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Galyaltdinov S, Safina G, Kiiamov A, Dimiev AM. Membranes Based on Aminated Graphene Oxide with High Selectivity Toward Organic Substances. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:17667-17674. [PMID: 39107677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
In this work, membranes based on graphene oxide, modified with oleylamine, have been prepared by a simple wet chemistry protocol without the use of complex equipment, elevated temperature, and additional reagents. The membrane material was characterized by a set of physicochemical methods: thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The prepared membranes are stable in both aqueous and organic media. The membranes have a high flux for organic substances and do not permeate water at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The selectivity of the membranes toward organic substances increases with their thickness. The highest flux among the tested organic liquids is registered for methanol. The membranes have high selectivity toward ethanol/1-butanol and acetone/1-butanol pairs, which opens up the possibility of separating actual industrial mixtures. The membrane retains 90% of methylene blue from the alcohol solution. Our work expands the possibilities of using modified GO-based membranes in purification and filtration technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamil Galyaltdinov
- Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Nanomaterials, Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 18, Kazan 420008 Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Gulfina Safina
- Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Nanomaterials, Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 18, Kazan 420008 Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Airat Kiiamov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 18, Kazan 420008 Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Ayrat M Dimiev
- Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Nanomaterials, Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 18, Kazan 420008 Tatarstan, Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100, Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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2
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Li N, Xue W, Han Y, Zhu B, Wu J, Xu Z. Defect Engineering in GO Membranes - Tailoring Size and Oxidation Degree of Nanosheet for Enhanced Pore Channels. Chem Asian J 2024:e202301065. [PMID: 38329385 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Graphene Oxide (GO) membrane has been extensively applied in the field of water purification and membrane separation processes. While the solute molecule transport in GO membranes encompasses interlayer channels, edge defects, and in-plane crack-like holes, the significance of edge defects or crack-like pores in ultrathin membranes is often overlooked. In our study, we focused on the construction of short-range channel GO membranes with varied defect structures by modulating the transverse size of the porous nanosheets. GO nanosheets with different sizes were procured through high-energy γ-irradiation combined with centrifugation. Notably, the large-sized porous GO nanosheets (L-pGO) exhibit a consistent structure, and numerous in-plane defects. In contrast, the smaller counterparts (S-pGO) present a fewer in-plane defects. The performance metrics revealed that L-pGO exhibited a water flux of 849.25 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 , while S-pGO demonstrated nearly 100 % dye rejection capacity. These findings underscore the potential of defect engineering as a powerful strategy to enhance the efficiency of two-dimensional membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Weihao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Jinman Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Binshuixi Road, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
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3
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Acosta S, Ojeda-Galván HJ, Quintana M. 2D materials towards energy conversion processes in nanofluidics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24264-24277. [PMID: 37671413 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00702b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically assembled 2D material membranes are extremely promising platforms for energy conversion processes in nanofluidics. In this perspective, we discuss recent advances in the production of smart 2D material membranes that come close to mimicking biological energy conversion processes and how these efforts translate into the design of water purification systems, artificial photosynthesis, and solar energy conversion devices. As we depict here, 2D material membranes synergistically modulate the intrinsic active sites (nanopores), electron transport, mass transfer, and mechanical and chemical stability aiming at cost-effective and highly efficient smart membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Acosta
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78000, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - H Joazet Ojeda-Galván
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78000, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Mildred Quintana
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78000, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78000, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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Kang J, Ko Y, Kim JP, Kim JY, Kim J, Kwon O, Kim KC, Kim DW. Microwave-assisted design of nanoporous graphene membrane for ultrafast and switchable organic solvent nanofiltration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:901. [PMID: 36797272 PMCID: PMC9935848 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Layered two-dimensional materials can potentially be utilized for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membrane fabrication owing to their precise molecular sieving by the interlayer structure and excellent stability in harsh conditions. Nevertheless, the extensive tortuosity of nanochannels and bulky solvent molecules impede rapid permeability. Herein, nanoporous graphene (NG) with a high density of sp2 carbon domain was synthesized via sequential thermal pore activation of graphene oxide (GO) and microwave-assisted reduction. Due to the smooth sp2 carbon domain surfaces and dense nanopores, the microwave-treated nanoporous graphene membrane exhibited ultrafast organic solvent permeance (e.g., IPA: 2278 LMH/bar) with excellent stability under practical cross-flow conditions. Furthermore, the membrane molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) is switchable from 500 Da size of molecule to sub-nanometer-size molecules depending on the solvent type, and this switching occurs spontaneously with solvent change. These properties indicate feasibility of multiple (both binary and ternary) organic mixture separation using a single membrane. The nanochannel structure effect on solvent transport is also investigated using computation calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyeok Kang
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul (03722) Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongnam Ko
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Pil Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul (03722) Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul (03722) Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul (03722) Republic of Korea
| | - Ohchan Kwon
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul (03722) Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Chul Kim
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul (03722), Republic of Korea.
