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Siqueira GP, Rocha RG, Nascimento AB, Richter EM, Muñoz RAA. Portable Atmospheric Air Plasma Jet Pen for the Surface Treatment of Three-Dimensionally (3D)-Printed Electrodes. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39236255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology to develop devices on a large scale with potential application for electroanalysis. However, 3D-printed electrodes, in their native form, provide poor electrochemical response due to the presence of a high percentage of thermoplastic polymer in the conductive filaments. Therefore, surface treatments are usually required to remove the nonconductive material from the 3D-printed electrode surfaces, providing a dramatic improvement in the electroanalytical performance. However, these procedures are time-consuming, require bulky equipment, or even involve non-eco-friendly protocols. Herein, we demonstrated that portable and low-cost atmospheric air plasma jet pens can be used to activate electrodes additively manufactured using a commercial poly(lactic acid) filament containing carbon black as conductive filler, improving the electrochemical activity. Remarkable electrochemical results were obtained (voltammetric profile) using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-, dopamine and [Ru(NH3)6]2+/3+ as redox probes. Microscopic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques revealed that the air-plasma jet pen removes the excess PLA on the 3D-printed electrode surface, exposing the conductive carbon black particles and increasing the surface area. The performance of the treated electrode was evaluated by the quantification of capsaicin in pepper sauce samples, with a limit of detection of 3 nM, suitable for analysis of food samples. Recovery values from 94% to 101% were obtained for the analysis of spiked samples. The new treatment generated by a plasma jet pen is an alternative approach to improve the electrochemical activity of 3D-printed electrodes that present sluggish kinetics with great advantages over previous protocols, including low-cost, short time of treatment (2 min), environmentally friendly protocol (reagentless), and portability (hand-held pen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilvana P Siqueira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel G Rocha
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda B Nascimento
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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2
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R H, Dhilipkumar T, V Shankar K, P K, Salunkhe S, Venkatesan R, Shazly GA, Vetcher AA, Kim SC. Evaluating the Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Potential of 3D-Printed Graphene Prepared Using Direct Ink Writing and Fused Deposition Modelling. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2397. [PMID: 39274030 PMCID: PMC11397054 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This research aims to use energy harvested from conductive materials to power microelectronic components. The proposed method involves using vibration-based energy harvesting to increase the natural vibration frequency, reduce the need for battery replacement, and minimise chemical waste. Piezoelectric transduction, known for its high-power density and ease of application, has garnered significant attention. Additionally, graphene, a non-piezoelectric material, exhibits good piezoelectric properties. The research explores a novel method of printing graphene material using 3D printing, specifically Direct Ink Writing (DIW) and fused deposition modelling (FDM). Both simulation and experimental techniques were used to analyse energy harvesting. The experimental technique involved using the cantilever beam-based vibration energy harvesting method. The results showed that the DIW-derived 3D-printed prototype achieved a peak power output of 12.2 µW, surpassing the 6.4 µW output of the FDM-derived 3D-printed prototype. Furthermore, the simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics yielded a harvested output of 0.69 µV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hushein R
- Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600062, India
| | - Thulasidhas Dhilipkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, India
- Centre for Flexible Electronics and Advanced Materials, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, India
| | - Karthik V Shankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, India
- Centre for Flexible Electronics and Advanced Materials, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690525, India
| | - Karuppusamy P
- Department of Chemistry, Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (DU), Salem 636308, India
| | - Sachin Salunkhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Raja Venkatesan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Gamal A Shazly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexandre A Vetcher
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia n.a Lumumba (RUDN), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Darwish MA, Abd-Elaziem W, Elsheikh A, Zayed AA. Advancements in nanomaterials for nanosensors: a comprehensive review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:4015-4046. [PMID: 39114135 PMCID: PMC11304082 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) exhibit unique properties that render them highly suitable for developing sensitive and selective nanosensors across various domains. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of nanomaterial-based nanosensors, highlighting their applications and the classification of frequently employed NMs to enhance sensitivity and selectivity. The review introduces various classifications of NMs commonly used in nanosensors, such as carbon-based NMs, metal-based NMs, and others, elucidating their exceptional properties, including high thermal and electrical conductivity, large surface area-to-volume ratio and good biocompatibility. A thorough examination of literature sources was conducted to gather information on NMs-based nanosensors' characteristics, properties, and fabrication methods and their application in diverse sectors such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, industrial processes, and security. Additionally, advanced applications incorporating machine learning techniques were analyzed to enhance the sensor's performance. This review advances the understanding and development of nanosensor technologies by providing insights into fabrication techniques, characterization methods, applications, and future outlook. Key challenges such as robustness, biocompatibility, and scalable manufacturing are also discussed, offering avenues for future research and development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A Darwish
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Walaa Abd-Elaziem
- Department of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University P.O. Box 44519 Egypt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Ammar Elsheikh
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University Tanta 31521 Egypt
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Lebanese American University P.O. Box 36 / S-12 Byblos Lebanon
| | - Abdelhameed A Zayed
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University Tanta 31521 Egypt
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4
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Kozłowska K, Cieślik M, Koterwa A, Formela K, Ryl J, Niedziałkowski P. Microwave-Induced Processing of Free-Standing 3D Printouts: An Effortless Route to High-Redox Kinetics in Electroanalysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2833. [PMID: 38930201 PMCID: PMC11204644 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
3D-printable composites have become an attractive option used for the design and manufacture of electrochemical sensors. However, to ensure proper charge-transfer kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interface, activation is often required, with this step consisting of polymer removal to reveal the conductive nanofiller. In this work, we present a novel effective method for the activation of composites consisting of poly(lactic acid) filled with carbon black (CB-PLA) using microwave radiation. A microwave synthesizer used in chemical laboratories (CEM, Matthews, NC, USA) was used for this purpose, establishing that the appropriate activation time for CB-PLA electrodes is 15 min at 70 °C with a microwave power of 100 W. However, the usefulness of an 80 W kitchen microwave oven is also presented for the first time and discussed as a more sustainable approach to CB-PLA electrode activation. It has been established that 10 min in a kitchen microwave oven is adequate to activate the electrode. The electrochemical properties of the microwave-activated electrodes were determined by electrochemical techniques, and their topography was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and contact-angle measurements. This study confirms that during microwave activation, PLAs decompose to uncover the conductive carbon-black filler. We deliver a proof-of-concept of the utility of kitchen microwave-oven activation of a 3D-printed, free-standing electrochemical cell (FSEC) in paracetamol electroanalysis in aqueous electrolyte solution. We established satisfactory limits of linearity for paracetamol detection using voltammetry, ranging from 1.9 μM to 1 mM, with a detection limit (LOD) of 1.31 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Kozłowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Mateusz Cieślik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adrian Koterwa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł Niedziałkowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
