4.06 ± 0.09 to 10.44 ± 0.00 cm-1) and ultrafast bending rates (7.06 cm-1 s-1). The high deformation rate is achieved by incorporating the SFR into the moisture-responsive layers, facilitating rapid water transmission within the interlayer structure. The complex yet predictable deformations of this actuator are demonstrated that can be utilized in smart switch, robotic arms, and walking device. The proposed SFR modification method is simple and versatile, enhancing the functionality of hierarchical layered actuators. It holds the potential to advance intelligent soft robots for application in confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zongpu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Quan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Shuai
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, ShaTin, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Mingying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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4
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Ding Y, Chen Y, Wang M. Investigation on acceptor- donor co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles enriched with oxygen vacancies: a capacitive humidity sensor for respiration detection. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14582-14593. [PMID: 38726653 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01141d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we develop a novel capacitive humidity sensor based on Al-Si acceptor-donor co-doped SnO2 for real-time monitoring of ambient humidity and human respiration. XRD measurements reveal that all samples exhibit a tetragonal rutile phase and the crystallite size of SnO2 decreases with increasing Al-Si content. The high intensity of the Raman peak at 762 cm-1 confirms the presence of bridging mode oxygen vacancies in (Al + Si)0.02Sn0.98O2. The EPR results show that the amount of singly ionized oxygen vacancies increases after the introduction of Al-Si. Both types and amounts of oxygen vacancy defects are particularly sensitive to the adsorption of water molecules. Moreover, according to DFT calculations, the contribution of the Si 3s orbital and Al 3s orbital to the band edge verifies the formation of acceptor-donor complexes in Al-Si co-doped SnO2. The humidity sensing results reveal that the (Al + Si)0.02Sn0.98O2 humidity sensor shows high sensitivity (S = 839), low hysteresis (1.94%) and fast response/recovery times (25 s/5 s). The respiratory intervals during shallow, medium and deep breathing states of (Al + Si)0.02Sn0.98O2 were measured at 2.8 s, 3.8 s and 4.5 s, respectively. The chemical mechanism for the enhancement of humidity sensing performance corresponding to the oxygen vacancy defects induced by Al-Si interplay is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Ding
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Chen
- Huaide College, Changzhou University, Jingjiang 214500, People's Republic of China
| | - MaoHua Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, People's Republic of China.
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Liu H, Hu Y, Liu Y, Hu R, Wu X, Li B. A review of recent advances in biomedical applications of smart cellulose-based hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127149. [PMID: 37778583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
In biomedical engineering, smart materials act as media to communicate physiological signals inspired by environmentally responsive stimuli with outer indicators for timely scrutiny and precise therapy. Various physical and chemical processes are applied in the design of specific smart functions. Hydrogels are polymeric networks consisting of hydrophilic chains and chemical groups and they have contributed their unique features in biomedical application as one of the most used smart materials. Numerous raw materials can form hydrogels, in which cellulose and its derivatives have been extensively exploited in biomedicine due to their high hydrophilicity, availability, renewability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and multifunctional reactivity. This review collates cellulose-based hydrogels and their extensive applications in the biomedical domain, specifically benefiting from the "SMART" concept in their design, synthesis and device assembly. The first section discusses the physical and chemical crosslinking and electrospinning techniques used in the fabrication of smart cellulose-based hydrogels. The second section describes the performance of these hydrogels, and the final section is a comprehensive discussion of their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
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Nasseri R, Bouzari N, Huang J, Golzar H, Jankhani S, Tang XS, Mekonnen TH, Aghakhani A, Shahsavan H. Programmable nanocomposites of cellulose nanocrystals and zwitterionic hydrogels for soft robotics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6108. [PMID: 37777525 PMCID: PMC10542366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels have garnered significant attention as a versatile class of soft actuators. Introducing anisotropic properties, and shape-change programmability to responsive hydrogels promises a host of opportunities in the development of soft robots. Herein we report the synthesis of pH-responsive hydrogel nanocomposites with predetermined microstructural anisotropy, shape-transformation, and self-healing. Our hydrogel nanocomposites are largely composed of zwitterionic monomers and asymmetric cellulose nanocrystals. While the zwitterionic nature of the network imparts both self-healing and cytocompatibility to our hydrogel nanocomposites, the shear-induced alignment of cellulose nanocrystals renders their anisotropic swelling and mechanical properties. Thanks to the self-healing properties, we utilized a cut-and-paste approach to program reversible, and complex deformation into our hydrogels. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated the transport of light cargo using tethered and untethered soft robots made from our hydrogels. We believe the proposed material system introduce a powerful toolbox for the development of future generations of biomedical soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Nasseri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Negin Bouzari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Junting Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hossein Golzar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sarah Jankhani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xiaowu Shirley Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tizazu H Mekonnen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems (IBBS), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hamed Shahsavan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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7
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Zhou J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang D, Zhou X, Xiong J. Breathable Metal-Organic Framework Enhanced Humidity-Responsive Nanofiber Actuator with Autonomous Triboelectric Perceptivity. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17920-17930. [PMID: 37668183 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous object manipulation and perception with environmental factor-triggered and self-powered actuation is one of the most attractive directions for developing next-generation soft robotics with a smart human-machine-environment interface. Humidity, as a sustainable energy source ubiquitous in the surrounding environment, can be used for triggering smart grippers. In this work, it is proposed that by contacts between the gripper and objects upon humidity-induced actuation, real-time distinguishable triboelectric signals can be generated to realize the humidity-driven object manipulation and identification. Herein, a thermo-modified electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone/poly(acrylic acid)/MIL-88A (T-PPM) nanofibrous film with micro-to-nano cross-scale porosity is developed, and a bilayer humidity-responsive actuator (T-HRA) was designed, mimicking the tamariskoid spikemoss to enhance the humidity-driven actuation. The breathing effect of MIL-88A and hierarchical porous structure of the T-PPM facilitate moisture diffusion and offer huge actuation (2.41 cm-1) with a fast response (0.084 cm-1 s-1). For autonomous object manipulation perception, T-PPM was verified as a tribo-positive material located between paper and silk. Accordingly, the T-HRA was demonstrated as a smart soft gripper that generates a different electric signal upon contact with objects of different material. This work proposes a concept of soft robots that are interactive with the environment for both autonomous object manipulation and information acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhou
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yufan Zhang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Desuo Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinran Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiaqing Xiong
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Li J, Zhang G, Cui Z, Bao L, Xia Z, Liu Z, Zhou X. High Performance and Multifunction Moisture-Driven Yin-Yang-Interface Actuators Derived from Polyacrylamide Hydrogel. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303228. [PMID: 37194983 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High actuation performance of a moisture actuator highly depends on the presence of a large property difference between the two layers, which may cause interfacial delamination. Improving interfacial adhesion strength while increasing the difference between the layers is a challenge. In this study, a moisture-driven tri-layer actuator with a Yin-Yang-interface (YYI) design is investigated in which a moisture-responsive polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel layer (Yang) is combined with a moisture-inert polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer (Yin) using an interfacial poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) (PEA) adhesion layer. Fast and large reversible bending, oscillation, and programmable morphing motions in response to moisture are realized. The response time, bending curvature, and response speed normalized by thickness are among the best compared with those of previously reported moisture-driven actuators. The excellent actuation performance of the actuator has potential multifunctional applications in moisture-controlled switches, mechanical grippers, and crawling and jumping motions. The Yin-Yang-interface design proposed in this work provides a new design strategy for high-performance intelligent materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guanghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhanpeng Cui
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Lili Bao
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zhigang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Zunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
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9
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Chen X, Ma K, Ou J, Mo D, Lian H, Li X, Cui Z, Luo Y. Fast-Response Non-Contact Flexible Humidity Sensor Based on Direct-Writing Printing for Respiration Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:792. [PMID: 37622878 PMCID: PMC10452166 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory monitoring is crucial for evaluating health status and identifying potential respiratory diseases such as respiratory failure, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Humidity sensors play a significant role in this regard, and efforts are being made to improve their performance. However, achieving ideal sensor parameters such as sensitivity, detection range, and response speed is challenging. In this work, we propose a flexible preparation method for a double-layer humidity sensor using PDMS as a substrate and a GNP/MWCNT composite material as a sensor element. This sensor exhibits high sensitivity (1.4 RH-1), a wide detection range (20-90%), ultra-fast response (0.35 s) and recovery (2.5 s), high repetitiveness (500 cycles), good long-term stability, and excellent flexibility. Due to these advantages, this sensor has potential applications in real-time clinical and home medical care, such as accurate human respiratory monitoring and non-invasive skin humidity monitoring. Hence, this humidity sensor can be a powerful tool to monitor respiratory moisture levels for diagnosing and treating respiratory diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Kanglin Ma