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Aizudin M, Alias NH, Ng YXA, Mahmod Fadzuli MH, Ang SC, Ng YX, Poolamuri Pottammel R, Yang F, Ang EH. Membranes prepared from graphene-based nanomaterials for water purification: a mini-review. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17871-17886. [PMID: 36468603 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05328d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBnMs) are currently regarded as a critical building block for the fabrication of membranes for water purification due to their advantageous properties such as easy surface modification of functional groups, adjustable interlayer pore channels for solvent transportation, robust mechanical properties, and superior photothermal capabilities. By combining graphene derivatives with other emerging materials, heteroatom doping and rational design of a three-dimensional network can enhance water transportation and evaporation rates through channels of GBnM laminates and such layered structures have been applied in various water purification technologies. Herein, this mini-review summarizes recent progress in the synthesis of GBnMs and their applications in water treatment technologies, specifically, nanofiltration (NF) and solar desalination (SD). Finally, personal perspectives on the challenges and future directions of this promising nanomaterial are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marliyana Aizudin
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
| | - Nur Hashimah Alias
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
| | - Yun Xin Angel Ng
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
| | - Muhammad Haikal Mahmod Fadzuli
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
| | - Seng Chuan Ang
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
| | - Yi Xun Ng
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
| | | | - Fu Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhejiang 212003, China
| | - Edison Huixiang Ang
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
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6
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Mustafa B, Mehmood T, Wang Z, Chofreh AG, Shen A, Yang B, Yuan J, Wu C, Liu Y, Lu W, Hu W, Wang L, Yu G. Next-generation graphene oxide additives composite membranes for emerging organic micropollutants removal: Separation, adsorption and degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136333. [PMID: 36087726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, membrane technology has attracted considerable interest as a viable and promising method for water purification. Emerging organic micropollutants (EOMPs) in wastewater have trace, persistent, highly variable quantities and types, develop hazardous intermediates and are diffusible. These primary issues affect EOMPs polluted wastewater on an industrial scale differently than in a lab, challenging membranes-based EOMP removal. Graphene oxide (GO) promises state-of-the-art membrane synthesis technologies and use in EOMPs removal systems due to its superior physicochemical, mechanical, and electrical qualities and high oxygen content. This critical review highlights the recent advancements in the synthesis of next-generation GO membranes with diverse membrane substrates such as ceramic, polyethersulfone (PES), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The EOMPs removal efficiencies of GO membranes in filtration, adsorption (incorporated with metal, nanomaterial in biodegradable polymer and biomimetic membranes), and degradation (in catalytic, photo-Fenton, photocatalytic and electrocatalytic membranes) and corresponding removal mechanisms of different EOMPs are also depicted. GO-assisted water treatment strategies were further assessed by various influencing factors, including applied water flow mode and membrane properties (e.g., permeability, hydrophily, mechanical stability, and fouling). GO additive membranes showed better permeability, hydrophilicity, high water flux, and fouling resistance than pristine membranes. Likewise, degradation combined with filtration is two times more effective than alone, while crossflow mode improves the photocatalytic degradation performance of the system. GO integration in polymer membranes enhances their stability, facilitates photocatalytic processes, and gravity-driven GO membranes enable filtration of pollutants at low pressure, making membrane filtration more inexpensive. However, simultaneous removal of multiple contaminants with contrasting characteristics and variable efficiencies in different systems demands further optimization in GO-mediated membranes. This review concludes with identifying future critical research directions to promote research for determining the GO-assisted OMPs removal membrane technology nexus and maximizing this technique for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish Mustafa
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Abdoulmohammad Gholamzadeh Chofreh
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andy Shen
- Hubei Jiufengshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Hubei Jiufengshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Hubei Jiufengshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Chang Wu
- Hubei Jiufengshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430206, China