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5
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Putri KNA, Intasanta V, Hoven VP. Current significance and future perspective of 3D-printed bio-based polymers for applications in energy conversion and storage system. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25873. [PMID: 38390075 PMCID: PMC10881347 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing global population has led to a surge in energy demand and the production of environmentally harmful products, highlighting the urgent need for renewable and clean energy sources. In this context, sustainable and eco-friendly energy production strategies have been explored to mitigate the adverse effects of fossil fuel consumption to the environment. Additionally, efficient energy storage devices with a long lifespan are also crucial. Tailoring the components of energy conversion and storage devices can improve overall performance. Three-dimensional (3D) printing provides the flexibility to create and optimize geometrical structure in order to obtain preferable features to elevate energy conversion yield and storage capacitance. It also serves the potential for rapid and cost-efficient manufacturing. Besides that, bio-based polymers with potential mechanical and rheological properties have been exploited as material feedstocks for 3D printing. The use of these polymers promoted carbon neutrality and environmentally benign processes. In this perspective, this review provides an overview of various 3D printing techniques and processing parameters for bio-based polymers applicable for energy-relevant applications. It also explores the advances and current significance on the integration of 3D-printed bio-based polymers in several energy conversion and storage components from the recently published studies. Finally, the future perspective is elaborated for the development of bio-based polymers via 3D printing techniques as powerful tools for clean energy supplies towards the sustainable development goals (SDGs) with respect to environmental protection and green energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoiria Nur Atika Putri
- Program in Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Varol Intasanta
- Nanohybrids and Coating Research Group, National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Voravee P Hoven
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials and Biointerfaces, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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6
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Soni S, Sathe P, Sarkar SK, Kushwaha A, Gupta D. Inkjet-printed sub-zero temperature sensor for real-time monitoring of cold environments. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128774. [PMID: 38096934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of low temperatures (usually below 0 °C) or cold environments is a specific requirement that finds its high demand in the aerospace, pharmaceutical, food, and beverage industries to maintain the temperature at high altitudes or in refrigerators and cold storage. In general, this purpose is achieved by using a sub-zero temperature sensor coupled with a control system. However, the market available such temperature sensors are very expensive, and bulky, thus not being suitable for portable operation, and also they suffer from poor accuracy. Therefore, the development of high-performance, low-cost, lightweight, and portable sub-zero temperature sensors is highly desired. In our recent work, we developed such sensors and integrated them with auxiliary electronics to demonstrate their wireless operation for the continuous and real-time monitoring of cold environments. So, in order to obtain low-cost sensors a cost-effective inkjet printing technology was employed for the fabrication of devices. A lightweight polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as the substrate and an electrically conducting graphene nanocomposite was used as the temperature-sensing material. To obtain a functional graphene nanocomposite film with a thickness of 530 nm and a conductivity of ~189 S m-1, the printed graphene nanocomposite was photonically sintered using a xenon flash lamp. This step was crucial for obtaining a sensor on the soft PDMS platform. The graphene nanocomposite film exhibited a positive temperature coefficient resistance value of approximately 0.119 %/°C, and its resistance values varied almost linearly (with an Adjusted R2 value (model accuracy) of 0.99) with temperature within the operating range of -30 °C to 80 °C. The sensor was properly encapsulated for protection without significantly affecting its performance. The sensors demonstrated sufficient flexibility, with a bending radius of 20 mm, and sustained 500 continuous bending cycles. Finally, the real-time operation of the sensors was demonstrated by wirelessly transmitting and monitoring the temperature over a smartphone platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Soni
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Pushkar Sathe
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Sudipta Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Ashok Kushwaha
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Dipti Gupta
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
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7
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Hernández-Rodríguez JF, Rojas D, Escarpa A. Print-Pause-Print Fabrication of Tailored Electrochemical Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18679-18684. [PMID: 38095628 PMCID: PMC10753525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has emerged as a powerful technology for the fabrication of low-cost microfluidics. Nevertheless, the fabrication of microfluidic devices integrating high-performance electrochemical sensors in practical applications is still an open challenge. Although automatic fabrication of the microfluidic device and the electrodes can be successfully carried out using a one-step multimaterial fused filament fabrication (FFF) approach, the as-printed electrochemical performance of these electrodes is not good enough for chemical (bio)sensing and their surface modification is challenging because after closing the channel there is no physical access to the electrode. Thus, here a pause-print-pause (PPP) microfabrication approach was implemented. The fabrication was paused before printing the microfluidics, and the filament-based electrodes were directly modified on the printing bed via stencil printing, drop casting, and electrodeposition. To exemplify this versatile workflow, the design of a microfluidic glucose sensor was proposed. To this end, first, the working and counter electrodes were stencil printed with graphite ink while the reference electrode was stencil printed with Ag|AgCl ink. Then, Prussian blue was formed on the working electrode either by drop casting or by electrodeposition, and glucose oxidase was drop cast on top. At this point, the microfabrication process was resumed, and the microfluidics were printed on top of the modified electrodes to complete the construction of hybrid electrochemical fluidic fused filament fabricated devices (h-eF4Ds). This print-pause-print approach is not limited to ink-based electrodes or glucose oxidase, and we envisage these results will pave the way for the effective integration of electrodes in microfluidic devices in a simple and clean-room-free approach, allowing the development of highly customized eF4Ds for a plethora of analytes with high significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rojas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Chemical
Research Institute “Andres M. Del Rio”, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Wu Y, An C, Guo Y. 3D Printed Graphene and Graphene/Polymer Composites for Multifunctional Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5681. [PMID: 37629973 PMCID: PMC10456874 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, alternatively known as additive manufacturing, is a transformative technology enabling precise, customized, and efficient manufacturing of components with complex structures. It revolutionizes traditional processes, allowing rapid prototyping, cost-effective production, and intricate designs. The 3D printed graphene-based materials combine graphene's exceptional properties with additive manufacturing's versatility, offering precise control over intricate structures with enhanced functionalities. To gain comprehensive insights into the development of 3D printed graphene and graphene/polymer composites, this review delves into their intricate fabrication methods, unique structural attributes, and multifaceted applications across various domains. Recent advances in printable materials, apparatus characteristics, and printed structures of typical 3D printing techniques for graphene and graphene/polymer composites are addressed, including extrusion methods (direct ink writing and fused deposition modeling), photopolymerization strategies (stereolithography and digital light processing) and powder-based techniques. Multifunctional applications in energy storage, physical sensor, stretchable conductor, electromagnetic interference shielding and wave absorption, as well as bio-applications are highlighted. Despite significant advancements in 3D printed graphene and its polymer composites, innovative studies are still necessary to fully unlock their inherent capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30th Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; (C.A.); (Y.G.)