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Jialin Ou
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Deyun Mo
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Haishan Lian
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Zaifu Cui
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Yihui Luo
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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10
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Lan R, Shen W, Yao W, Chen J, Chen X, Yang H. Bioinspired humidity-responsive liquid crystalline materials: from adaptive soft actuators to visualized sensors and detectors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:2824-2844. [PMID: 37211901 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00392b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by nature, humidity-responsive materials and devices have attracted significant interest from scientists in multiple disciplines, ranging from chemistry, physics and materials science to biomimetics. Owing to their superiorities, including harmless stimulus and untethered control, humidity-driven materials have been widely investigated for application in soft robots, smart sensors and detectors, biomimetic devices and anticounterfeiting labels. Especially, humidity-responsive liquid crystalline materials are particularly appealing due to the combination of programmable and adaptive liquid crystal matrix and humidity-controllability, enabling the fabrication of advanced self-adaptive robots and visualized sensors. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in humidity-driven liquid crystalline materials. First, a brief introduction of liquid crystal materials, including liquid crystalline polymers, cholesteric liquid crystals, blue-phase liquid crystals and cholesteric cellulose nanocrystals is provided. Subsequently, the mechanisms of humidity-responsiveness are presented, followed by the diverse strategies for the fabrication of humidity-responsive liquid crystalline materials. The applications of humidity-driven devices will be presented ranging from soft actuators to visualized sensors and detectors. Finally, we provide an outlook on the development of humidity-driven liquid crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Lan
- Institute of Advanced Materials & Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Wenbo Shen
- Hangzhou WITLANCE Technology Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wenhuan Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials & Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials & Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Huai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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11
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Xu J, Hu J, Gao Y, Wang H, Li L, Zheng S. Crosslinking of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) with diphenylboronic acid of tetraphenylethene enables reprocessing, shape recovery and photoluminescence. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2023.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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12
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Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1925-2015. [PMID: 36724185 PMCID: PMC9999435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, TurkuFI-20500, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Marcel Kröger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
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13
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Kwiatkowska D. Plant biology: How the humble plant droops its leaves. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R156-R158. [PMID: 36854276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The humble plant (Mimosa pudica) droops its leaves in response to touch. A new study explains how changes of turgor pressure exerted by protoplasts on surrounding cell walls translate into directional cell deformation that drives leaf movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
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14
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Wang Q, Wu Z, Li J, Wei J, Guo J, Yin M. Spontaneous and Continuous Actuators Driven by Fluctuations in Ambient Humidity for Energy-Harvesting Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38972-38980. [PMID: 35994317 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-oscillating soft actuators that enable spontaneous and continuous motion under an external stimulus with no human intervention have attracted extensive attention due to the great value of the realization of more sustainable and low-power-consumption actuators. However, the achievement of such actuators that collect chemical energy from the fluctuations in ambient humidity is still a great challenge. Here, an actuator film based on spiropyran@agarose (SP@AG) that can spontaneously and continuously collect chemical energy from the fluctuations in ambient humidity is developed. It is noteworthy that the SP@AG film has excellent self-oscillation behavior and a high oscillation amplitude (184°) under the size (40 × 8 mm) or load of 116 mg (about 5.2 times of the film weight). Moreover, on the basis of the self-oscillating motion, an energy conversion device is constructed by integrating the soft actuator with a piezoelectric PVDF film, which can spontaneously and continuously generate an output voltage of about 30 mV. Finally, a proof of concept for an "intelligent light-controllable window" that can open under humidity stimulus and change color under light is proposed herein. Overall, the self-oscillating actuator driven by fluctuations in ambient humidity shows immense potential in response to the atmospheric humidity of day-night rhythm and humid-energy-harvesting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