| | | | - Wengang Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microsctructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Geliang Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microsctructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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7
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Ghorui UK, Mondal P, Adhikary B, Mondal A, Sarkar A. Newly designed one‐pot in‐situ synthesis of VS2/rGO nanocomposite to explore its electrochemical behavior towards oxygen electrode reactions. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uday Kumar Ghorui
- IIEST Shibpur: Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Chemistry INDIA
| | - Papri Mondal
- IIEST Shibpur: Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Chemistry INDIA
| | - Bibhutosh Adhikary
- IIEST Shibpur: Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Chemistry INDIA
| | - Anup Mondal
- IIEST Chemistry Botanic Garden 711103 HOWRAH INDIA
| | - Arpita Sarkar
- IIEST Shibpur: Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Chemistry INDIA
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8
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Nanofiltration Performance of Glutaraldehyde Crosslinked Graphene Oxide-Cellulose Nanofiber Membrane. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Stress driven micron- and nano-scale wrinkles as a new class of transport pathways of two-dimensional laminar membranes towards molecular separation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Chen Q, Yao Y, Liao J, Li J, Xu J, Wang T, Tang Y, Xu Y, Ruan H, Shen J. Subnanometer Ion Channel Anion Exchange Membranes Having a Rigid Benzimidazole Structure for Selective Anion Separation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4629-4641. [PMID: 35226457 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ion-conductive polymers having a well-defined phase-separated structure show the potential application of separating mono- and bivalent ion separation. In this work, three side-chain-type poly(arylene ether sulfone)-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have been fabricated to investigate the effect of the stiffness of the polymer backbone within AEMs on the Cl-/NO3- and Cl-/SO42- separation performance. Our investigations via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), positron annihilation, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrate that the as-prepared AEM with a rigid benzimidazole structure in the backbone bears subnanometer ion channels resulting from the arrangement of the rigid polymer backbone. In particular, SAXS results demonstrate that the rigid benzimidazole-containing AEM in the wet state has an ion cluster size of 0.548 nm, which is smaller than that of an AEM with alkyl segments in the backbone (0.760 nm). Thus, in the electrodialysis (ED) process, the former exhibits a superior capacity of separating Cl-/SO42- ions relative to latter. Nevertheless, the benzimidazole-containing AEM shows an inability to separate the Cl-/NO3- ions, which is possibly due to the similar ion size of the two. The higher rotational energy barrier (4.3 × 10-3 Hartree) of benzimidazole units and the smaller polymer matrix free-volume (0.636%) in the AEM significantly contribute to the construction of smaller ion channels. As a result, it is believed that the rigid benzimidazole structure of this kind is a benefit to the construction of stable subnanometer ion channels in the AEM that can selectively separate ions with different sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuyang Yao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junbin Liao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junhua Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Huimin Ruan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Yadav S, Ibrar I, Altaee A, Samal AK, Karbassiyazdi E, Zhou J, Bartocci P. High-Performance mild annealed CNT/GO-PVA composite membrane for brackish water treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Wu Y, Ye H, You C, Zhou W, Chen J, Xiao W, Garba ZN, Wang L, Yuan Z. Construction of functionalized graphene separation membranes and their latest progress in water purification. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Lecaros RLG, Matira AR, Tayo LL, Hung WS, Hu CC, Tsai HA, Lee KR, Lai JY. Homostructured graphene oxide-graphene quantum dots nanocomposite-based membranes with tunable interlayer spacing for the purification of butanol. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Kang J, Choi Y, Kim JP, Kim JH, Kim JY, Kwon O, Kim DI, Kim DW. Thermally-induced pore size tuning of multilayer nanoporous graphene for organic solvent nanofiltration. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Zhao Z, Shehzad MA, Wu B, Wang X, Yasmin A, Zhu Y, Wang X, He Y, Ge L, Li X, Xu T. Spray-deposited thin-film composite MOFs membranes for dyes removal. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Zhang Z, Xiao X, Zhou Y, Huang L, Wang Y, Rong Q, Han Z, Qu H, Zhu Z, Xu S, Tang J, Chen J. Bioinspired Graphene Oxide Membranes with pH-Responsive Nanochannels for High-Performance Nanofiltration. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13178-13187. [PMID: 34210144 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tunable gating graphene oxide (GO) membranes with high water permeance and precise molecular separation remain highly desired in smart nanofiltration devices. Herein, bioinspired by the filtration function of the renal glomerulus, we report a smart and high-performance graphene oxide membrane constructed via introducing positively charged polyethylenimine-grafted GO (GO-PEI) to negatively charged GO nanosheets. It was found that the additional GO-PEI component changed the surface charge, improved the hydrophilicity, and enlarged the nanochannels. The glomerulus-inspired graphene oxide membrane (G-GOM) shows a water permeance up to 88.57 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, corresponding to a 4 times enhancement compared with that of a conventional GO membrane due to the enlarged confined nanochannels. Meanwhile, owing to the electrostatic interaction, it can selectively remove positively charged methylene blue at pH 12 and negatively charged methyl orange at pH 2, with a removal rate of over 96%. The high and cyclic water permeance and highly selective organic removal performance can be attributed to the synergic effect of controlled nanochannel size and tunable electrostatic interaction in responding to the environmental pH. This strategy provides insight into designing pH-responsive gating membranes with tunable selectivity, representing a great advancement in smart nanofiltration with a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zhang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yihao Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Linjun Huang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qinglin Rong
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhenyang Han
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huaijiao Qu
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhijun Zhu
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shumao Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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17
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Lin Y, Yao X, Shen Q, Ueda T, Kawabata Y, Segawa J, Guan K, Istirokhatun T, Song Q, Yoshioka T, Matsuyama H. Zwitterionic Copolymer-Regulated Interfacial Polymerization for Highly Permselective Nanofiltration Membrane. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6525-6532. [PMID: 34339209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A highly permselective nanofiltration membrane was engineered via zwitterionic copolymer assembly regulated interfacial polymerization (IP). The copolymer was molecularly synthesized using single-step free-radical polymerization between 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMA) (P[MPC-co-AEMA]). The dynamic network of P[MPC-co-AEMA] served as a regulator to precisely control the kinetics of the reaction by decelerating the transport of piperazine toward the water/hexane interface, forming a polyamide (PA) membrane with ultralow thickness of 70 nm, compared to that of the pristine PA (230 nm). Concomitantly, manipulating the phosphate moieties of P[MPC-co-AEMA] integrated into the PA matrix enabled the formation of ridge-shaped nanofilms with loose internal architecture exhibiting enhanced inner-pore interconnectivity. The resultant P[MPC-co-AEMA]-incorporated PA membrane exhibited a high water permeance of 15.7 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1 (more than 3-fold higher than that of the pristine PA [4.4 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1]), high divalent salt rejection of 98.3%, and competitive mono-/divalent ion selectivity of 52.9 among the state-of-the-art desalination membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lin
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Xuesong Yao
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Qin Shen
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ueda
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawabata
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jumpei Segawa
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kecheng Guan
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Titik Istirokhatun
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto-Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Qiangqiang Song
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yoshioka
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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18
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Kim JH, Park GS, Kim YJ, Choi E, Kang J, Kwon O, Kim SJ, Cho JH, Kim DW. Large-Area Ti 3C 2T x-MXene Coating: Toward Industrial-Scale Fabrication and Molecular Separation. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8860-8869. [PMID: 33890774 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale fabrication of MXene films is in high demand for various applications, but it remains difficult to meet industrial requirements. In this study, we develop a slot-die coating method for the preparation of large-area MXene membranes. The technique allows the fabrication of continuous and scalable coatings with a rapid coating speed of 6 mm s-1. The thickness can be readily controlled from the nanometer scale to the micrometer scale, and the alignment of the nanosheet is enhanced by the shear force of the slot-die head. Molecular separation experiments employing a film with a thickness of approximately 100 nm are performed. A nanofiltration performance with water permeance of 190 LMH/bar and molecular weight cutoff of 269 Da is achieved, surpassing previously reported results obtained using MXene-based nanofiltration membranes. The stability of the membrane is highlighted by its nanofiltration performance of 30 days under harsh oxidizing conditions, which is the longest operation ever achieved for a 2D material-based membrane. The extraordinary stability of the film suggests its high potential for industrial and practical applications. The antioxidizing phenomena can be attributed to self-protection of the MXene surface by adsorbed organic molecules, which are particularly stabilized with positively charged molecules via chemisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Seok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ohchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Joon Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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19