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9
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Lisboa TP, de Faria LV, de Oliveira WBV, Oliveira RS, Matos MAC, Dornellas RM, Matos RC. Cost-effective protocol to produce 3D-printed electrochemical devices using a 3D pen and lab-made filaments to ciprofloxacin sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:310. [PMID: 37466780 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel conductive filament based on graphite (Gr) dispersed in polylactic acid polymer matrix (PLA) is described to produce 3D-electrochemical devices (Gr/PLA). This conductive filament was used to additively manufacture electrochemical sensors using the 3D pen. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that Gr was successfully incorporated into PLA, achieving a composite material (40:60% w/w, Gr and PLA, respectively), while Raman and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of defects and a high porosity on the electrode surface, which contributes to improved electrochemical performance. The 3D-printed Gr/PLA electrode provided a more favorable charge transfer (335 Ω) than the conventional glassy carbon (1277 Ω) and 3D-printed Proto-pasta® (3750 Ω) electrodes. As a proof of concept, the ciprofloxacin antibiotic, a species of multiple interest, was selected as a model molecule. Thus, a square wave voltammetry (SWV) method was proposed in the potential range + 0.9 to + 1.3 V (vs Ag|AgCl|KCl(sat)), which provided a wide linear working range (2 to 32 µmol L-1), 1.79 µmol L-1 limit of detection (LOD), suitable precision (RSD < 7.9%), and recovery values from 94 to 109% when applied to pharmaceutical and milk samples. Additionally, the sensor is free from the interference of other antibiotics routinely employed in veterinary practices. This device is disposable, cost-effective, feasibly produced in financially limited laboratories, and consequently promising for evaluation of other antibiotic species in routine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil.
- College of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, 79804-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Raylla Santos Oliveira
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Camargo Matos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil.
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10
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de Faria LV, do Nascimento SFL, Villafuerte LM, Semaan FS, Pacheco WF, Dornellas RM. 3D printed graphite-based electrode coupled with batch injection analysis: An affordable high-throughput strategy for atorvastatin determination. Talanta 2023; 265:124873. [PMID: 37390670 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
This work integrated a lab-made conductive graphite/polylactic acid (Grp/PLA, 40:60% w/w) filament into a 3D pen to print customized electrodes (cylindrical design). Thermogravimetric analysis validated the incorporation of graphite into the PLA matrix, while Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy images indicated a graphitic structure with the presence of defects and highly porous, respectively. The electrochemical features of the 3D-printed Gpt/PLA electrode were systematically compared to that achieved using commercial carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA, from Protopasta®) filament. The 3D printed Gpt/PLA electrode "in the native form" provided lower charge transfer resistance (Rct = 880 Ω) and a more kinetically favored reaction (K0 = 1.48 × 10-3 cm s-1) compared to the 3D printed CB/PLA electrode (chemically/electrochemically treated). Moreover, a method by batch injection analysis with amperometric detection (BIA-AD) was developed to determine atorvastatin (ATR) in pharmaceutical and water samples. Using the 3D printed Gpt/PLA electrode, a wider linear range (1-200 μmol L-1), sensitivity (3-times higher), and lower detection limit (LOD = 0.13 μmol L-1) were achieved when compared to the CB/PLA electrode. Repeatability studies (n = 15, RSD <7.3%) attested to the precision of the electrochemical measurements, and recovery percentages between 83 and 108% confirmed the accuracy of the method. Remarkably, this is the first time that ATR has been determined by the BIA-AD system and a low-cost 3D-printed device. This approach is promising to be implemented in research laboratories for quality control of pharmaceuticals and can also be useful for on-site environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas V de Faria
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Suéllen F L do Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana M Villafuerte
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Semaan
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wagner F Pacheco
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Dornellas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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11
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Chang Y, Cao Q, Venton BJ. 3D printing for customized carbon electrodes. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2023; 38:101228. [PMID: 36911532 PMCID: PMC9997447 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2023.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditional carbon electrodes are made of glassy carbon or carbon fibers and have limited shapes. 3D printing offers many advantages for manufacturing carbon electrodes, such as complete customization of the shape and the ability to fabricate devices and electrodes simultaneously. Additive manufacturing is the most common 3D printing method, where carbon materials are added to the material to make it conductive, and treatments applied to enhance electrochemical activity. A newer form of 3D printing is 2-photon lithography, where electrodes are printed in photoresist via laser lithography and then annealed to carbon by pyrolysis. Applications of 3D printed carbon electrodes include nanoelectrode measurements of neurotransmitters, arrays of biosensors, and integrated electrodes in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904
| | - Qun Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904
| | - B Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904
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12
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Pang J, Peng S, Hou C, Zhao H, Fan Y, Ye C, Zhang N, Wang T, Cao Y, Zhou W, Sun D, Wang K, Rümmeli MH, Liu H, Cuniberti G. Applications of Graphene in Five Senses, Nervous System, and Artificial Muscles. ACS Sens 2023; 8:482-514. [PMID: 36656873 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene remains of great interest in biomedical applications because of biocompatibility. Diseases relating to human senses interfere with life satisfaction and happiness. Therefore, the restoration by artificial organs or sensory devices may bring a bright future by the recovery of senses in patients. In this review, we update the most recent progress in graphene based sensors for mimicking human senses such as artificial retina for image sensors, artificial eardrums, gas sensors, chemical sensors, and tactile sensors. The brain-like processors are discussed based on conventional transistors as well as memristor related neuromorphic computing. The brain-machine interface is introduced for providing a single pathway. Besides, the artificial muscles based on graphene are summarized in the means of actuators in order to react to the physical world. Future opportunities remain for elevating the performances of human-like sensors and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Pang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Songang Peng
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center and Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chongyang Hou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, GRINM Group Co. Ltd., Xinwai Street 2, Beijing 100088, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingju Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Chen Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking and People's Republic of China School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, No. 3501 Daxue Road, Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control & Renewable Energy Technology (Ministry of Education) and School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
| | - Weijia Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ding Sun
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Dresden, D-01171, Germany.,College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.,Institute for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, 20 Helmholtz Strasse, Dresden 01069, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, Ostrava 708 33, Czech Republic
| | - Hong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio & Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shandanan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
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13