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15
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Wei J, Jia S, Guan J, Ma C, Shao Z. Robust and Highly Sensitive Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Humidity Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54417-54427. [PMID: 34734698 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The design of humidity actuators with high response sensitivity (especially actuation time) while maintaining favorable mechanical properties is important for advanced intelligent manufacturing, like soft robotics and smart devices, but still remains a challenge. Here, we fabricate a robust and conductive composite film-based humidity actuator with synergetic benefits from one-dimensional cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as well as two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO) via an efficient vacuum-assisted self-assembly method. Owing to the excellent moisture sensitivity of CNF and GO, the hydrophobic CNT favoring rapid desorption of water molecules, and the unique porous structure with numerous nanochannels for accelerating the water exchange rate, this CNF/GO/CNT composite film delivers excellent actuation including an ultrafast response/recovery (0.8/2 s), large deformation, and sufficient cycle stability (no detectable degradation after 1000 cycles) in response to ambient gradient humidity. Intriguingly, the actuator could also achieve a superior flexibility, a good mechanical strength (201 MPa), a desirable toughness (6.6 MJ/m3), and stable electrical conductivity. Taking advantage of these benefits, the actuator is conceptually fabricated into various smart devices including mechanical grippers, crawling robotics, and humidity control switches, which is expected to hold great promise toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Jia
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jie Guan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiang Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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16
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Abstract
We demonstrate how programmable shape evolution and deformation can be induced in plant-based natural materials through standard digital printing technologies. With nonallergenic pollen paper as the substrate material, we show how specific geometrical features and architectures can be custom designed through digital printing of patterns to modulate hygrophobicity, geometry, and complex shapes. These autonomously hygromorphing configurations can be "frozen" by postprocessing coatings to meet the needs of a wide spectrum of uses and applications. Through computational simulations involving the finite element method and accompanying experiments, we develop quantitative insights and a general framework for creating complex shapes in eco-friendly natural materials with potential sustainable applications for scalable manufacturing.
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17
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Wang W, Wang S, Xiang C, Liu S, Li M, Wang D. Graphene Oxide/Nanofiber-Based Actuation Films with Moisture and Photothermal Stimulation Response for Remote Intelligent Control Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48179-48188. [PMID: 34586793 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of intelligent technology and industry has induced higher requirements for multifunctional materials, especially intelligent materials with stimulus-responsive self-actuation behavior. In this study, a Cu@PVA-co-PE/GO composite actuation film, with an asymmetric sandwich structure, was prepared by attaching graphene oxide (GO) to the surface of a polyvinyl alcohol ethylene copolymer (PVA-co-PE) nanofiber composite film containing copper nanoparticles (Cu) through layer-on-layer adsorption. This unique structural design endowed the composite film with not only excellent structural stability but also different bending directions (in response to moisture and infrared light). The actuation performance shows that when the adsorption time was 4 h, the maximum bending angle of the Cu@PVA-co-PE/GO composite film was up to 90° within 5.99 s. Furthermore, the actuation behavior was stable after 100 cycles of reversible moisture stimulation. Additionally, the maximum actuation strain of the composite film was up to 1.35 MPa during the illumination time of 6.8 s and maintained an excellent stability for 400 s under continuous infrared stimulation of 0.53 W/cm2. The rapid and sensitive stimulus response of the Cu@PVA-co-PE/GO composite film exhibited self-actuation behavior under the remote control of moisture and infrared light. This, in turn, suggests prospects for wide applications in emerging technologies, such as intelligent switches, artificial muscles, intelligent medical treatment, and flexible robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Chenxue Xiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Mufang Li
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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18