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Wei C, Qiang R, Lin L, Gao Y, Ma S, Zhang X, Huang X. Combing three-dimensional water channels and ultra-thin skin layer enable high flux and stability of loose polyimide/SiO2 nanofiltration membranes at low operating pressure via one step in-situ modification. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Fabrication Techniques for Graphene Oxide-Based Molecular Separation Membranes: Towards Industrial Application. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030757. [PMID: 33803016 PMCID: PMC8002682 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has been a prized material for fabricating separation membranes due to its immense potential and unique chemistry. Despite the academic focus on GO, the adoption of GO membranes in industry remains elusive. One of the challenges at hand for commercializing GO membranes lies with large-scale production techniques. Fortunately, emerging studies have acknowledged this issue, where many have aimed to deliver insights into scalable approaches showing potential to be employed in the commercial domain. The current review highlights eight physical methods for GO membrane fabrication. Based on batch-unit or continuous fabrication, we have further classified the techniques into five small-scale (vacuum filtration, pressure-assisted filtration, spin coating, dip coating, drop-casting) and three large-scale (spray coating, bar/doctor blade coating, slot die coating) approaches. The continuous nature of the large-scale approach implies that the GO membranes prepared by this method are less restricted by the equipment’s dimensions but rather the availability of the material, whereas membranes yielded by small-scale methods are predominately limited by the size of the fabrication device. The current review aims to serve as an initial reference to provide a technical overview of preparing GO membranes. We further aim to shift the focus of the audience towards scalable processes and their prospect, which will facilitate the commercialization of GO membranes.
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21
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Xing YL, Xu GR, An ZH, Liu YH, Xu K, Liu Q, Zhao HL, Das R. Laminated GO membranes for water transport and ions selectivity: Mechanism, synthesis, stabilization, and applications. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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23
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Stefanello Cadore J, Fabro LF, Garcia Maraschin T, de Souza Basso NR, Rodrigues Pires MJ, Barbosa Brião V. Bibliometric approach to the perspectives and challenges of membrane separation processes to remove emerging contaminants from water. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:1721-1741. [PMID: 33201839 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of contaminants in water is concerning due to the potential impacts on human health and the environment, and ingested contaminants cause harm in various ways. The conventional water treatment systems are not efficient to remove these contaminants. Therefore, novel techniques and materials for the removal of contaminants are increasingly being developed. The separation process using modified membranes can remove these micropollutants; therefore, they have attracted significant research attention. Among the materials used for manufacturing of these membranes, composites based on graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide are preferred owing to their promising properties, such as mechanical resistance, thermal and chemical stability, antifouling capacity, water permeability, high thermal and electrical conductivity, high optical transmittance and high surface area. Membrane separation processes (MSP) can be used as secondary or tertiary treatment during the supply of wastewater. However, the efficient and accessible applications of these technologies are challenging. This study aims to demonstrate the main concepts of membrane separation processes and their application in the removal of emerging contaminants. This study reports bibliometric mapping, relevant data on studies using membranes as water treatment processes, and their viability in industrial applications. The main challenges and perspectives of these technologies are discussed in detail as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Stefanello Cadore
- University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEAR), Postgraduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering (PPGEng), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Lucas Fernando Fabro
- Postgraduate Program in Technology and Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thuany Garcia Maraschin