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Rocha RG, de Faria LV, Silva VF, Muñoz RAA, Richter EM. Carbon Black Integrated Polylactic Acid Electrodes Obtained by Fused Deposition Modeling: A Powerful Tool for Sensing of Sulfanilamide Residues in Honey Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3060-3067. [PMID: 36720110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfanilamide (SFL) is used to prevent infections in honeybees. However, many regulatory agencies prohibit or establish maximum levels of SFL residues in honey samples. Hence, we developed a low-cost and portable electrochemical method for SFL detection using a disposable device produced through 3D printing technology. In the proposed approach, the working electrode was printed using a conductive filament based on carbon black and polylactic acid and it was associated with square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimized SWV parameters, linear concentration ranges (1-10 μmol L-1 and 12.5-35.0 μmol L-1), a detection limit of 0.26 μmol L-1 (0.05 mg L-1), and suitable RSD values (2.4% for inter-electrode; n = 3) were achieved. The developed method was selective in relation to other antibiotics applied in honey samples, requiring only dilution in the electrolyte. The recovery values (85-120%) obtained by SWV were statistically similar (95% confidence level) to those obtained by HPLC, attesting to the accuracy of the analysis and the absence of matrix interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel G Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas V de Faria
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38408-100 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Pastushok O, Kivijärvi L, Laakso E, Haukka M, Piili H, Repo E. Electrochemical properties of graphite/nylon electrodes additively manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Veloso WB, Ataide VN, Rocha DP, Nogueira HP, de Siervo A, Angnes L, Muñoz RAA, Paixão TRLC. 3D-printed sensor decorated with nanomaterials by CO 2 laser ablation and electrochemical treatment for non-enzymatic tyrosine detection. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:63. [PMID: 36670263 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The combination of CO2 laser ablation and electrochemical surface treatments is demonstrated to improve the electrochemical performance of carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA) 3D-printed electrodes through the growth of flower-like Na2O nanostructures on their surface. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the combination of treatments ablated the electrode's polymeric layer, exposing a porous surface where Na2O flower-like nanostructures were formed. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrodes was measured by the reversibility of the ferri/ferrocyanide redox couple presenting a significantly improved performance compared with electrodes treated by only one of the steps. Electrodes treated by the combined method also showed a better electrochemical response for tyrosine oxidation. These electrodes were used as a non-enzymatic tyrosine sensor for quantification in human urine samples. Two fortified urine samples were analyzed, and the recovery values were 106 and 109%. The LOD and LOQ for tyrosine determination were 0.25 and 0.83 μmol L-1, respectively, demonstrating that the proposed devices are suitable sensors for analyses of biological samples, even at low analyte concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Veloso
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa N Ataide
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Diego P Rocha
- Federal Institute of Paraná, Pitanga, PR, 85200-000, Brazil
| | - Helton P Nogueira
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Abner de Siervo
- Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin," Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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16
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Klapec DJ, Czarnopys G, Pannuto J. Interpol review of the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2023; 6:100298. [PMID: 36685733 PMCID: PMC9845958 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Klapec
- Arson and Explosives Section I, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Greg Czarnopys
- Forensic Services, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Julie Pannuto
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
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17
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Crapnell RD, Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Whittingham MJ, Sigley E, Hurst NJ, Keefe EM, Banks CE. Adjusting the Connection Length of Additively Manufactured Electrodes Changes the Electrochemical and Electroanalytical Performance. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9521. [PMID: 36502222 PMCID: PMC9736051 DOI: 10.3390/s22239521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Changing the connection length of an additively manufactured electrode (AME) has a significant impact on the electrochemical and electroanalytical response of the system. In the literature, many electrochemical platforms have been produced using additive manufacturing with great variations in how the AME itself is described. It is seen that when measuring the near-ideal outer-sphere redox probe hexaamineruthenium (III) chloride (RuHex), decreasing the AME connection length enhances the heterogeneous electrochemical transfer (HET) rate constant (k0) for the system. At slow scan rates, there is a clear change in the peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp) observed in the RuHex voltammograms, with the ΔEp shifting from 118 ± 5 mV to 291 ± 27 mV for the 10 and 100 mm electrodes, respectively. For the electroanalytical determination of dopamine, no significant difference is noticed at low concentrations between 10- and 100-mm connection length AMEs. However, at concentrations of 1 mM dopamine, the peak oxidation is shifted to significantly higher potentials as the AME connection length is increased, with a shift of 150 mV measured. It is recommended that in future work, all AME dimensions, not just the working electrode head size, is reported along with the resistance measured through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to allow for appropriate comparisons with other reports in the literature. To produce the best additively manufactured electrochemical systems in the future, researchers should endeavor to use the shortest AME connection lengths that are viable for their designs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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18
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Hüner B, Kıstı M, Uysal S, Uzgören İN, Özdoğan E, Süzen YO, Demir N, Kaya MF. An Overview of Various Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40638-40658. [PMID: 36406513 PMCID: PMC9670698 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have many advantages, such as design flexibility, minimal waste, manufacturing of very complex structures, cheaper production, and rapid prototyping. This technology is widely used in many fields, including health, energy, art, design, aircraft, and automotive sectors. In the manufacturing process of 3D printed products, it is possible to produce different objects with distinctive filament and powder materials using various production technologies. AM covers several 3D printing techniques such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), inkjet printing, selective laser melting (SLM), and stereolithography (SLA). The present review provides an extensive overview of the recent progress in 3D printing methods for electrochemical fields. A detailed review of polymeric and metallic 3D printing materials and their corresponding printing methods for electrodes is also presented. Finally, this paper comprehensively discusses the main benefits and the drawbacks of electrode production from AM methods for energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulut Hüner
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Kıstı
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Uysal
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İlayda Nur Uzgören
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emre Özdoğan
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yakup Ogün Süzen
- Engineering
Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Demir
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Kaya
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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19
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Printing parameters affect the electrochemical performance of 3D-printed carbon electrodes obtained by fused deposition modeling. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Jyoti J, Redondo E, Alduhaish O, Pumera M. 3D Printed Electrochemical Sensor for Organophosphates Nerve Agents. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Jyoti
- Brno University of Technology CZECH REPUBLIC
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21
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Choińska M, Hrdlička V, Dejmková H, Fischer J, Míka L, Vaněčková E, Kolivoška V, Navrátil T. Applicability of Selected 3D Printing Materials in Electrochemistry. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050308. [PMID: 35624610 PMCID: PMC9138249 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript investigates the chemical and structural stability of 3D printing materials (3DPMs) frequently used in electrochemistry. Four 3D printing materials were studied: Clear photopolymer, Elastic photopolymer, PET filament, and PLA filament. Their stability, solubility, structural changes, flexibility, hardness, and color changes were investigated after exposure to selected organic solvents and supporting electrolytes. Furthermore, the available potential windows and behavior of redox probes in selected supporting electrolytes were investigated before and after the exposure of the 3D-printed objects to the electrolytes at various working electrodes. Possible electrochemically active interferences with an origin from the 3DPMs were also monitored to provide a comprehensive outline for the use of 3DPMs in electrochemical platform manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Choińska
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.H.); (E.V.); (V.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (J.F.)