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Cheng M, Li Q. Left-Handed or Right-Handed? Determinants of the Chirality of Helically Deformable Soft Actuators. Soft Robot 2021; 9:850-860. [PMID: 34582707 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2021.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helical curling and spiral structure are very common in nature, which inspire researchers to create various forms of helical configurations and actuators. The helically deformable actuators perform asymmetric deformations and show different chirality, which means that they can be left handed or right handed. However, the mechanism of helical curling and especially how the key factors influence the chirality of the actuator have not been systematically explained and well understood. In this study, we focus on the typical double-layer soft actuator composed of an active (expansion) layer and a passive (supporting) layer and investigate the effect of key factors (expansion coefficient, Young's modulus, relative thickness) on the chirality of the helical actuation or morphing by comprehensive finite element analyses. It was found that (i) the anisotropic expansion of the active layer or (ii) the anisotropic Young's modulus of the active or the passive layer is indispensable for helical curling. In Case (i), the actuator curls along the direction of greater expansion of the active layer. In Case (ii), the actuator curls along the direction of closer moduli match of the active and passive layers, and their relative thickness also affects the helical morphing of the actuator. In practice, the above two factors may cooperate or compete with each other, and the dominant one determines the chirality. This work gives the general rules for helical morphing forms and can provide guidance for the design and preparation of spiral actuators and soft robots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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19
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Wu J, Jiao X, Chen D, Li C. Dual-stimuli responsive color-changing nanofibrous membranes as effective media for anti-counterfeiting and erasable writing. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Asai H. Actuators with nanofiber mat electrodes: effect of electrode preparation method on actuator performance. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Ilami M, Bagheri H, Ahmed R, Skowronek EO, Marvi H. Materials, Actuators, and Sensors for Soft Bioinspired Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003139. [PMID: 33346386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems can perform complex tasks with high compliance levels. This makes them a great source of inspiration for soft robotics. Indeed, the union of these fields has brought about bioinspired soft robotics, with hundreds of publications on novel research each year. This review aims to survey fundamental advances in bioinspired soft actuators and sensors with a focus on the progress between 2017 and 2020, providing a primer for the materials used in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ilami
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hosain Bagheri
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Reza Ahmed
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - E Olga Skowronek
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hamid Marvi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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22
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Manikandan G, Murali A, Kumar R, Satapathy DK. Rapid Moisture-Responsive Silk Fibroin Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8880-8888. [PMID: 33576225 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the unique actuation characteristics of moisture-driven, fully reversible soft biopolymer films fabricated from Bombyx mori silk. The instantaneous actuation is driven by the water vapor induced stress gradient generated across the thickness of the film, and it possesses subsecond response and actuation times. The excellent durability and consistent performance of the film without any noticeable fatigue are established by subjecting it to more than a thousand continuous actuation cycles. The weight-lifting capability of the film is fascinating, where a few tens of micrograms of water generate a colossal force required to lift hundreds of milligrams of weight. Several other potential uses of silk fibroin based soft actuators, such as an intelligent textile layer with the crescent-shaped windows that open on perspiring skin and an autonomous crawler, are also demonstrated. Interestingly, even moisture emanating from the human palm triggers the ultrafast actuation process. These silk films are fabricated using a simple facile solution-casting technique, which can be scaled up with relative ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Manikandan
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Aathira Murali
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, 678557, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Dillip K Satapathy
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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23
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Lu Z, Jung de Andrade M, Fang S, Zhang Z, Wu J, Baughman RH. Humidity- and Water-Responsive Torsional and Contractile Lotus Fiber Yarn Artificial Muscles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:6642-6649. [PMID: 33444009 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Materials that dynamically respond to their environment have diverse applications in artificial muscles, soft robotics, and smart textiles. Inspired by biological systems, humidity- and water-responsive actuators that bend, twist, and contract have been previously demonstrated. However, more powerful artificial muscles with large strokes and high work densities are needed, especially those that can be made cost-effectively from eco-friendly materials. We here derive such muscles from naturally abundant lotus fibers. A coiled lotus fiber yarn muscle provides a large, reversible tensile stroke of 38% and a work capacity during contraction of 450 J/kg, which is 56 times higher than that of natural skeletal muscles and higher than that for any other reported natural fiber muscles. In addition, highly twisted lotus fiber yarn muscles provide a fully reversible torsional stroke of 200°/mm of muscle length and a peak rotation speed of 200 rpm, with a generated specific torque of 488 mN·m/kg for a 2.5 cm long muscle. Potential applications of these lotus fiber yarn muscles are demonstrated for a weight-lifting artificial limb and a smart textile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Middle Road, High-Tech Zone, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Zhenyong Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Middle Road, High-Tech Zone, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