- Postgraduate Program in Technology and Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nara Regina de Souza Basso
- Postgraduate Program in Technology and Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marçal José Rodrigues Pires
- Postgraduate Program in Technology and Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vandré Barbosa Brião
- University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEAR), Postgraduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering (PPGEng), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil E-mail:
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24
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Choi Y, Kim SS, Kim JH, Kang J, Choi E, Choi SE, Kim JP, Kwon O, Kim DW. Graphene Oxide Nanoribbon Hydrogel: Viscoelastic Behavior and Use as a Molecular Separation Membrane. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12195-12202. [PMID: 32885959 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of carbon materials based hydrogels and their viscoelastic properties are essential for their broad application and scale-up. However, existing studies are mainly focused on graphene derivatives and carbon nanotubes, and the behavior of graphene nanoribbon (GNR), a narrow strip of graphene, remains elusive. Herein, we demonstrate the concentration-driven gelation of oxidized GNR (graphene oxide nanoribbon, GONR) in aqueous solvents. Exfoliated individual GONRs sequentially assemble into strings (∼1 mg/mL), nanoplates (∼20 mg/mL), and a macroporous scaffold (50 mg/mL) with increasing concentration. The GONR hydrogels exhibit viscoelastic shear-thinning behavior and can be shear-coated to form large-area GONR films on substrates. The entangled and stacked structure of the GONR film contributed to outstanding nanofiltration performance under high pressure, cross-flow, and long-term filtration, while the precise molecular separation with 100% rejection rate was maintained for sub-nanometer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkyu Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, (03722), Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, (03722), Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, (03722), Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, (03722), Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, (03722), Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Pil Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, (03722), Republic of Korea
| | - Ohchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, (03722), Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, (03722), Republic of Korea
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25
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Dong Y, Lin C, Gao S, Manoranjan N, Li W, Fang W, Jin J. Single-layered GO/LDH hybrid nanoporous membranes with improved stability for salt and organic molecules rejection. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Zhao F, Peydayesh M, Ying Y, Mezzenga R, Ping J. Transition Metal Dichalcogenide-Silk Nanofibril Membrane for One-Step Water Purification and Precious Metal Recovery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24521-24530. [PMID: 32368892 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid worldwide industrial development, large amounts of pollutants such as heavy metals are discharged into the water sources, causing a huge threat to living beings. To mitigate this issue, there is an urgent need for new water treatment strategies. Inspired by a natural shell nacre structure and a multidimensional hybrid concept, we demonstrate multilayered inorganic-organic hybrid membranes using metallic molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets and one-dimensional silk nanofibrils for water purification. Because of its possessing negatively charged layers and interaction sites, the hybrid film could adsorb metal ions and dyes from water. The separation performance can be tuned by changing the component ratios of these two nanomaterials. During filtration, due to the reducing effect of the MoS2 nanosheets, precious metal ions are reduced to their nanoparticle form without any further thermal or chemical treatments. In addition to the one-step removal and recovery of metal ions, the hybrid membranes exhibit excellent potential for the determination and removal of different dyes from water. The results of this research can open up an effective and green avenue for water purification and recovery of metal ions dissolved in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengnian Zhao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Mohammad Peydayesh
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Yibin Ying
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, P. R. China
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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27
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Wang C, Feng Y, Chen J, Bai X, Ren L, Wang C, Huang K, Wu H. Nanofiltration membrane based on graphene oxide crosslinked with zwitterion-functionalized polydopamine for improved performances. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Xu Y, Peng G, Liao J, Shen J, Gao C. Preparation of molecular selective GO/DTiO2-PDA-PEI composite nanofiltration membrane for highly pure dye separation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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