| | - Vojtěch Hrdlička
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.H.); (E.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Hana Dejmková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (J.F.)
| | - Jan Fischer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (J.F.)
| | - Luděk Míka
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Eva Vaněčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.H.); (E.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.H.); (E.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Tomáš Navrátil
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.C.); (V.H.); (E.V.); (V.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-266-051-111
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22
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Stefano JS, Kalinke C, da Rocha RG, Rocha DP, da Silva VAOP, Bonacin JA, Angnes L, Richter EM, Janegitz BC, Muñoz RAA. Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Enabled by Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing: A Guide to Selecting Designs, Printing Parameters, and Post-Treatment Protocols. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6417-6429. [PMID: 35348329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 3D printing (or additive manufacturing, AM) technology is capable to provide a quick and easy production of objects with freedom of design, reducing waste generation. Among the AM techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been highlighted due to its affordability, scalability, and possibility of processing an extensive range of materials (thermoplastics, composites, biobased materials, etc.). The possibility of obtaining electrochemical cells, arrays, pieces, and more recently, electrodes, exactly according to the demand, in varied shapes and sizes, and employing the desired materials has made from 3D printing technology an indispensable tool in electroanalysis. In this regard, the obtention of an FDM 3D printer has great advantages for electroanalytical laboratories, and its use is relatively simple. Some care has to be taken to aid the user to take advantage of the great potential of this technology, avoiding problems such as solution leakages, very common in 3D printed cells, providing well-sealed objects, with high quality. In this sense, herein, we present a complete protocol regarding the use of FDM 3D printers for the fabrication of complete electrochemical systems, including (bio)sensors, and how to improve the quality of the obtained systems. A guide from the initial printing stages, regarding the design and structure obtention, to the final application, including the improvement of obtained 3D printed electrodes for different purposes, is provided here. Thus, this protocol can provide great perspectives and alternatives for 3D printing in electroanalysis and aid the user to understand and solve several problems with the use of this technology in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Santos Stefano
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Gomes da Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego Pessoa Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Paraná, 85200-000, Pitanga, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mathias Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Stefano JS, Guterres E Silva LR, Rocha RG, Brazaca LC, Richter EM, Abarza Muñoz RA, Janegitz BC. New conductive filament ready-to-use for 3D-printing electrochemical (bio)sensors: Towards the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1191:339372. [PMID: 35033268 PMCID: PMC9381826 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 3D printing technology has gained ground due to its wide range of applicability. The development of new conductive filaments contributes significantly to the production of improved electrochemical devices. In this context, we report a simple method to producing an efficient conductive filament, containing graphite within the polymer matrix of PLA, and applied in conjunction with 3D printing technology to generate (bio)sensors without the need for surface activation. The proposed method for producing the conductive filament consists of four steps: (i) mixing graphite and PLA in a heated reflux system; (ii) recrystallization of the composite; (iii) drying and; (iv) extrusion. The produced filament was used for the manufacture of electrochemical 3D printed sensors. The filament and sensor were characterized by physicochemical techniques, such as SEM, TGA, Raman, FTIR as well as electrochemical techniques (EIS and CV). Finally, as a proof-of-concept, the fabricated 3D-printed sensor was applied for the determination of uric acid and dopamine in synthetic urine and used as a platform for the development of a biosensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The developed sensors, without pre-treatment, provided linear ranges of 0.5-150.0 and 5.0-50.0 μmol L-1, with low LOD values (0.07 and 0.11 μmol L-1), for uric acid and dopamine, respectively. The developed biosensor successfully detected SARS-CoV-2 S protein, with a linear range from 5.0 to 75.0 nmol L-1 (0.38 μg mL-1 to 5.74 μg mL-1) and LOD of 1.36 nmol L-1 (0.10 μg mL-1) and sensitivity of 0.17 μA nmol-1 L (0.01 μA μg-1 mL). Therefore, the lab-made produced and the ready-to-use conductive filament is promising and can become an alternative route for the production of different 3D electrochemical (bio)sensors and other types of conductive devices by 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Santos Stefano
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Ricardo Guterres E Silva
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Gomes Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laís Canniatti Brazaca
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mathias Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alejandro Abarza Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis-INCTBio, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Whittingham MJ, Crapnell RD, Rothwell EJ, Hurst NJ, Banks CE. Additive manufacturing for electrochemical labs: An overview and tutorial note on the production of cells, electrodes and accessories. TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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25
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Rocha DP, Rocha RG, Castro SVF, Trindade MAG, Munoz RAA, Richter EM, Angnes L. Posttreatment of 3D‐printed surfaces for electrochemical applications: A critical review on proposed protocols. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego P. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | | | - Magno A. G. Trindade