| | - Mônica Jung de Andrade
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Shaoli Fang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Middle Road, High-Tech Zone, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
| | - Jinping Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 185 Qianshan Middle Road, High-Tech Zone, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
| | - Ray H Baughman
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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24
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Min T, Sun X, Yuan Z, Zhou L, Jiao X, Zha J, Zhu Z, Wen Y. Novel antimicrobial packaging film based on porous poly(lactic acid) nanofiber and polymeric coating for humidity-controlled release of thyme essential oil. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Biocompatible smart cellulose nanofibres for sustained drug release via pH and temperature dual-responsive mechanism. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 249:116876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Qin J, Feng P, Wang Y, Du X, Song B. Nanofibrous Actuator with an Alignment Gradient for Millisecond-Responsive, Multidirectional, Multimodal, and Multidimensional Large Deformation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46719-46732. [PMID: 32945656 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although progress has been made in the construction of stimulus-responsive actuators, the performance of these smart materials is still unsatisfactory, owing to their slow response, small deformation amplitude, uncontrollable bending direction, and unidirectional (2D to 3D) transformation. Herein, we employ a structural bionic strategy to design and fabricate a novel water/moisture responsive nanofibrous actuator with an alignment degree gradient. Owing to its different contraction gradient amplitudes along the thickness direction and the unique physical property of the nanofibrous material, the prepared actuator exhibits excellent shape deformation performance, including superfast response (less than 150 ms), controllable deformation directions, multiple actuation models, multiple dimensional deformation (0D-3D, 1D-3D, 2D-3D, and 3D-3D), large bending curvature (25.3 cm-1), and a repeatability rate of at least 1000. The actuation performance of the nanofibrous actuator is superior to the currently reported actuators. The nanofibers are integrated into layer-by-layer and side-by-side structures to achieve competitive and independent actuation, respectively. The outstanding shape-changing properties of the nanofibrous actuator result in the construction of practical intelligent devices for applications such as amphibious movement, intelligent protection, and cargo transportation. The nanofibrous actuator designed herein exhibits tremendous potential in soft robotics, sensors, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanrong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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27
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Zhu Q, Liu S, Sun J, Liu J, Kirubaharan CJ, Chen H, Xu W, Wang Q. Stimuli-responsive cellulose nanomaterials for smart applications. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Much progress has been made in developing bioinspired sensors and actuators based on engineered synthetic materials, although there remains a critical need to incorporate cost-effective and eco-friendly materials. Here naturally abundant pollen grains are used as a material template to produce paper that sensitively and reversibly responds as an actuator to variations in environmental humidity. The actuating properties of the all-natural paper are readily tuned by material characteristics, such as sheet thickness and surface roughness. We demonstrate self-actuation of the pollen-based paper by mimicking flower blooming. The results presented here point to pathways for the creation of self-propelled robots, flexible electronics, and multifunctional devices. They also offer the potential for digital printing and fabrication of complex and programmable natural actuators. Here we describe the development of a humidity-responsive sheet of paper that is derived solely from natural pollen. Adaptive soft material components of the paper exhibit diverse and well-integrated responses to humidity that promote shape reconfiguration, actuation, and locomotion. This mechanically versatile and nonallergenic paper can generate a cyclically high contractile stress upon water absorption and desorption, and the rapid exchange of water drives locomotion due to hydrodynamic effects. Such dynamic behavior can be finely tuned by adjusting the structure and properties of the paper, including thickness, surface roughness, and processing conditions, analogous to those of classical soapmaking. We demonstrate that humidity-responsive paper-like actuators can mimic the blooming of the Michelia flower and perform self-propelled motion. Harnessing the material properties of bioinspired systems such as pollen paper opens the door to a wide range of sustainable, eco-friendly, and biocompatible material innovation platforms for applications in sensing, actuation, and locomotion.