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados Brazil
- UNESP Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‐DATREM) National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection Institute of Chemistry Araraquara Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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3D-printed hybrid-carbon-based electrodes for electroanalytical sensing applications. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Ghosh K, Pumera M. MXene and MoS 3- x Coated 3D-Printed Hybrid Electrode for Solid-State Asymmetric Supercapacitor. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100451. [PMID: 34927869 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, 2D nanomaterials such as transition metal carbides or nitrides (MXenes) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted ample attention in the field of energy storage devices specifically in supercapacitors (SCs) because of their high metallic conductivity, wide interlayer spacing, large surface area, and 2D layered structures. However, the low potential window (ΔV ≈ 0.6 V) of MXene e.g., Ti3 C2 Tx limits the energy density of the SCs. Herein, asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) are fabricated by assembling the exfoliated Ti3 C2 Tx (Ex-Ti3 C2 Tx ) as the negative electrode and transition metal chalcogenide (MoS3- x ) coated 3D-printed nanocarbon framework (MoS3- x @3DnCF) as the positive electrode utilizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/H2 SO4 gel electrolyte, which provides a wide ΔV of 1.6 V. The Ex-Ti3 C2 Tx possesses wrinkled sheets which prevent the restacking of Ti3 C2 Tx 2D layers. The MoS3- x @3DnCF holds a porous structure and offers diffusion-controlled intercalated pseudocapacitance that enhances the overall capacitance. The 3D printing allows a facile fabrication of customized shaped MoS3- x @3DnCF electrodes. Employing the advantages of the 3D-printing facilities, two different ASCs, such as sandwich- and interdigitated-configurations are fabricated. The customized ASCs provide excellent capacitive performance. Such ASCs combining the MXene and electroactive 3D-printed nanocarbon framework can be used as potential energy storage devices in modern electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Ghosh
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- 3D Printing & Innovation Hub, Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, 61300, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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João AF, Rocha RG, Matias TA, Richter EM, Flávio S. Petruci J, Muñoz RA. 3D-printing in forensic electrochemistry: Atropine determination in beverages using an additively manufactured graphene-polylactic acid electrode. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abdalla A, Patel BA. 3D Printed Electrochemical Sensors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:47-63. [PMID: 33974807 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091120-093659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has recently emerged as a novel approach in the development of electrochemical sensors. This approach to fabrication has provided a tremendous opportunity to make complex geometries of electrodes at high precision. The most widely used approach for fabrication is fused deposition modeling; however, other approaches facilitate making smaller geometries or expanding the range of materials that can be printed. The generation of complete analytical devices, such as electrochemical flow cells, provides an example of the array of analytical tools that can be developed. This review highlights the fabrication, design, preparation, and applications of 3D printed electrochemical sensors. Such developments have begun to highlight the vast potential that 3D printed electrochemical sensors can have compared to other strategies in sensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Abdalla
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom; ,
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom; ,
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
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Petroni JM, Neves MM, de Moraes NC, Bezerra da Silva RA, Ferreira VS, Lucca BG. Development of highly sensitive electrochemical sensor using new graphite/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene conductive composite and 3D printing-based alternative fabrication protocol. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1167:338566. [PMID: 34049626 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, a novel electrically conductive thermoplastic material composed of graphite/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (G/ABS) is reported for the first time. This material was explored on the production of 3D printing-based electrochemical sensors with enhanced sensitivity using a novel fabrication approach. The developed G/ABS electrodes showed lower charge transfer resistance (157 vs. 3279 Ω), higher electroactive area (0.61 vs. 0.19 cm2) and peak currents ca. 69% higher when compared with electrodes fabricated using carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA) commercial filament, which has been widely explored in recent literature. Moreover, the G/ABS sensor provided satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility and stability (relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.14%, 6.81% and 10.62%, respectively). This improved performance can be attributed to the fabrication protocol developed here, which allows the incorporation of greater amounts of conductive material in the polymeric matrix. The G/ABS electrode also required a simpler and quicker protocol for activation when compared to CB/PLA. As proof of concept, the G/ABS sensor was employed for electroanalytical quantification of paracetamol (PAR) in pharmaceutical products. The linear concentration range was observed from 0.20 to 30 μmol L-1 and the limit of detection achieved was 54 nmol L-1, much lower than several recent studies dealing with the same analyte. The sensitivity of the G/ABS electrode regarding PAR was also far better when compared to CB/PLA sensor (0.50 μA/μmol L-1 vs. 0.12 μA/μmol L-1). Analyses in commercial pill samples showed good accuracy (recoveries ca. 108%) and precision (RSDs < 5%), suggesting great potential for use of this novel conductive thermoplastic in electroanalytical applications based on 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Meneguel Neves
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil.
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31
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Iffelsberger C, Jellett CW, Pumera M. 3D Printing Temperature Tailors Electrical and Electrochemical Properties through Changing Inner Distribution of Graphite/Polymer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101233. [PMID: 33938128 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rise of 3D printing technology, with fused deposition modeling as one of the simplest and most widely used techniques, has empowered an increasing interest for composite filaments, providing additional functionality to 3D-printed components. For future applications, like electrochemical energy storage, energy conversion, and sensing, the tuning of the electrochemical properties of the filament and its characterization is of eminent importance to improve the performance of 3D-printed devices. In this work, customized conductive graphite/poly(lactic acid) filament with a percentage of graphite filler close to the conductivity percolation limit is fabricated and 3D-printed into electrochemical devices. Detailed scanning electrochemical microscopy investigations demonstrate that 3D-printing temperature has a dramatic effect on the conductivity and electrochemical performance due to a changed conducive filler/polymer distribution. This may allow, e.g., 3D printing of active/inactive parts of the same structure from the same filament when changing the 3D printing nozzle temperature. These tailored properties can have profound influence on the application of these 3D-printed composites, which can lead to a dramatically different functionality of the final electrical, electrochemical, and energy storage device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Iffelsberger
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Cameron W Jellett
- Center of Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Center of Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- 3D Printing & Innovation Hub, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, CZ-613 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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32
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Kumar KPA, Pumera M. 3D-Printing to Mitigate COVID-19 Pandemic. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2100450. [PMID: 34230824 PMCID: PMC8250363 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
3D-printing technology provided numerous contributions to the health sector during the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several of the 3D-printed medical devices like personal protection equipment (PPE), ventilators, specimen collectors, safety accessories, and isolation wards/ chambers were printed in a short time as demands for these were rising significantly. The review discusses some of these contributions of 3D-printing that helped to protect several lives during this health emergency. By enlisting some of the significant benefits of using the 3D-printing technique during an emergency over other conventional methods, this review claims that the former opens enormous possibilities in times of serious shortage of supply and exceeding demands. This review acknowledges the collaborative approaches adopted by individuals, entrepreneurs, academicians, and companies that helped in forming a global network for delivering 3D-printed medical/non-medical components, when other supply chains were disrupted. The collaboration of the 3D-printing technology with the global health community unfolds new and significant opportunities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation LaboratoryCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of TechnologyPurkyňova 123Brno61200Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry3D Printing & Innovation HubMendel University in BrnoZemedelska 1Brno61300Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Korea
- Department of Medical ResearchChina Medical University HospitalChina Medical UniversityNo. 91 Hsueh‐Shih RoadTaichung40402Taiwan
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Omar MH, Razak KA, Ab Wahab MN, Hamzah HH. Recent progress of conductive 3D-printed electrodes based upon polymers/carbon nanomaterials using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) method as emerging electrochemical sensing devices. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16557-16571. [PMID: 35479129 PMCID: PMC9031910 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01987b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3D-printing or additive manufacturing is presently an emerging technology in the fourth industrial revolution that promises to reshape traditional manufacturing processes. The electrochemistry field can undoubtedly take advantage of this technology to fabricate electrodes to create a new generation of electrode sensor devices that could replace conventionally manufactured electrodes; glassy carbon, screen-printed carbon and carbon composite electrodes. In the electrochemistry research area, studies to date show that there is a demand for electrically 3D printable conductive polymer/carbon nanomaterial filaments where these materials can be printed out through an extrusion process based upon the fused deposition modelling (FDM) method. FDM could be used to manufacture novel electrochemical 3D printed electrode sensing devices for electrochemical sensor and biosensor applications. This is due to the FDM method being the most affordable 3D printing technique since conductive and non-conductive thermoplastic filaments are commercially available. Therefore, in this minireview, we focus on only the most outstanding studies that have been published since 2018. We believe this to be a highly-valuable research area to the scientific community, both in academia and industry, to enable novel ideas, materials, designs and methods relating to electroanalytical sensing devices to be generated. This approach has the potential to create a new generation of electrochemical sensing devices based upon additive manufacturing. This minireview also provides insight into how the research community could improve the electrochemical performance of 3D-printed electrodes to significantly increase the sensitivity of the 3D-printed electrodes as electrode sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Huzaifah Omar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Khairunisak Abdul Razak
- Nanobiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal Penang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab
- School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Hairul Hisham Hamzah
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
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34
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Rocha RG, Ribeiro JS, Santana MHP, Richter EM, Muñoz RAA. 3D-printing for forensic chemistry: voltammetric determination of cocaine on additively manufactured graphene-polylactic acid electrodes. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1788-1794. [PMID: 33885677 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00181g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine is probably one of the most trafficked illicit drugs in the world. For this reason, police forces require fast, selective, and sensitive methods for cocaine detection at crime scenes. Taking benefit of additive manufacturing, we demonstrate that 3D-printed graphene-polylactic acid (G-PLA) electrodes using the affordable fused deposition modelling technique can identify and quantify cocaine in seized drugs. The detection of cocaine based on its electrochemical oxidation on such electrodes was dramatically improved after an electrochemical surface treatment that generates reduced graphene oxide (anodic followed by a cathodic treatment). Square-wave voltammetric determination of cocaine was achieved in the concentration range between 20 and 100 μmol L-1, with a detection limit of 6 μmol L-1, and free from the interference of paracetamol, caffeine, phenacetin, lidocaine, benzocaine and levamisole, which are common adulterants found in seized drugs. The analytical characteristics obtained using 3D-printed G-PLA electrodes were comparable with those of previously reported electrochemical sensors, but presented the inherent advantages of the 3D-printing technology that enables low-cost, reproducible, and large-scale production of such electrodes in remote areas combined with the use of an environmentally-friendly biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel G Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Julia S Ribeiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Mário H P Santana
- Unidade Técnico-Científica, Superintendência Regional da Polícia Federal em MG, 38408-680, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Shin J, Seo K, Park H, Park D. Performance Improvement of Acid Pretreated 3D‐printing Composite for the Heavy Metal Ions Analysis. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae‐Hong Shin
- Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST) Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Pusan National University Busan 46241 South Korea
| | - Kyeong‐Deok Seo
- Department of Chemistry Pusan National University Busan 46241 South Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Pusan National University Busan 46241 South Korea
| | - Deog‐Su Park
- Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST) Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