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29
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He H, Cheng M, Liang Y, Zhu H, Sun Y, Dong D, Wang S. Intelligent Cellulose Nanofibers with Excellent Biocompatibility Enable Sustained Antibacterial and Drug Release via a pH-Responsive Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3518-3527. [PMID: 32091890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel nanosized biomass-based pH-responsive cellulose nanofibers (CNF-PEI) with excellent biocompatibility were tailored by grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) onto carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CNF-COOH); the active site (-COOH, 0.96 mmol/g) was anchored on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) to introduce PEI with a high density (10.57 mmol/g) of amino groups. The as-prepared CNF-PEI not only maintained the good properties of CNFs but also possessed excellent biocompatibility and pH-responsive properties, offering interesting possibilities for pH-induced sustained drug release and medical dressing. The CNF-PEI showed rapid wettability conversion from hydrophilic, underwater superoleophobic (WCA = 20.7°, OCA = 159.3°) to hydrophobic, superoleophilic (WCA = 129.6°, OCA = 29.7°) in response to pH change from acidic conditions to alkaline conditions. The antibacterial activity of CNF-PEI toward Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes was 100% and 94.6% under acidic conditions, respectively. Furthermore, the pH-responsive mechanism of CNF-PEI was revealed by XPS, 13C NMR, 1H NMR, and AFM analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Meixiao Cheng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuting Liang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Hongxiang Zhu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yupei Sun
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Die Dong
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
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Verpaalen RCP, Souren AEJ, Debije MG, Engels TAP, Bastiaansen CWM, Schenning APHJ. Unravelling humidity-gated, temperature responsive bilayer actuators. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:2753-2759. [PMID: 32083272 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
By spraying liquid crystal mixtures onto stretched polyamide 6 (PA6) substrates, dual-responsive heat/humidity bilayer actuators are generated. The oriented PA6 guides the self-organization of the liquid crystal monomers into well-aligned, anisotropic liquid crystal networks. The bilayer responds to changes in the environmental relative humidity, resulting in bending of the actuator with the liquid crystal network inside the curvature. In contrast, in conditions of constant high humidity (80%RH), increasing the temperature triggers the liquid crystal network coating to bend the bilayer in the opposing direction. The dual-responsivity to changes in environmental humidity and temperature is examined in detail and discussed theoretically to elucidate the humidity-gated, temperature responsive properties revealing guidelines for fabricating anisotropic bilayer actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob C P Verpaalen
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne E J Souren
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael G Debije
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom A P Engels
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cees W M Bastiaansen
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Albertus P H J Schenning
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Chen H, Ge Y, Ye S, Zhu Z, Tu Y, Ge D, Xu Z, Chen W, Yang X. Water transport facilitated by carbon nanotubes enables a hygroresponsive actuator with negative hydrotaxis. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6104-6110. [PMID: 32129414 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00932f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hygroresponsive actuators harness minor fluctuations in the ambient humidity to realize energy harvesting and conversion, thus they are of profound significance in the development of more energy-saving and sustainable systems. However, most of the existing hygroresponsive actuators are only adaptive to wet environments with limited moving directions and shape morphing modes. Therefore, it is highly imperative to develop a hygroresponsive actuator that works in both wet and dry environments. In this work, we present a bidirectional actuator responsive to both wet and dry stimuli. Our strategy relies on the introduction of carbon nanotubes to provide transport channels for water molecules. The actuation is enabled by the rapid transport of water in and out of the system driven by the moist/dry surroundings owing to the transport channels. The resultant actuator demonstrates reconfiguration and locomotion with turnover frequency F = 30 min-1, coupled with the capability of lifting objects 6 times heavier and transporting cargos 63 times heavier than itself. Oscillations (24°) driven by dry air flow in a cantilever display a high frequency (2 Hz) and large amplitude. Furthermore, a touchless electronic device was constructed to output varying signals in response to humid and dry environments. Our work provides valuable guidance and implications for designing and constructing hygroresponsive actuators, and paves the way for next-generation robust autonomous devices to exploit energy from natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanhang Ge