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Ghosh K, Pumera M. Free-standing electrochemically coated MoS x based 3D-printed nanocarbon electrode for solid-state supercapacitor application. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5744-5756. [PMID: 33724279 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06479c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The 3D-printing technology offers an innovative approach to develop energy storage devices because of its ability to create facile and low cost customized electrodes for modern electronics. Among the recently explored 2D nanomaterials beyond graphene, molybdenum sulfide (MoSx) has been found as a promising material for electrochemical energy storage devices. In this study, a nanocarbon-based conductive filament was 3D-printed and then activated by solvent treatment, followed by electrodeposition of MoSx on the printed nanocarbon electrode's surface. The conductive nanocarbon fibers allow a coaxial deposition of a thin MoSx layer. The MoSx layer contributes to pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanisms to obtain higher capacitances. In a three-electrode test system with 1 M H2SO4 as electrolyte, the MoSx coated 3D-printed electrode (MoSx@3D-PE) electrode shows a capacitance of 27 mF cm-2 at the scan rate of 10 mV s-1, and a capacitance of 11.6 mF cm-2 at the current density of 0.13 mA cm-2. Extending to solid-state supercapacitor (SS-SC), the cells were fabricated using the MoSx@3D-PE with different designs and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/H2SO4 as gel electrolyte. An interdigital-shaped SS-SC provided a specific capacitance of 4.15 mF cm-2 at a current density of 0.05 mA cm-2. Moreover, it showed a stable cycle life where 10% capacitance loss was found after 10 000 cycles. Briefly, this study reports the integration of 3D-printing and room-temperature electrodeposition techniques allowing a simple way of fabricating customized free-standing 3D-electrodes for use in SC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Ghosh
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
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37
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Redondo E, Pumera M. MXene-functionalised 3D-printed electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Ng S, Iffelsberger C, Michalička J, Pumera M. Atomic Layer Deposition of Electrocatalytic Insulator Al 2O 3 on Three-Dimensional Printed Nanocarbons. ACS NANO 2021; 15:686-697. [PMID: 33411515 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The advantages of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, such as rapid-prototyping and the freedom to customize electrodes in any design, have elevated the benchmark of conventional electrochemical studies. Furthermore, the 3D printed electrodes conveniently accommodate other active layers for diverse applications such as energy storage, catalysis, and sensors. Nevertheless, to enhance a complex 3D structure while preserving the fine morphology, conformal deposition by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique is a powerful solution. Herein, we present the concept of coating Al2O3 by ALD with different thicknesses from 20 to 120 cycles on the 3D printed nanocarbon/PLA electrodes for the electrocatalytic oxidation of catechol as an important biomarker. Overall, 80 ALD cycle Al2O3 achieved an optimum thickness for catechol electrocatalysis. This is resonated with the enhanced adsorption of catechol at the electrode surface and efficient electron transfer, according to the two-proton, two-electron-transfer mechanism, as well as for the passivation of surface defects of the nanocarbon electrode. This work compellingly demonstrates the prospect of 3D printed electrodes modified by a functional layer utilizing a low-temperature ALD process that can be extended to other arbitrary surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siowwoon Ng
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Iffelsberger
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Michalička
- CEITEC Nano Research Infrastructure, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Dip-coating of MXene and transition metal dichalcogenides on 3D-printed nanocarbon electrodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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40
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3D-printed reduced graphene oxide/polylactic acid electrodes: A new prototyped platform for sensing and biosensing applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 170:112684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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41
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Ghosh K, Ng S, Iffelsberger C, Pumera M. Inherent Impurities in Graphene/Polylactic Acid Filament Strongly Influence on the Capacitive Performance of 3D-Printed Electrode. Chemistry 2020; 26:15746-15753. [PMID: 33166037 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D-printing have become promising fabrication techniques in the field of electrochemical energy storage applications such as supercapacitors, and batteries. Of late, a commercially available graphene/polylactic acid (PLA) filament has been commonly used for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D-printing in the fabrication of electrodes for supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries. This graphene/PLA filament contains metal-based impurities such as titanium oxide and iron oxide. In this study, we show a strong influence of inherent impurities in the graphene/PLA filament for supercapacitor applications. A 3D-printed electrode is prepared and subsequently thermally activated for electrochemical measurement. A deep insight has been taken to look into the pseudocapacitive contribution from the metal-based impurities which significantly enhanced the overall capacitance of the 3D-printed graphene/PLA electrode. A systematic approach has been shown to remove the impurities from the printed electrodes. This has a broad implication on the interpretation of the capacitance of 3D-printed composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Ghosh
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Siowwoon Ng
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Iffelsberger
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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Redondo E, Ng S, Muñoz J, Pumera M. Tailoring capacitance of 3D-printed graphene electrodes by carbonisation temperature. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19673-19680. [PMID: 32966493 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04864j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
3D-printing is an emerging technology that can be used for the fast prototyping and decentralised production of objects with complex geometries. Concretely, carbon-based 3D-printed electrodes have emerged as promising components for electrochemical capacitors. However, such electrodes usually require some post-treatments to be electrically active. Herein, 3D-printed nanocomposite electrodes made from a polylactic acid/nanocarbon filament have been characterised through different carbonisation temperatures in order to improve the conductivity of the electrodes via insulating polymer removal. Importantly, the carbonisation temperature has demonstrated to be a key parameter to tailor the capacitive behaviour of the resulting electrodes. Accordingly, this work opens new insights in advanced 3D-printed carbon-based electrodes employing thermal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Redondo
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Siowwoon Ng
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Jose Muñoz
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic. and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea and Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Rocha RG, Cardoso RM, Zambiazi PJ, Castro SV, Ferraz TV, Aparecido GDO, Bonacin JA, Munoz RA, Richter EM. Production of 3D-printed disposable electrochemical sensors for glucose detection using a conductive filament modified with nickel microparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1132:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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To KC, Ben-Jaber S, Parkin IP. Recent Developments in the Field of Explosive Trace Detection. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10804-10833. [PMID: 32790331 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Explosive trace detection (ETD) technologies play a vital role in maintaining national security. ETD remains an active research area with many analytical techniques in operational use. This review details the latest advances in animal olfactory, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), and Raman and colorimetric detection methods. Developments in optical, biological, electrochemical, mass, and thermal sensors are also covered in addition to the use of nanomaterials technology. Commercially available systems are presented as examples of current detection capabilities and as benchmarks for improvement. Attention is also drawn to recent collaborative projects involving government, academia, and industry to highlight the emergence of multimodal screening approaches and applications. The objective of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview of ETD by highlighting challenges in ETD and providing an understanding of the principles, advantages, and limitations of each technology and relating this to current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Chuen To
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sultan Ben-Jaber
- Department of Science and Forensics, King Fahad Security College, Riyadh 13232, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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Muñoz J, Pumera M. Accounts in 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Sensors: Towards Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Muñoz
- Future Energy and Innovation LaboratoryCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of Technology (CEITEC-BUT) 61600 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation LaboratoryCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of Technology (CEITEC-BUT) 61600 Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Medical ResearchChina Medical University HospitalChina Medical University No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Korea
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Cardoso RM, Kalinke C, Rocha RG, dos Santos PL, Rocha DP, Oliveira PR, Janegitz BC, Bonacin JA, Richter EM, Munoz RA. Additive-manufactured (3D-printed) electrochemical sensors: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1118:73-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P. Browne
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Edurne Redondo
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic
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