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Sunjie Ye
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Zhifeng Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Denteng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Zhejiang Sci-Tech University), Ministry of Education. State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Institute of Functional Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Zhejiang Sci-Tech University), Ministry of Education. State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Institute of Functional Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Park Y, Jung Y, Li TD, Lao J, Tu RS, Chen X. β-Sheet Nanocrystals Dictate Water Responsiveness of Bombyx Mori Silk. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900612. [PMID: 32125047 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Water-responsive (WR) materials that strongly swell and shrink in response to changes in relative humidity (RH) have shown a great potential to serve as high-energy actuators for soft robotics and new energy-harvesting systems. However, the design criteria governing the scalable and high-efficiency WR actuation remain unclear, and thus inhibit further development of WR materials for practical applications. Nature has provided excellent examples of WR materials that contain stiff nanocrystalline structures that can be crucial to understand the fundamentals of WR behavior. This work reports that regenerated Bombyx (B.) mori silk can be processed to increase β-sheet crystallinity, which dramatically increases the WR energy density to 1.6 MJ m-3 , surpassing that of all known natural muscles, including mammalian muscles and insect muscles. Interestingly, the maximum water sorption decreases from 80.4% to 19.2% as the silk's β-sheet crystallinity increases from 19.7% to 57.6%, but the silk's WR energy density shows an eightfold increase with higher fractions of β-sheets. The findings of this study suggest that high crystallinity of silk reduces energy dissipation and translates the chemical potential of water-induced pressure to external loads more efficiently during the hydration/dehydration processes. Moreover, the availability of B. mori silk opens up possibilities for simple and scalable modification and production of powerful WR actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaewon Park
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), City University of New York, 85, St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Yeojin Jung
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), City University of New York, 85, St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Tai-De Li
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), City University of New York, 85, St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Physics, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Jianpei Lao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Raymond S Tu
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), City University of New York, 85, St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), City University of New York, 85, St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry and Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Li Q, Wang X, Dong L, Liu C, Fan S. Spirally deformable soft actuators and their designable helical actuations based on a highly oriented carbon nanotube film. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9788-9796. [PMID: 31746933 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01966a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spiral configurations and helical curlings of plant tendrils and seed pods are very common in nature. Many researchers have tried to develop spirally deformable actuators to mimic these natural spirals through several approaches, such as preforming helical shapes, processing diagonal stripes and employing anisotropic organic layers. However, these methods are usually complex and time-consuming. Here, we used an efficient method to produce a highly oriented carbon nanotube (CNT) film and develop a series of spirally deformable soft actuators which perform various controllable helical actuations. The actuator consists of a CNT layer with strong anisotropy and a silicone layer. By simply adjusting the orientations of the aligned CNTs, the prepared actuators can accomplish left- or right-handed spiral deformations with different helical forms when driven by electricity. Finite element analyses and simulations were conducted to investigate the mechanism. It is confirmed that it is the anisotropic moduli of the CNT film that regulate the internal stress distributions of the actuators and lead to helical actuations. Moreover, complex actuator designs and functional applications were also carried out. A V-shaped actuator can simultaneously achieve left- and right-handed curling with large angles (630°), which vividly imitates the spiral winding of a tendril. A Y-shaped actuator performed three-dimensional movements, which can manipulate lightweight objects deftly. By virtue of easy preparation and flexible function design, the spirally deformable actuators based on the oriented CNT film will be very promising in artificial muscles and bionic soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Li
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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